Dendereh_1898

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(6) DENDEREH.. ARCHED PASSAGE OF ADU. I.,. VI.. DYNASTY..

(7) Y. DENDEREH 1898. 11. W. M.. FLINDERS PETRIE, KmVAUUS. PltUl'ESSUli itV. EtiM'TOJ.OGV, U'Nl. V. D.C.L.,. LL.D.,. K118ITV CDl.Ltlili,. VlfE-PRKSlDBNT Df TIIK UOVAL AliClIAEOLUUICAL INSTITUTK,. rii.l).. LllNDllN. LONDON. MEMIiKK of TIIK IMPERIAL OKKMAN AKCIIAEOLOU ICAL INSTITUTE CUBllKSPONIJING MEMIiKU .SOCIETY OE ANTIIKOPOLOGV, BERLIN. MEMBEH OE THE. .SOCIETi'. OK NORTllEliN ANTliiUAUlES. With Ghaj)lers by F.. Dk.. Ll.. GLADSTONE,. GRIFFITH,. F.U.S.,. M.A.,. F.S.A.,. OLDFIELD THOMAS,. ani.. F.Z.S.. SEVJ^NTEENTll JIEMOIK OF. THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. rUBLISlIED IJY OUDEll OF THE COMMITTEE. LU. IS. D (J N. SOLD AT. The offices OF. THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, ANu AT. ANu BY B.. 5:1,. KEGAN PAUL, TRLNUH, (4UAKITUH,. 10, Piccadilly,. 37, Guisat Kussisli. .Stkekt, AV.C.. Temple Stkebt, Boston, Mass.,. TllUlJNlOH. W.. ;. &. U..S.A.. CO., Pateknosteu House, Cuauing Ukuss Kuau,. ASUEH i. Co., lo,. 11)00. W.U.. Beufokd Street, Uovent Garden, W.C..

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(9) EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND. lPrcsit»ciu.. Sir.. JOHN EVANS,. K.C.L.,. U.C.L.,. LL.D.,. F.K.S.. Wlcc=iprcs3iDcnt3.. Sir. Maunde-Tiiompson,. E.. K.C.B.,. D.C.L.,. LL.D. Lt.-Genebal Sir Francis Grenfell, G.C.M.G.,. AVinsi.ow,. D.D.,. D.C.I.. The Hon.. Ch.vs.. L.. Hutchinson (U.S.A.).. Prof. Ad. Erman, I'h.D. (Germany).. Prof. A. H. Savce, M.A., LL.D.. Charles Dudlry Wakner.Esii., L.If.D., LL.D.. •Tosiah ]\Iullens, Ks(]. (Australia).. M.. (U.S.A.).. 11.1011.. II.. C.. (U.S.A.).. Prof. G. ]\Iaspeuo, D.C.L. (France).. G.C.B.. The Rev.. The Kev. W.. (Jhaiu.ks Hknt.sch. (Switzi'rlaml).. cTi-caiJurcrs.. V.. A. Gruerer, Esq., F.S.A.. C. Foster, Esq. (Boston, U.S.A.).. 1bon. Secretaries. J.. S.. Cotton, Esq., M.A.. The. Rev.. W.. C.. Winslow, D.D., D.C.L.. (Boston, U.S.A.).. yilbembcrs of dommtttee. T.. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., Q.C., V.D. Broubick, Ph.D. (for Boston).. Miss M. SoMEKS Clarke,. P. Ll.. Mrs. F.. Li,.. G. Kenyon,. Esq.,. M.P.. M.A., Litt.D.. Mrs. McCldre.. The Rev. W. MacGregor, M.A. Murray,. Esq., F.S.A.. Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, Sc.D.. (for. Penn-. sylvania).. The. Esq.. Esq.,. Hilton Price,. Mrs. Tirard.. Griffith.. Farmer Hall, John Horniman,. A. S.. F. G.. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.. T.. F.. (for Chicago).. Esq., F.S.A.. W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A. Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.. Wm. Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L., LL.D.. Francis Prof.. Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.. The Marquis of Northampton.. Rev. H. G. Tomkins, M.A.. Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., Q.C. Sir Hermann Weber, M.D. E. TowiiY Whyte, Esq., F.S.A. Ma.ior-General Sir Charles W. Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S..

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(11) .. CONTENTS. SECT.. INTRODUCTION. The. 1. place caud the workers. 2. Description of the site. 3. Problems to be studied. 4. Arrangement of publication. CHAPTER. I.. Tombs ok the Old Kingdom Group. 5.. 6. Prince. 8. Prince. 9. Prince 0. Prince. 1 1. Mena. Meru and. 7.. 1. of Suten'en'abu. .. others. Adu I. Adu XL Adu III.. .. .. Pepyseshemmefer, Senna. CHAPTER. II.. Tombs ok VIIxH-XlTn Dynasties. 1. 2.. Classification of styles. 13. Class C.. Vlth-VIIIth. 14.. Pi'ince. (?). Dynasties. .. ..... Merra. Sen'nezsu. Prince Beb.. Minor tombs. IXth-Xth(?) Dynasties Early Xlth Dynasty. Antefa, Minor tombs. Xlth Dynasty. Xlth Dynasty.. Rudest Revival. Late Xlth Dynasty. .. Xllth Dynasty. Fine..

(12) CONTENTS. PAGE. SKOT.. CHAPTER. VII.. 51. PL VIII. 52.. Bronzes, Glass, and Cni\. 39. Bronzes of XlXtli Dyn:istv. 34. 40. Later bronzes. 34. 41. Glass cylinders. .... 34. .. Pis.. Sen-nc/.su. IX., X.. 55. PL XV.. Pis.. tions. 37. .. 58.. Pis.. .. The Dy. F.. 45. Character. LI.. VIII.. 59.. XXV.A,. B,. Griffitli,. .AI.A.,. 40. ...... 40. Seten'en'abu and. 49. Pis. V.-VI. Adu, &c. 50. PL VII. Pepyseshem'nefer. INDEX. .. .. .. .. Pis.. XXXVII., A. to K.. .. 'A. .51 .53. .. .53. Demotic. B. .. .. Coffin of. .54 Beb. 5fi. F.S.A.. of the inscriptions. Pis. I.-IV.. .. .. XXVI.A, .. 4S. Later inscrip-. .. .. 47. Insckiptions.. 46. Beliefs about the dead 47. Formulae 48.. XXV. .. inscriptions. CHAPTER. &<•.. 36. .. .. PACE. 4!). Khnumerdu. XXIII.A.,. .. .. 56. Forms of hieroglyphs 57.. 43. Finds of coins 44. Rate and waste of coinage. Merra. 53. PL XT. Beba, kc 54. Pis. XII.-XIV. Antefa,. 35. 42. Glass mosaics. ..... SECT.. Mena. 41. 42. 60. Report. on. Animals.. By. <. )Ulfiel(l. Thomas, F.Z.S. 61. Report on Metals. stone,. F.R.S. 5!). By. Dr. Glad01. 45. 47. Description of Plates. fi3. 07.

(13) LIST OF PLATES.. PLATE.

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(15) ;. DENDEEEH. INTEODXJCTION. Dendkreh. 1.. name. temple. of a. ;. most. and. preserved,. most persons only the one of the largest, best. Egyptian. architecture,. by every. tourist,. The. steamer.. every. ward as far as IIu. The first year our time was fully occupied at Dendereh itself, and tbe second year we extended our work along the desert to Hu. Our party was happily composed. I had tlie. which Mariette. advantage of the help of Mr. Arthur Mace,. to. is. popular. examples. and. visited. a stopping-place of. lai'ge. volumes. in. of. admired. published the inscriptions, Avhich had been un-. wbo was keenly. covered by his direction, might be thought to. most painstaking and thorough. exhaust what was to be done for Dendereh.. did.. But beside. joined. was a town, which is yet untouched, except by native diggers. And the inhabitants of this town were buried the temple there. cemeteiy on the desert behind the. in a large. which. town,. scientific. fulness,. had never been touched hy work. With the usual reckless wastewere allowed in the. dealers. years to. try. plundering there. their ventures. were not. opened already. rifled. ;. last. few. but happily. fruitful,. as. they re-. tombs, and did not search. for the external sculptures.. A. capital,. modern. was. in. promising. site. was known. for historical study.. of. there were. many. on. prospect. its. of. a. The town. proving to be prehistoric questions to be solved, and a results.. I. therefore applied,. Egypt Exploration Fund, for excavate at Dendereh, and west-. behalf of the. permission to. therefore. and there was the. to be ancient,. possibility. fair-. times,. as yet un-. and he. in all that. we were by Mr. David Maclver, who came to. In the latter half of our time. Egypt mainly had been well. for. anthropometric. fitted for. work,. but. archaeology by working. with Mr. Alfred Maudslay on Central American. and by. remains,. familiarity with. continental. These gentlemen, who were both. museums.. Oxford men, have continued their Avork following. Wc. year with good success.. also joined. in the. were. by Mr. N. de G. Davies, -who came. mainly to practise on copying, and who did several large pieces of such. cemetery of a nome. opened. interested in the work,. beside which he gave. much. work with accuracy; time to clearing the. cemetery of Ptolemaic times, and labels,. ;. while later on he excavated. the eastern-most mastabas. all. the steles,. and amulets of that age come from. ground. me. all. the. time,. My. helping in. many. his. of. wife was with. the. surveying,. cataloguing, and marking of the objects, and also. And. drawing. all. the touib plans here published.. at the last, .Mr. Chas.. Kosher was on the B.

(16) DENDEREH. week or two. irround a. licforc. 1. and con-. left,. tinucd work there afterwards for the /Vmcrican. Exploration Society,. which he found. (hirinu-. some more tombs.. The cemetery extends from the back of temple enclosure, up a gentle slope of desert about a third (jf a mile, to a boundary bank. dark age through both in sculpture and pottery;. and the value of. for. encloses. wliicli. length. is. map.. (see. it. xxvii.).. pi.. Its. undefined, but covers about two-thirds. Within that area of about a hundred. of a mile.. acres there are six or eight large mastabas of. brick. still. twenty. standing as high mounds, eighteen or. dozens of. around. ;. denuded doAvn. mastalias. lai-ge. ground, alrout. small mastabas, and. fifty. IVth. of the. all. Toward the. Avest. end. to the. ;. And. all. Xlth Dynasty.. and some others of. age as secondary burials. mastabas.. many. Iniildin"-. a Ptolemaic cemetery. is. with hundreds of burials that. remains of. tonil)-ints witliout. the. to. over the. the. in. older. especially. site,. near the back of the temple enclosui'c, are great. numbers. of shallow graves of. Thus the main. fJoman. Dendereh. have been from the Vlth to the Xlth Dynasty, and the Ptolemaic and early Poman seeni to. age.. Of the. prehistoric. there. is. nothing. ;. of. essentially. up of a period which has been yet practically unknown.. Some mention should be made. 4.. as. of the. form in which the present results are published. been. has. It. the. of. the. to publisii every inscription. during. discovered. custom. excellent. Fund. Exploration. work.. its. would be a. It. misfortune were this custom to he dropped, as. may. be seen by the lack of information about. made by. discoveries. working. other. the. whom. from. in Eg3q:>t,. nationalities. the student. is. thankful to get some fragments of their results. from various sources some years. issued. He who. discovery.. and soon discovers. fully. Yet, with the best intention, the. double.. was faced with a. were formulae and which. rejêtitions. which most. undescribed and uncata-. Coming from a. locality exactly. and forming part of a long. much. value. for. in lact, the sort. ;. has lain for a generation past. museum magazines. logued.. Fund. difliculty in the great quantity. of inscriptions from Dendereh, of. in. after. gives quickly gives twice,. and he who publishes. of material. aire.. jjcriods of activity at. is. clearing. tlie. 2.. the. work. this present. comparison. series, ;. yet. it. known, was of. of interest. the flourishing Xllth Djmasty scarcely a single. only to original students, and not to the jjublic. tomb, and none of importance. in general.. ;. of the brilliant. XVIIIth and busy XlXth Dynasty onlv two or three re-used tombs. two or. thi'ee. steles. ;. :. of the. XXVIth Dynasty. and of the. prolific. age of. and Coptic remains scarcely a. trace. We had therefore here a good oppor-. Ciiristian. 3.. tunity of lighting one of the dark periods of. Egyptian history, the period of which scarcely any remains were yet known, from the fall of the. In. Vlth Dynasty this. to the rise. cemetery we have. many. of the. Xllth.. noble buildings. To spend. as. much. as. would have. issued the whole of this material in an edition. 2000 copies would have crippled the Fund. of. research. and,. probably not. for. further. fifty. people would ever Avant or use the Avhole. material,. it. ;. Avould have been. mere. Avastc to issue. an edition.. so large. The course which has is. as. therefore been followed. to pulilish in the usual edition, issued to all. subscribers, all material Avhich can be of general interest. ;. and to publish. this. in the best form,. of the age of the Pepys, a great mass of scvdp-. witli. turc leading on from that style until. sliow the important subject of style fully and. wo meet. photographic plates freely used, so as to. with the names of Antef and Mcntuhotep, and then not a single chip of Avorkiu"-, nor a single. unquestionably.. name, of. the. followed.. For the. already first. issue. of. all. the. And. minor material. well-knoAvn. ages that. edition of 250 copies.. we can. trace that. are. time. all. then to complete. marked by. the. in a smaller. These additional plates. letters,. such as. ii.A,. vii.A,.

(17) INTllODUUTION. xi.A,. xi.c,. xi.15,. rei'erence is. Hence. &c.. made. it. in the text,. is. clear. whether. it. when. examples of each. be to. inferior. style,. fragments.. Avhen not mixed with. And. to. the student. who. plates in the volume, or to additional plates.. desires. Those who wish for the additional plates can. scription. have them on application at a small. some two hundred pounds in cost, without it is hoped sacrificing any of the usefulness of. cover the exjDense of printing.. be had either separately, or. else. cost, just to. And. they can. Ijouud inter-. leaved with the plates of the volume, as desired.. To any ordinary reader than the readily. ^v'hole,. as. the half will be greater. comparison can be more. made between. the. striking. and best. be exhaustive, every morsel of. to. is. accessible.. in-. This course has saved. —. —. the publication.. The. jjlates. in. the. present volume. photographic, and 24 lithographic. tional. plates,. 14. Tiie addi-. with lettered numbers,. photographic, and 28 lithographic.. are. are. 12.

(18) —. DENDEKEH.. CHAPTER. I.. TOMBS OF THE OLD KINGDOM. The. 5.. earliest. tombs found. in the. form a small group, almost exactly. cemetery. lieliind tlie. temple, in the centre of the cemetery (see map, xxvii., " Abu-suten," or. pi.. more correctly. to. The arrangement. be read as Suteu'en'abu).. gravel, forming a block of about. H."). X. 28. There are two wells cut in the rock, which. feet.. of. is. limestone, covered Avath ten to twenty feet of. Hammamat. coarse rolled gravel from the. The larger. Avell. lined. is. valley.. by a brick wall doAvn. Neither of the chambers beloAv. of the group can be followed in the plan on. the south side.. pi. xxviii., ". contained anything, except masses of bones of. Dyn.". Group. of mastabas of III. or IV.. These tombs have,. it. be observed,. will. cows from. late burials of the sacred cattle of. On. the east face of the mastaba. the old square wells leading to the sepulchre,. Hathor.. such as belong to the IVth Dynasty. small false door of brick at the north end, wliich. later the. ;. lengthen out north to south, to allow of. Avells. ]\Iiddle. usually the. finely. doors,". on. the. east. face. the. ;. whole of these tomb plans are here drawn with. The well. west side upAvards.. left. hand. — so. chamber, Avhich door,. false. left. to. leads. southward. behind the stone. Avas placed. filling,. for. the plans here,. all. earliest. type. ;. intention of sculpturing. At. ii.. For. it.. face a Avail has it,. Avith. and it,. an. shown. Lastly, in frunt of the east. ii.. been. doorway. a. an. the back, filling the door. a figure of Suten'cn'abu,. at the top of pi.. Avas. this see vicAv. elaborate carving of a doorway below. enclose and protect. Ijuilt to. in front, a doorAvay at each. and the chambers and wells are. a small chamber just before the stone fidsc door.. The. tomb is. traces of. showing that there. draAving,. at base of pi.. some. surfaces, bearing. end, and a narroAving of the space, Avhich formed. is. cither the top one, that of. Suten-en-abu, or the right-hand one.. Sutcn'en'abu. outline. It Avas plain, Avith. lirickwork, the In-oken shade. is. white.. The. line shading.. worked. space, Avas. reach the sepulchral. In these, and. the solid black. gravel. as. tomb. where the offerings were made. the deceased.. is. in each. to a short passage turning. by. shoAvn. two panelled. to. false. Suten'en'abu himself. The plan of the stoncAvork is. down. and a large. ;. Kingdom, they are lengthened. later. Each mastaba has one or imitation doorways, commonly. " false. doorway. door of stone at the south end, Avhich Avas for. and. ;. fi'om east to west.. called. Avife's. a. still,. long sarcophagi being lowered. toward the. is. is. the earlier, as. it is. Pi'obably. of a simpler. the right-hand one having an enclosed. chamber before the stone false door, which divided from the enclosure by a front wall.. is. Starting therefore with the mastaba of Suten*. en'abu (top one on. pi. xxviii.),. we. formed by massive brick walls,. see that. filled. in. it is. with. front. Ijlock. doorAvay has been narroAved by a. on the south. side, Avhich is. a Avhite space l:)etween. it. and the. This system of Iniilding a front the. eastern. common. panelled. here on. all. face. of. scales.. left Avith. earlier side.. Avail. the. to enclose. mastaba. Such a. usually termed the " fender," as visitors. here. it. from approaching the tomb.. is. Avall. Ave. fended. oil". Only one. piece of pottery remained in this tomb, a large ring-stand, pi. xvi. 1..

(19) TOMBS OF THE OLD KINGDOM. Looking now. we. (pi. ii.),. at. tliis. see that. sculpture of Seten'eu'abu. it. undoubtedly of very. is. IVth Dynasty except from Memphis, so that the style of Upper Egypt is unknown. But here we see such resemblance to the earliest Memphite sculj^tures known that we can hardly date it to any other period. Tlic of the. sculpture. elaborately carved hieroglyphs,. awkwardly. sized. and spaced, remind us of the panels of Hesy, or. tomb. the. The elaboration of band of diagonal. of Sokarkhabau.. the false door pattern, with. work,. like the earliest. is. The. stiffness. like. that. its. tombs. in the Louvre.. and clumsy pose of the figure. of the. earliest. mastabas. is. The chamber below No. 470 contained two the usual A'ery thick ofiering-cups, knoAvn. the. IVth Dynasty,. early. pit. outside. 327,. No. 470,. as. and a small. pi. xvi. 14, 15,. the. at. mastaba. small. man. of the. taba to. The. attributed. the. to. to. Avork. the. generally. the age of Ivhufu.. Museum. Next after. by the. slioAvn. pottery, pi. xvi. 15, 21, 26.. Before leaving this group Ave should notice. marked. as "III.. Avhich ^vas filled Avith clean, bloAvir sand.. Such. This precious example. of. a space must have been filled up Avithin a year. is. noAv in the British. or. and. ;. by the. sand-laden. apjoeared never to. have been. the. of. tAvo. it. building,. Hence. distui'bed.. this boAvl. end of the Ilird or early. Next,. Avail.. the one in front of Suten'en'abu, beloAV. on the. it. plan, Avhich Avas shifted to one side, in order to. leave a passage-Avay betAveen. it. and the previous. Next, the smaller mastaba soutliAvard,. hand (No. 470), the face of which is named. A flight of steps. in line Avith that last. it. ;. but. this. to a small. may more. older tomb,. probably belong to an. 470. over Avhich No.. Then No. 327. Avas built. chamber under Avas. ;. and. probably No. 472 Avas about the same age.. although. it. is. is. still. preserved some six feet high at the chamber.. Only a. slab, Avith. the chamber. Avith. fine. mastaba,. a holloAV for offerings, Avas in. The. surfaces are. all Avell finished,. smooth plastering. before. Suten'cu'abu,. In. the. middle. nothing. Avas. to belong to the. IVth Dynasty.. the pieces found. les Oriijines,. It. .is. by M. de Morgan. i.,. pi. xi.).. It differs entirely. usual Egyptian pottery, and tated from basket-work.. is. from. evidently imi-. Its source. is. probably. Libyan, being akin to the prehistoric black incised pottery,. and. also to the incised. boAvls. of the invaders of the Xllth Dynasty.. The next important tomb is the mastaba Prince Mena, nearly a quarter of a mile. 6. of. Avest of. sculpture,. good condition, and. in. lil<e. certainly as old. mastaba of the same age {Recherches sur. in a. built.. in front of this. The northern mastaba contained no. much. is. seem. as the mastabas, Avhich. it. on. to. mastaba there seems to have. leads doAvn before. It lay. than. (or even. joining on to the end of the fender. to the left. Dyn.". Avide,. Dynasty. been built the northern one, to the right hand,. mastaba.. photographed. is. the ground between the middle mastaba and. Avinds this. smallest square. No. 470, a narroAV space only two feet. Egypt. the art of Upjoer. seems. it. to. Illi'd. Ilnd Dynasty by somej rather. the. and. ;. mastaba. No. 472, belongs also to this age, as. in pi. xxi.,. akin. The. Avho Avas buried in the small mas-. Avliich it belongs.. ness belong to the oldest Avorks from Saqqara. therefore. see. likely that this Avas that of a low-caste servant. general air of un-mannered largeness and bold-. is. of in. befoi-e. contained a contracted burial. a very interesting boAvl Avhich. It. Medum,. vase, xvi. 29.. from other burials since discovered,. and the. ;. jî'oving. Avails. quite barren.. Hitherto Ave have had no figure. early style.. both the front and the. found;. pi.. Suten'en'abu (see map,. xxviii).. This. is. far. more. pi. xxvii.. claboi'ate in plan. than the earlier mastabas just described Ave learn. as. Bepy. from the inscriptions that. II.. The stone. chamber, Avhich. The. is. false. plan,. ;. door. is. it is. ;. and. as late. here in a. entered from the east front.. large stone stele Avas found fallen forward. in the. chamber from. its. niche in the IjrickAvork,.

(20) :. BRNDEREH. kept. It is. Down. i.. lA.. and photographed. in Ciiiro,. each. hei'e. inscription, one given liere at the liasc of pi.. and over the hirge. had twelve small. front. ii.A,. was a round drum. stele. shoAvn at the top of. roller,. in. narrow liand of. side Avas a. pi.. false. oi-. The eastern. ii.. doors along. it. Prom. 30 to 31 inches hioh.. up. of steps led. Avhich ten. court a flight. this. to the roof of the mastaba, of. remained, and a continuation of. still. more. the space Avhich Avould have held sixteen steps. as eight steps rise 58 inches, the twenty-. ;. six steps Avould rise. 188 inches.. This suggests. three south of the chamber door, and nine north. that the mastaba Avas about IG feet high, Avhich. by a fender Avail in front, thus Each of these false dooi's forminir a corridor. had a roller or drum oA'er it, two of which arc. seems. of that, fenced. shown. middle of. in the. pi.. And. scription " Prince Mena." Avas. Avith. ii.A,. These stones had. pi. ii.A.. ii.,. all fallen. five. and two. Above. all. these twelve. mastaba had a stone cornice,. doAvn A\dien. had likewise. Avhich. The. inscription on these blocks. arranged by Mr. Beside. ii.A.. pi.. found. incised. Avith. shoAvn, re-. is. sculptures. these. there. man. Mena. the. into. Avas. Avith his. and. inscription,. therefore not from a portal panel. this shoAved. of. the upper half of. in the corridor a slab of a. Nebt-atef,. Avife. Griffith, in. blocks. the corridor.. into. fallen. doors the. fiilse. tlie. Avith his Avife,. Probably. and. Avas. let. Also in the corridor Avas an. Avall.. effaced inscription, reading both Avays from a. middle. line,. probably from the inscription over. the entrance door, shoA\ni next beloAv the small. drums,. pi.. ii.A.. Another. incised inscription pi.. (shown at the. may. Mena's mastaba, and or to Meru.. from a. lonii'. base of. left. found outside the north end of. Avâs. ii.A.). l)lock. belong either to that. This completes the external stone-. Of the form hand. is. 1. the. mastaba,. an. in. It Avas. sides,. Avells,. like the corridor.. their length from north to. Avith. two chambers on the south. south, descended to. One. of them.. here. is. offerings," as several large jars it,. ". the. called. were I'ound. The other. but no sign of burial.. in. marked chamber. is. " sepulchre," as a short passage led to a. might rather be. lined Avith stone slabs, Avhich. The sides Avere all iii. by Air. Davies,. called a built sarcophagus.. painted, and are copied on. of. Avell. pi.. Avho spent some Aveeks mainly in recoAêring the. much having. design from the remaining traces, perished by efflorescence. end, of the. chamber. The. north,. entrance. by two. Avas closed. painted as doors (top right hand,. slabs,. pi. iii.),. with. Around. the sacred eyes, one on each side. the titles of ilena, Avho Avas. oi-. director. are. of the. temples of the pyramids of Meryra (Pepy. Along each. and of Merenra.. side. is. I.). a painting. doorway highly decorated, a list of offerings, and at the south and drawings of oft'erings. of a. ;. end are other draAvings of perished.. The long. list. offerings,. of 8. repeated on a larger scale in. x. mostly. 17 offerings. pi. iv.. I\Iost. is. of. be Avorth removal. but the two door slabs Avere. —. brought aAvay, and are now at Chicago.. riglit. entered from a western. arched door, and had a bench runniuir alonir the. north and east. Two. unusual. the Avails of Avhich have a slope of 5.. choked with debris. not merely. much. the open court at the north. — end,. about. of. up, and. intentionally filled. the stones Avere too. Avork.. feature. Ijeen. in. lying face doAvn in the dust Avhich filled the corridor.. Avas. with clean gravel, and seems therefore to have. brickwork had decayed, and Avere found. the. mastaba. drum. of these. ;. of the. diA'ided bv cross Avails, and fdled in Avith ";ravel. The northern courtyard Avas also entirely filled. a large panel of sculptured stone in each. doorAvay Avith a figure of jMena. The bulk. Avidth of 52 feet.. 83 feet and. the in-. over each. Avere recovered, three given in pi.. Aêry suitable to its length of. 23 to 24 inches Avide and. ;. the small copper oljjects. scaled and injui'ed to. found here, see the. account of the tomb of Meru,. The. by a. For. sect. 7.. access provided to the top of the mastal)a. staircase. is. curious.. Similar access remains.

(21) TOMBS OF THE OLD KINGDOM.. Adu I. and Adu III. On rounded weathered mound of mastabas of. other large. the. in. of jointed Avire, Avere found just outside. j)ieco. sarcophagus of Mena,. Merra, and probably in that of. the N.E. Corner of. the top. under a pan inverted on the sand.. Adu. of the. when. there were,. I.. I. went up. first. many pieces of ofl'ering vessels of Kingdom these had been left there ;. were made over. offerings. last. the. it,. Old. strung together in this group,. of offerings to. Avell. not. unchecked. left. by. closed. and. filling. Immediately. completing. so. inscription. to. the. chip). but was dehnitely. later on,. the. Avitli. block. solid. of. the. Mena on. Adjoining the mastaba of. the. was a slightly smaller and less elaborate mastaba of Meru. The name was only found by occurring on a roller drum iVom a doorway. The plan is in externals much the same as that Mena, with nine doorways north. and probably three. entrance,. The. principal interest. of. the. to. the. At. it,. are. denuded. These. 31).. implements. the. apparently,. ceremonies. (xvi.. models the. for. it,. a hoe, and an axe,. and a large fan-shaped cutting-tool. The head. of the group.. the. funeral. the hotcp altar on a frameAvork,. ;. four vases to stand upon. to. are,. north,. of the. at the top. body had been. but only the legs and a few. vertebrae remained.. The. hok"p and vases Avere. together in the N.E. corner, Avith a small jar like xvi. 31. at the. :. type xvi. 30 the knees. ;. ;. N.W.. Avas a large jar of the. the small jar xvi. 31 Avas near. the axe on. tlie. shins. ;. and fan cutter together at the liody. been. had been pkmdered, the. oriijinal. cutting-tool, axe,. this. and the hoe. As. feet.. may. distribution.. and hoe, together. the. not have. the. royal. Hathor Lady of Dendereh, of the mastalja. is. evidently. This Avas found by. All of these mastabas. I left.. about a foot high, and are. to only. In general I use. letters to distinguish. between persons of the. same name Avhen Avhen. their order. order. relative. tlie. numerals are used, as. Adu. In front of Zauta-Resa. is. is. I. uncertain knoAvn,. ;. but. Roman IV.. II., III.,. ,. here. a gi'oup of three. is. joined mastabas, only one of which has a name,. is. a vase. Avifc's. covered Avith sand.. the floor of the sepulchre (see. together. His. beloved,. also of a Zauta.. Zauta (B). pi. xxii.),. tablets. the north of Zauta-Resa another mastaba. joined. south.. was the group of funeral. some. Avliich. in pi. vii.. his. wife,. The form. Mer-rta.". another. is. a copy of that of Meru.. models in copper, and the beads, found lying on with. his. Mr. Roslier after. noi'th. of. was ". Meru. continued on a Aveathered. (Avhich. relative, priestess of. gravel,. mastaba. 7.. and door drums are shoAvn. collar, are. pi. xxii.. of. front. in. mastabaôf Zauta-Resa, from. tlie. this access to the top Avas. up the courtyard. ;. in. renew the food and drink. Yet any way,. there.. Memphis. Perhaps there was access. age.. end piece of a. these, Avith the. thousand. then that offerings were made on the tops of. same. Avere glazed beads, Avliite. Hies. live. Scattered. (decomposed green?), and broAvn-black, imitating. since the. by man, and too heavy It seems be removed by wind and weather.. mastabas, like the custom at. Meru. Avith the tools of. years ago, disregarded to. tlie. of the. see base of pi. xxviii.. ;. same type. as. Zauta-Resa. mirror Avas found in the tomb a. little. smaller. tomb has been behind. Avell. 20 inches deep,. and a behind it. is. little it.. Avitli. The mastaba. (pi.. built into. ;. only a. xx. 3) it. ;. but. later, the. chamber being only brickAVork doming over it, the. false. door niche being built just. From. a scarab found in this tomb. probably of the Xlltli Dynasty.. north of this mastaba. is. are laid out, but. it. the. part of the foundation. The. of an unfinished tomb.. To. bases of the Avails. has never been completed,. as the long sloping trench cut in the rock to contiiin the Iniilt passage it,. but only rubbish.. outline. on the. i)lan,. had no brickAvork. This trench slojiing. in. is. slioAvn in. doAra. from the. A. similar. north to about fifteen feet deep at the south.. Avitli. a long. A. Avail Avas. built aci'oss. it,. to convert the south.

(22) DENDKRRII. end into a well leading to the chamber, which from. opens. plundered. ;. south. the. was all chamber on the This. end.. but a small side. west of the trench (dotted in the plan) cona woman,. tained an untouched burial of. Avith. group of stone vases and mirror photographed at the top of pi. xxi., marked VI. Dyn. the. At. hand. the upper left. an alabaster vase in the. diorite,. ti'anslucent. a carved shell of. is. and a porphyry vase on the. middle,. Below the. diorite. shell. small. a. is. right.. of. liowl. a copper mirror in the middle, and a. diorite,. it. had. been broken up. all. Roman. The form. and hard limestone. is. compared with others on. of the mirror. xx,,. pi.. marked. ". whole. the. two other. mastaba,. however,. had,. been. by a stairway from the roof. In this chamber, or court, was a pit, 127 X 39 inches this opened into a chamber on the east of it, ;. which contained a sunk recess. comparing others.. fine head-rest of diorite. a square pit with. offerings.. The further chamber, the S.W. one. chambers.. coffin.. is. for. block of brickwork had been. a. Group xxi. 2." These vases being well dated to the Vlth Dynasty, serve as fixed points for Another early tomb. containing a. this,. deep,. to. Another. built in, closing the connection with. At. small vases of alabaster. probably in. had been.. it. 40 inches. shallow well,. in. five. work. fine. this. this. but unhappily. for stone,. chamber opens out west of. Beyond. in the floor. and only a fragment served. times,. show what. a large. Above. it.. slab stood the stele in a recess,. accessil:)le. ai'e. on the north of. for offerings,. lies. sunk. flooring slab, with a little tank. hard limestone cup with spout on the right. the base. Across the chamber. the great stela.. in the floor for a. Hei'e Avere found the top. and base of a. also the limestone slab,. ;. with tAvo model cups of obsidian, and the neck. model. A'ase of alabaster,. shoAvn on. pi. xxi. 3.. by the telegraph the plan is given on pi. xxviii., marked poles Tomb 524. From this pit come the large mirror in pi. xx., and an alabaster vase to the. of a. The burial was normal, at full length head north; the mirror by the head, the vase. Vlth Dynasty. The mass of the mastaba. at the feet.. connected by narrow doorAvays for couAênience. traces of. mastaba. walls, far out. ;. left. of. it.. The mastaba. 8.. most. of. Adu. I. is. the largest and. The plan and. elaborate in the cemetery.. section are given on pi. xxix.. door in. pi.. ii.. and a slab in of ^lena. the entrance. the view of the entrance passage. ;. in frontispiece. ;. ;. fresco. tlie. on. jil.. The form. pi. vi.. and others. in. v.. the cornice. ;. differs. from that. having a long sloping. tunnel of entrance from the north, copied from. Such. filling to. man. fresco of. we. Adu and. his family fishing. ;. from. a. this. learn that he Avas director of the pyramid. temples of Pepy. I.. and Pepy. chambers connect with. this. II.. Two. other. on the north, but. contained nothing, excejDt the tablet of Sekhethotep,. pi. vi.. On. the south. is. the. chamber. of. filled. A. up. gravel. Avith. stairway led up. by. and from the. stejis toj^. from the. other steps. to the court at the S.W., Avhich con-. of. Adu.. Apparently a narrow passage had. existed on each side of the tunnel, since. and is. ;. to the close of the. tained a sulisidiary burial of a relative or chief. face has four portals south of the entrance,. chamber. down. led. but have not. formed of chambers,. solid mass.. side of the tunnel. l)y. first. form a. all. is. is. to the top of this, as shoAvn. up. In the. collections,. in. during building, but. east. nine to the north.. known. yet lieen dated, as this one. The. the early mastaba and pyramid type.. model vases and implements. Avith. slabs. are already. Avitli. brickwork, the joints being shoAvn here. Avhite. lines. the black mass.. in. left. narrow passage on the east had construction chamber. on the. ;. to tAvo small construction liad. filled. a pit in the floor. found in this. We now. ;. led. This. into a long. Avest it. had. chambers, one of. led. Avhicli. nothing, hoAvever, Avas. jjit.. The appeararched tunnel is shown. turn to the sepulchre.. ance of the mouth of. tlie.

(23) TOMBS OF THE OLD KINGDOM. at the foot of pi.. ii.,. still. partly crossed by the. outer wall of the mastaba.. the foot of the steps (see. at. slojiing face. tunnel was. pi.. xxix.) in a. and the outer wall and. ;. were. cross passage. solid across. Inside the. it.. shown on. arched with four rings slope. The appearance. joins the pit.. it. from the. greater part, and turning. the. in. where. shown. pit is. in the frontispiece,. from a fullv-measured sketch, as. it. we. in the section is its. marl which formed the roof and sides have. and forced most of the. entirely caved down,. chamber was. lining forward, so that the. with. We. (Vihris.. about 200. lining,. to the Cairo. which. as. drawn. The very coarse gravels and. present condition.. insci'iption. that in brick^vork the Egyptian would freely. is. roughly curved in the upper part, as that. continuity. it. was im-. and boldly use arching in early times,. The chamber. mastaba.. of. the oldest arching yet dated, and shows. is. had been forced through the foundation of the. level. photograph in so narrow a space.. lôssible to. This. jars,. The tunnel was boldly of brickwork, laid on the. xvi. 8.. pi.. it. and the whole tunnel was. pit,. with earth and hundreds of offering. filled. of. filling. another ci'oss wall, just Ijefore. opened into the. is. This tunnel begins. extracted slabs,. Museum. to be reconstituted. by. shoAvn. is. ;. the the. in pi. v.a.. it,. Next beyond. 9.. the sculptured. all. and handed them over. whole. the. of. around. filled. this. is. another mastaba,. nearly as large, and apparently later in develop-. ment.. This. xxix.. pi.. The plan. II.. on. is. the cornice and some slabs of in-. ;. scription on pi.. on. Adu. of. is. pi. vii.. vi.. ;. the statue and two steles. and the pottery on. ;. xvi. 2, 4, 5,. pi.. The changes from. know that he did in the Xllth and and XlXth Dynasties. From the pit the tunnel goes on in the same line downward through. previous plan are mainly in providing a large. the marl, Avhich imderlies the gravel, until. in. already. chamber, on each side. side. A. subterranean chamber.. the. reaches. of. the. it. small. jDassage,. seiûlchral. chamber was cruciform, lined. around with sculptured. U),. 7,. making. the tunnel. to the full. The. This was found. sunken sarcophagus. turbed in the. its. place. seemed as touched. in,. and on clearing down. ;. north end of the sarcophagus. accessible part if. undis-. — that. — the. to. only. was found complete.. It. which seems to have contained a large stela in and a smaller niche of a niche, now empty ;. brickwork to the north end of the. was. tablets found in this. who knew. tliat. Adu. through. tlie its. sarcophagus, and had side. vmder the. and extracted everything from. now under. ;. it.. I. floor,. got into. II.. in. chamber ;. (in pi. vii.). the second. it. we found a female. skull of high class.. The entrance. Adu. brickbats and large. so that. it is. showed only too plainly that the entrance. face, Avliich. see from the. had a wife named Ana. the chamber below. that of. felt. We. well in the plan was therefore for the wife, and. over every-. water, and. thing in the sarcojahagus flints. a narro'w passage, leading to a chamber,. l)y. two. the outside straight to. the hole,. in the cemetery.. and looked. lid,. the exact plan of the place, had tunnelled from. it. number on any tomb found The entrance on the east "was. the greatest. the burial must yet remain un-. only to find that some plunderer,. broken into. all,. and eighteen to the north, thirty. doubtless for the wife.. AVe eagerly broke the. by not. front has twelve false doors to the south. in. tlie. and. be seen.. shown. the floor was formed by the massive lid of. Avell,. any brick walls except where needed to. of the entrance,. In the long stem of the cross. steeper so as to get. depth before reaching the. with offerings, and a long band of hieroglyphs, in pi. v.a.. much. the. relatives,. simplifying the internal construction. roughly carved. slal)s,. 20, 23, 24.. open court at the south end for the. making. contained broken pottery.. The. 6,. I.. ;. to the sepulchre. but the tmmel. was similar. is. much. to. steeper,. only by notches on the floor that. it. The roof. is. can be descended without slipping..

(24) ;. DENDEEEH.. 10. of brick. the lower part. on a. laid. arclie-;,. In. Matter bed.. iniii'li. very dilHcult to distingnisli. it ^\'as. the brick^\'ork, as the ground was so. damp. that. i'ull. length, head north, normal, hands at sides,. and. the pressure of the well and tunnel had united. head of the the. which. well,. the. cruciform, like. I.. ;. the walls lined. doming had formed the Nearly all of this had. l)rick. side recesses.. tlie. with. fallen in,. This was. reached.. Adu. of. tliat. with brick, and roof of. was. charaljer. Passing the. passages.. the. filled. we removed. much. the. of the gravel above. it,. and cleared the. ih'liris. but. floor,. tiiis. by the head a red bowl,. the Ijricks into a soft brown earth, similar to that. was a box. body. In. stairwa)'.. Outside the. as xvi. 4.. was a. coffin. coffin,. On. as xvi. 20.. jar,. body was a small ivory button near the. throat, apparently the fastening of a cloak.. It. '. was engraved with a figure of a man, almost reduced to a geometrical pattern. be. will. it. ;. published afterwards in connection with other. buttons for com23arison, as. whole. The other. such things.. of. class. serves to date a. it. were mostly plundered. pits. one contained three. ;. without, however, finding anv trace of a sar-. jars, see xvi.. cophagus or of the. with the legs of a female, judging by their. found the seated pi. vii.. In the. burial.. of. figure. Avas. -well. Adu, shown. in. Portions of the cornice inscription. 1.. slightness. centre. and are shown. throAvn out of a tomb, Avere the. Also three. one comer-piece inscribed with. slabs,. and. of Adu,. titles. which are probably from an inscription of the doorway.. The minor. Just before the east face. unusual. pit, is. about the mastaba are. burials. chamber. To. in the solid black.. was untouched, and. had a. Ijrick. closing the entrance to the chamber.. chamber. -was. a. coffin,. This filling. In the. 12 x 25 inches, plain box. as before. human. it. and. One. ;. Adu. small. is. of the. boAvls. Avere. II.. Detiat. fragments from. ;. pi. vi.. other. tAvo. marked. one,. are given at base of. name. a. to. left.. xxx.), should read Degat. Avith. led. only a leg of an ox, and. bones, were. north of. the. mastabas. (pi.. two vases and. a flint knife shoAvn. several jars. Avith. same type. leading to a chamber under the wall, which. G, 7, Avith. the. probably. court,. The northern stairway. XX.. pi.. a fcAv. marked with shading. pit. a. in. .'),. the. of. floor. the censer, xvi.. loiif. is. the. of. vase,. On. one of these tombs.. in. from the east front were found fallen below, in pi. vi.. vase, fig. 23,. Another small. head north.. ;. Avas. 24,. fig.. and one small. 1!),. :. and the drum. repeated in the group of various. The larger mastaba. form, with traces of inscription on the white. small blocks,. coating. partly traced, the rest having been destroyed. ;. inside. length, head north. block head-rest.. ;. ants,. beads with them.. statuettes, nearly. pile of four. see xvi. 4.. at. lull. consumed. and some small blue clazed Along the east side of the. chamber were four large and a. skeleton. under the head a stone. Outside the feet of the coffin. were two Avooden. bv white. female. a. it. Two. jars,. see pi. xvi.. 20. bowls standing on two bricks, little. pots were at the side. of the coffin, see xvi. 2.. At. the end of. seen that there. is. belonged to. for the entrance. Osiris. prince. P-ast urt.. of. gods. The. scries. III.,. In this. Only one. was untouched, that reached by the southern. large. in. the. midst,. due. is. .. .. Osiris. shown. in. Adu mastabas continues Adu II., Avliich is probably. plan and section on. as steeî as in. Adu. II.,. but the. xxx.. pi.. Here further development has taken place tunnel. .. of. Ada. burials.. A. ...". a brick blocking, which closed. separate. burials.. address to " the great god lord of Abydos,. another behind. it. Roman. lying on the stairway, had a. Avith. stele. :. in the rock. rudely painted red inscription Avith blundered. 10. chamlier. coffin,. Avas. had been emptied, and re-used. for late Ptolemaic or. sandstone. The trench. j\Ierru.. will be. tlie. a doorway leading to the south court.. court were nine. it. pi. A'ii.A.. ;. the. difficulty. to the sliding thrust of the roof at so steep.

(25) ;. OF THE OLD KINGDOM.. 'I'OMBS. met by making the roof horizontal, and so forming a vaulted chamber Avitli sloping The courtyard for minor floor for a tunnel. an angle. burials. is. given up, but such burials are thrust. is. ;. mastaba mass at irregular points. The east face is covered with portals, divided by the entrance into nine to the south and the. to. thirteen. niche for the great stele,. of. it. work. inferior in. (top, pi. xiii.). Some fragments the. east. face,. bit of a stele (pi. xiii.). as the second, or nrfev,. stairway ascending on the west. down. over. high. feet. fifteen. another low door led. this. further led. descent. was. it. There was a. could be traced.. wide passage, nearly as wide as the well a. on the west. narroAving. which. westward,. The. chamber.. had. floor. ;. the mastaba. of. been. apparently. was piled. deep with. so. largest toml). rough steps leading. At. the gravel.. was a stairway. to a small. pi. xiii.. chamber. it. in. the head of the stairway was a. and the. to the east. The square. stairs.. was about seven. feet. deep. ;. pit in. most it. was. a great quantity of pottery broken up, mostly bowls, such as in xvi. lizren cloth,. ;». ;. and with these much. and two large stone. vases,. lintel, at. the upper part of. This tomb has probably been greatly altered,. W. seem. the two wells lying with length E. to. we. almost to be of the Xllth Dynasty, and. cannot certainly date the square well and the In the southern of the. other wells to the west.. n.. XXVth. Dynasty,. on. one of. The plan. and cornice on. xvi.,. vii.. rare,. portals. The. and thus there. — eight—on. of. is. on. xxx.. pi.. vii.A. is. the. the pottery. ;. The form is. ;. is. in the middle,. usual,. which. an equal number of. each side of the entrance.. iêrfect condition of the slabs of sculpture. due to their never having been. (vii.,. vii.A). is. built. into. the. intended standini''. portals,. these. ;. on. for. which they were. square slabs were. ed";e,. all. found. stacked airainst the wall of. Beside these uniform panels there. the chamber. is. and. 33 to 37.. figs.. except that the entrance is. xxv.. in pi.. that of Pepy-seshem-snefer,. is. surnamed Senna. steles. shown. The only other important mastaba. the Vlth Dynasty. a piece of a relief panel. showing a. (vii.). part of an. ;. man whose name. is lost,. with another named Pepy-mennu-nefer Senbat (vii.,. xiii.);. (vii.A). ;. a panel of a. woman, Sentefsa. and a large quantity of the. (?). cornice,. rather carefully Imt feebly sculptui'ed (vii.A).. Other tombs which probably belong to the. pit for burial, apparently separate, with a wall. between. xxxv.. pi.. was found in the long chamber.. this. ;. incised stele,. it.. S.W. part of. burials were in the. The. the. with certainty. found under the water which covered. The minor. then. ;. and then a turn. fallen gravels, that it could not 1)0. Avent. sepulchre. the. to. from a door. is. by. so greatly fallen in, that little of the. original form. end of. at the. the temple of Hathor,. chamber was nearly the south end, where Thence a to the well.. at. is. a. the. until. it,. The plan. III.. lay to the west of. a. a rough stairway, while the roof remained. level. slight. — omitted. chamber by a low door,. into the tunnel. Adu. of. with the fine stele of Mutardus, the singer of. Then entering. xxx.. pi.. tomb. long wells was a burial of the. name of the owner. The entrance to the sepulchre Avas with slight slope downward at first, passing by accident in the plan,. be completed by. it. and. entirely lost,. to those of the predecessors. name Adu,. gives the. may perhaps Adu IV., which. This family the. our. of. pits contained nothing.. now. from. and one. ;. The other. out. approjiriatcd. other. the. division,. share.. one kept in the. in the Cairo ]\Iuseum,. and the only fragment of inscription which dates. for offerings.. were found. cornice. now. arc. of these. The chamber has a. another niche near the south end, with a low altar built in. Both. porphyry, the other of alabaster.. into the. north.. 11. Vlth Dynasty should be noticed is. a large mastaba west of. The plan. as early as that. to trace, as sills. it. is. here.. Adu (pi.. I.,. and perhaps. xxx.). denuded away. Zauta A.. to. is. difficult. below the. of the doorways, and even no foundation. is.

(26) DENDEEEH.. 12. left in. some. parts.. chambers on the east taining. Adu. some. III.. ;. leading to. ;. broken. and a. seems to have had long. It. a. small. three shallow wells conoffering. stacked. twelve. rock-cut. sloping. rounded. inside the entrance, in the. pans. brown-red than usual. of in. highly burnished (xvi. 10).. bowls,. this. in. passage. chamber.. N.-W. red. as. Just. corner, were. pottery, age,. thin,. more and. On. the other side of. mastabas, see No. 784,. Adu. pi.. I.. xxx.. are traces of. The trench. is. a large sloping cutting, like those for the great. mastabas as if a. ;. and a thick wall on. mastaba had been begun.. chamber. is. tlic. east looks. But over. the. a tiny mastaba Avith two false doors,. which looks as. if. the. finished prematurely.. tomb had been thus.

(27) 13. CHAPTER THE UNDATED TOMBS OF wc have been. Hitherto. 12,. There are four guides in classifying the mass. when. position of the. Now we. enter on. their position. And. much on. dwell too. we have only. if. Vlth and the this we seem to. in. small matters,. is. it. the. because. evidence. is. as. valuable. in better. known. as. more. material, though. We. tion.. small matters of style and sequence. become. 4th, tlie contents of the. not the order of value. Avere the information complete in every direc-. Each. decisive. and we. group. will. tlie. Form. afterward. III.-W.. A. Severe.. Mastaba, square. VI.. B. Good, early.. j\Iastaba, N.-S. pit or tiuniel.. Style of Woi-k.. of. IX. -X.?. I. Corrupt Vlth Dyn.. C. noticed. be. in. Suten'en'abu.. pit.. Mena, Adu, Zauta, Senna. Hotepsa,. ?. styles.. Names.. Tomb.. Class.. VIII.. succeeding. detail.. ages.. Djn.. VIL-. styles. begin here with these,. then go through. and. two. have already noticed. of mastabas,. to help us through this period, and therefore. they. ;. the. value for practical use, in the present state of. the difficult subject of this. chapter, the dark age between the. Xllth Dynasty.. tomb. ;5rd,. ;. These are here placed in their relative. tomb.. dated.. ;. the style of. 1st,. :. 2nd, the form of the tomb. sculpture. them with those already. linked. from Dendereh. of material. Vlth Dynasty, and. of the. only noting other tombs. DYNASTIES.. VIIth-XIth. following the. guidance of the absolutely dated inscriptions. naming the kings. II.. :\Iastaba, N.-S. pit.. "i. L^na^. Uhaa,. Beba,. Ptahmera, Shensetha, Merra, Bcb, Sennezsu.. \. D. Crowded. inscriptions,. Mastaba,. small or absent,. j. E.-W.pit,N. door to chamber. Widespread,. coarse. (. Larger. XI.? C. iuscriijtions.. C. mastabas,. ti'ench. passage resumed.. Kathena,. Beba, Nekhtu.. Beba, j". Shensetha,. Merer,. Antef,. aqer,. ]\Iera,. Antef-. Antefa,. Sebeknekhta,. ^lentuhotojj.. Demza, Nemy, Nubheq, SenXI.. ?. F. Rude and. No. simple.. mastabas, E.-W.. pits.. tekha, Sentekhneba, Hotepa,. Henna, Sebekhotepa. C. XL. ?. G. \. Laboured work. Simple inscriptions.. V Puffy faces.. Bauhotejja, Beba, Hat-hotep,. ) 1". No. mastabas, E.-W.. pits.. Nefertkau, Menhotepa.. ). Hennu, Bet, Beba, Kedukau,. XL J. (. fi. Double. i. ,-. <.. i*. lines. 1. uier work.. Large mastabas, or E.-W. Antef,. Antefaqer,. hotep,. Khnumerdu.. pits.. Mentu-.

(28) DENDEREH.. 14. It. unsatisfactory to have; class E, witli such. is. names. as. F and G. Antef and Mentuhotep, separated by from class H, in which the names of. the Xlth Dynasty rule again.. happier. But. E. if. would. could he placed between. (I. l)e. far. and H.. there are such difficulties in style that I. hesitate to do so. so. It. The. classes F. G.. and H, are. homogeneous, and so clearly lead into each. other, that. tombs of. seems impossible to place such. it. E. class. as Antefo, Antefaqer,. and the. Antef and Ay, between F and H Avhile, on the other hand, those three tombs are It closely connected with classes C and D. tablet of. :. seems, therefore, that Ave. must grant that the. lowest degradation of the Old. Kingdom. style. was not reached until the names of the Xlth. Dynasty had. fairly started. ;. and that the re-. vival in style did not take place until the rise. of. power. in the. Xlth Dynasty.. assign classes E, F, to the. Xlth Dynasty, Avhen the. first. we then. If. century of tha. names Antef and. ]\Icntuhotep Avcre. known, but no revival had. yet arisen. G. luiity. to. ;. class. to the rise of. under the Xlth Dynasty. ;. power and. and. the flourishing age of refined. class. H. work under. Antef V. and Sankhkara, we seem to obtain the most satisfactory arrangement.. Class.. B. The com-. I. parative dearth of inscriptions in the Vllth to. Xth Dynasties scarcity of. not unlikely, in view of the. is. any records of that age.. Ylth-VIIIth. Class C.. 13.. Minor. Dynasties.. (?). Tonihs.. This panel. HoTEi'SA.. the style of Senna, that. (pi. x.) is. must. it. age. or very shortly after.. Ije. so closely in. of the. It Avas. same. found in a. N.-S. pit, 511.. Una.. This fragment of cornice (xi.c). that of the next. is. like. toml).. Four Namk Mastaua, 770. Shensetha, EnThe' abu-suten, Beba, Imhotepa (pi. xxx.). carvings. are. of this. Beba and Hentsen hotepa. Sebekem. Abu-suten. xi., ;. xi.A.,. Im-. xiii.,. and a piece of panel naming ,. all. from. Ijelow Imhotepa.. good, l)ut a Ijolder. pis.. and other fragments of cornice, a piece. ;. of inscription,. pi. xiii.,. xi.A,. :. on. given. little. this. tomb,. The general. laljoured. ;. it. is. on. are style. is. larger and. than Senna, and can hardly be placed. as late as the. end of the Vlth Dynasty.. haps later. a. is. Pei'-. fragment with the names of. Beb and Ankhsen (xiv., top), also from this As a guide we may note tomb Xo. 770. here. the. various. styles. order of connection.. of. cornices,. in. tlicir.

(29) THK UNDATKD TOMBS OF VIIth— XItu DYNASTIES. point to or. being about the ago. thiit. The mastaba. II.. four chambers. all. in. sculptures. its. five. doubtless. :. compound The sepulchre was. a long sloping passage or tunnel, of. which the trench remains. was. J.. of one family, but such. tombs are rarely found. reached by. Adu. ol'. very peculiar in having. about equal, and four or. names occurring they are. is. but the chamber. ;. This. UiiAA. treated. that is. as that. of. panel. has the. x.). (pi.. The. of Senna.. Ptahmera. style. dress like. is. but from the position. A.,. and. probably older than Shensetha P.. Ptahmera.. plan (xxxi.). 'Jlie. that. like. is. of. Ptahmera A. X., x.A,. The sculpture. and the cornice. mcnts are placed. the. signs. The ;. is. Shensetha. by. bold. their. for their. of scenes in the. pi.. The plan. x.. P.. forward, and so. This mastaba. and. detail,. tide.. Merka.. This. is. Ptahmera, as. it. the other.. eclij^ses. Bebaurt, and Khetpera. is. xxxii.. Beba position. The. and. pi. xi.A,. erdutsa,. this. in. mastaba. C.. This tomb seems to. than the previous. in. a. has,. the plate,. plan. is. on. ;. Ijc. east front. earlier mastabas, the. same. Adu. as in. is. number. much. like those. four and nine.. I.,. is. the. But. the. of portals. structure shows the horizontal roofed tunnel, in. Adu. Ijy. III.. ;. and a. by doming over a large well. The entrance leads to a small open court, from which a stairway winds round to further. a^jplication. of this. On. the roof, apparently iniitatcd from Merra.. the Avest this court leads to two chambers, by a loAv. arched door. ;. construction chambers it. is. seem. Ijut these. hUed. to. be merely. in Avith gravel,. and. probable that others exist in the rest of. The. the mass.. real entrance to the seiDulchre. begins with a well, which probably gives access. in. Beba. The plan. The tunnel ends by a. great cross wall in which a series of relieving arches, one beloAV another, span the. and at the bottom. is. second. is. Avhicli. Avell,. in the vipper part. or ". domed. second. by a. IjrickAvork. ;. AAêll. part,. a doorAvay leading to the small and square.. is all. Avell," AA^hich. Avell. upper. Avail. one with the third is. se^ârated. Avith. Avell. from the. arched cloorAvay.. " Avas covered by a. this Avas partly. This. dome. of. broken Avhen found,. elaboration,. and had to be removed in order to clear the Avell safely. The doming Avas made by placing. III., pis. xi.. a brick across the corner, then tAvo over that. much. Avith a rise in the middle, four over that again,. but the style of the signs of Ptahmera.. later. The work shows. greater. particularly in the hair (see. like that. The. III.. The "domed. new departure xi.b). and. tunnel from the well.. is. the small double altar on the right belonging. pi.. Adu. There. copied at the top of. been mixed with. Shensetha T.. The plan. Vlth Dynasty.. advances. its. Another tomb of the same name. to. the most important of. xxxi.) shows a later stage than that of. {{A. II.. the Constantine. but just as powerless as that to really. revival,. turn the 14.. much like. bottom was not cleared to search for the door. There is a narroAV slit -window which lights the. from. is,. a fragment naming the daughter. and. art by care. an interesting attempt to revive. to the horizontal roofed tunnel passage, but the. only the cornice from this tomb,. hoAvever,. of. in xxxii.. position, later than. pi. xiv.. is. the piece with a goatherd,. is. donkeys, and ploughing, the mastaba. coarser. is. make up. to. The only fragment. Avhole cemetery. style. the relief woi'k. attract. and mechanical cutting bad forms.. iu. in order, as foiuid fallen along. than anything seen so far clumsy, and. shown. is. in x.A, Avhere the Irag-. the foot of the east front.. a. It is. pi. xi.).. which was brought. Merra, and agrees to this age.. •. the son. the mastabas after the. age.. it. preceding tombs. The name of Azaua is copied at the top of pi. xiv. Shensetha and Beba-uk. This is probably by the same artist as the preceding carving (see. like that of tlie. with burials of about the Persian. filled. 15. is. (xxxii.). is. and. thus. gradually. bringing. forAvard. the.

(30) DENDEUEH.. 16. corners so. tliat. the well.. The. bricks. ring of bricks could run round. ;i. section of the. the. mainly. but. inward,. slanting. slightly. dome showed. There. standing by resting on those below.. is. some amount of thrust necessarily in closing over the space but as far as possible the This princijile of stepjîng forward was used. ;. of Merra. dome known,. the oldest. is. Adu. as. I.. was. made the oldest arched tunnel known. It made simply to save material, the principle leaving. domed. phagus. cut. massive stone. hand, or east. the. as. there. ;. was the. it,. lid, all. rough-. In the chamber was. faced and uninscribed.. tall. ring-stand, xvi. 2S,. bowl, xvii. 41. and some dozens of jars. There was no trace of the. 40 and 42.. interment.. Of sculpture there. is. an unusual quantity. is. The. mastaba.. long inscription in. over the eastern entrance.. relief (pi. viii.) Avas. slab. from the beginning. lost. though broken. slabs remain,. of the sixth tliere. is. ;. the. and the eighth and. The whole. inscription. been al)out 14 about GO. last,. addressed,. all is. feet. is. then three. fifth. is. lost. ;. is. complete. :. with the master to also. almost perfect.. when complete must have in. feet. length, and. run of inscri2:)tion.. of the recess of the. ;. the lower half: the seventh,. with the daughter Duduerdutsa,. whom. doorway. is. contained. As the. lireadth. 217 inches, these. that space.. would well go into Possibly there were slabs with. also. before the figure of sierra, as the. slabs,. cattle,. covering. 1(14. inches,. block with a Imll led l)y. Hotepa. of the left-hand. first. was found on another drum. (pi. xiii.). marked on every. cornice was. piece. in. The found. as. two men. front.. (pi. viii.). was. Of the portals on each many of the panels and drums were found. chamber the great stone. Inside the. found standing pi. viii. A. hand. the Avork. ;. five in relief. these. and three incised. also. ])anels. we have. (pis. viii., viii.c).. two pieces of panels with the. evidently by the. is. in. same. great portals after the Vlth Dynasty,. —rather. erratic in the order tions, fairly.. The family. pieces.. His wife. another wife. see on. of Merra. Seheta. inscrip-. shown by several shown in viii.. is. is. ;. same rank. priestess of Hatlior. — also. in viii.B. I'oyal. —was named. There were two. viii.B.. fragment. a.. it. and position of the. the. of. companion and Beba, see. and. keeping up the old style very. lint still. on the same. :. we. sons, as. is. a. daughter, Beba, and another daughter, Dudu'er'dutsa,. on. Also another lady, Theta,. viii.. made. was a royal companion, has a. stele. bv. Merra. a high. viii.u).. pi'obably. official,. The breakages. of the slabs,. appearance of others, are due. Roman. in. inscriptions,. the. But. times.. the. interesting. assigned, this. is. to. for her. (see base of. and the. dis-. quarrying here. the length of the. for. quantity period. to. who. of. sculpture,. which. perhaps the. finest. this. and. can be. tomb. in the. cemetery. 15.. Sen'nez'su.. smaller yielded. Of. given. is. style of. little. beloA\'.. It. was. poi'tal. shows the. side. lying fallen. position.. in. as the panels,. found near the door.. There are. the. the second portal south of the entrance.. with just. side,. of. side. with plain. coffin,. some pottery,. gravel. the. in. along the. One. ;. column being the southernmost, and the last of the right hand the northernmost. Besides these naming Merra a ruder inscription of a sewer ua. the right-hand column at the right end of the. pass. this. they were set up. well \vas the entrance to the sarco-. space. from. are in the order in which. pi. viii.B. are placed here in their order, beginning with. left. as xvii.. the base of. portals at. Through. standing to the. lai'ge. The eight drums from the. (viii.u).. in relief. titles. lying at the foot of the east face, and the pieces. chamber,. to. and a band of. relief,. eagerly. been. having. hollows. large. grasped for the sake of economy. tlie. of. family in. behind. it,. We. find close to Merra, a. another tomb, which though. much. sculpture.. be very shortly after Merra, poorer in work, but of. much. as. It. seems to. it. is. rather. the same style.. It. might even be contemporaiy, as Merra was ha.

(31) —. UNDATED TOMBS OF VITth— XItii DYNASTIES.. TFIB prince, whicli. Sennezsu never claims to. plan of the mastaba portals. The. be.. simple, with only four. is. and one chamber,. sec xxxi.. The. top.. large stone portal, larger than that of Merra,. is. it. it. blocks fairly complete were found, and fragments. Merra. others. several. ;. from. panels. from over the entrance,. portals, others. interest,. And. x.. several. have the name of the wife lu-uta. d'wellings in. Roman. had. of the. owner could not have been recovered.. The. ;. the. plan. The. (ix.). and. level roofed tunnel. (ix., x.). (pi.. xxxi.) proves clearly. at the opposite. in. which that well. see jiarticularly. the lower line of the long inscription on. pi. x.. II.. „. III.. „ Well,. Beb.. steeper. „. level roof. „. „. „. „. .,. „. built almost entirely of hl-M'k Ijrick with hardly. The joints which run marked by white lines. fillings.. thi'ough the lûilding are. This mastaba had been. section.. dealers,. who had. cut. and removed parts of the structure reached. the. but found. tunnel,. it. rubbish that they did not try to. Of the. chamber. as. it. southern. Roman. —. left. times,. not trace. broken. east face. it. hand. — end was. and denuded. out,. outlines. a straight edge the south.. we need. ;. and in it. it. it. about. they had. :. so. full. so. of. open the. say nothing,. from the plan.. sufficiently clear. is. not. of the later. is. and the. ;. suppression of the well after the tunnel j^laces. extreme from. Adu. I.. and IL,. The. the only one.. is. of formation runs thus. ,,. „. series. :. ,,. The. destroyed in. since, that. we. did. should be shown with. the. plan,. and. not. as. really extended farther to. „. doorway. ,,. „. level passage. „. „. doorway. 57. no well. The entrance. This diflers from the other mastabas in bein<;. by. it. and Merra. III.. it. Passage, slope roof tunnel, large well, slope passage, chamber.. I.. Merra.. largely attacked. that of. either. its late date.. shows that. Adu. it. and. times at the southern end,. we. characterise the next stage D.. in the plan. been used for. inscribed sarcophagus the. the irregular, closely-packed inscrijations Avhich. gravel. uiihap^jily. Were name. for the. period,. any. to. the corridor or the stele chamber.. of a. ;. Adu Adu Adu. next. left in. Khua (xiii.) and the daughters Hotepa and andBeba (x.). We notice here the beginning of ;. lift. the latest of the princely tombs of. is. x.a.. these. Sennezsua. sons Merra, Sebeknekhta,. mastaba. gi-eat. to. the shattered. and no trace of the stoncAvork was. pieces. From. the corridor.. in. This. It. cornice, like that of Merra, but ratlier coarser,. were found. Eeb.. over. Also some blocks with a long inscription of. some. many cases. Hence many of these pieces.. Dcnderch.. ix., x.,. broke up. was impossible even. it. whole in. 16.. though. for. jôor,. ke^jt its edges well, yet it so readily. into fragments that. state of. some. 17. Unfortunately the stone was. It is much worse in arrangeshown on pi. ix. ment than Merra's, and of poorer work. Three. of. ;. with brick first,. the thick outer wall had been built. ;. Avith. a steep. Merra.. batter on the inner face. had. then brickwoi'k apparently. north end was blocked. in the. filling. been. inside. built. it,. a small court like that of. Later, the filling of the passage having. been partly removed, the overhangs. the. doorway led. filling. From. passage.. into the only. of the court this court. Avell,. a. from which. another door opened into the tunnel.. The. floor. and tunnel was not cleared, as all from the inside had to be carried up. of this well. the stuff to. the top. three weeks of clearing. and there found. the. every ton of. so that. of the well,. rubbish was a serious matter.. After two or. we reached. the chamber,. inscribed. sarcophagus.. The most important part. is. shown. in pi. xxxvii.,. c.

(32) ; :. DENDEEEH.. 18. covers. minute inscription which. rest of the. and the. it is. in the additional plates, xxxvii.A to K.. The chamber was. damp. so. that the limestone. had been largely dissolved all through the grain of it; hence it was in a putty-like state in whicli it could be moulded l)y the fingers, and could not be lifted without the liands sinking. it. If dried quickly. into the stone.. would have. it. and crumbled hopelessly so each Ijlock as with it was brought up was at once covered three or four inches of sand at the back of our split. ;. dry slowly through that coating. After two or three weeks it was safe to uncover the evaporation through the sand having been it. and. huts,. left to. Rehuia B.. probably of this age, on. is. the panel of Merer at the base of. And. xi.c.. seems to. xii.. be so mucli like a coarser version of Ptahmera that. we ought perhaps. to class. in C.. it. Of the plans of mastabas which seem this. to. belonfr. already. there. a2;e. are,. besides. those. — PL. xxxii.. following:. the. described,. to. The mastaba by Beba T. the real tomb of Beba T., which belongs to the next period D, ;. being the small mastaba with double portal the chamber of the older mastaba.. built into Tlie. XVIIIth Dynasty form, perhaiis being two. mastaba re-used. this. is. in the. complex in. tombs conjoined. below. :. it. :. a great rambling-. is. :. slower than the spread of the moisture in the stone, it had thus kept equally moist throughout,. and when bared again the surface was uninjured, though very porous and soft. My wife and I then spent much of our time for some weeks lying on the ground copying. They had been. of signs.. the thousands. all. ^mtten. carelessly. in. rather cursive hieroglyphs, and then entrusted to. varying. it,. so. A raw hand. unintelligiV)le.. put on. are. others. done,. fairly. Some. for the cutting.. skill. rough. to destroy the. When. too disastrous a better. hand took. text. is,. hash liecame. this. legilile inscription.. and grossly. be. to. shape of a hole, regardless. of the intended sign.. have again a. as. seems to have been. whose only idea was. ink wi'iting by some. parts are. it. up, and. Corrupt as the. been engraved,. as it has. we. it is. monument, giving chapters of the Dead hitherto only known two. vet a first-class. the. Book. thousand. of. years. later. ;. also. a. description. sixteen roads of the soul, and a long of Hathor, the great goddess of the liy. far. hei'e,. the. and was of course. It is. C need. kept at the. inscriptions belonging to this. The. little notice. tlie. pi.. vii.A,. inscription of. north of. and that of Rehuia A., are given base of. Cairo. this. ;. marked. is. dotted. in. The large mastaba re-used in Dynasty the entrance is by the. pit. :. Adu. in the. The stone. II.,. group. portal of. outline.. XXXth. the. with. steps,. which leads to the dotted outline cavern that were two stone sarcophagi, full. in. ;. marked here. in. each containing a body with fine. outline,. amulets of the Persian. and. period,. another. body with amulets lying bare on the top of each The mastabas of Merra C. and Hotepa that lid. of Merra C. had a lintel of a Beba in the chamber, and the doorway to the chamber has been cut away and a very small later mastaba :. with portal court. is Iniilt. The colonnade. the space.. liuilt in. in front of a mastalâ of. of. mastal)as notliing. Saqqara,. was found. in. good type,. some of the. somewhat like the courts before. such as that of it,. Thy. and the back of the. masta])a was wrecked for Ptolemaic cave tombs.. PL xxxiv. from. tlie. C. 780. is. Of. following: —No.. simplicity. its. belong to the or earlier. :. B. in. we may. period. front. might. the tunnel slope has been cut with a. were. in. the. Sebekhotepa was named the. perhaps. period of the Vlth Dynasty. two badly painted Ptolemaic bodies. class the. a great mastaba, which. stairway sunk between two ramps. Mei'ru and Qebdat from. at the. of titles. city.. most important monument found. Museum. The minor 17. period. list. of. cavern formed by the falling in of sepulchral. chambers. western. mastaba. steles,. on. ;. it. were. and several. chambers.. No.. 337,. in the eastern cliamber. had. no. name.. 7R1, 782, 271 have no further details.. No.. Nos. ;53I.

(33) THE UNDATED TOMBS OP had a. which the name. slab of. the right side of. man. is lost,. copied on. No. 329 belonged to a. pi. xiii.. Hotepa.. crowded. its. sepulchral. the. inscriptions,. turned with. The. IXth-Xth(?) Dynasties.. characteristics of this age are' the. of the. state. being. pit. length E.-W., and frequently a. northern door to the chamber of offering, which cut off entirely from the corridor and fender. is. on the. east. There are. face.. no large and. important tombs of this age, and the general. and. poverty following. ignorance the. are. class together here. the. Hotepa (xi.fi) group is much ;. obvious.. is. that. inscriptions :. — Hotepa and. Ave. Adua,. 779 and 313.. Xlth Dynasty the group at the base. lintel. :. unknown man and. work of Kathena. of the fine. later,. The. of vii.A.. of an. his wife Beba, top of pi. xi.,. them. and some. tomb is. is. that of Antef-a,. on the old. row. mastabas.. lai'ger. Sebekliotep, one. classifi-. more. is. We. Dynasty.. (?). The most important xxxv.. j^l.. Adu. like. This Avith a. (xxix.),. I.. the four-name mastaba (xxx.), and Shenseta P.. as in the. all called. well. Vlth Dynasty,. chambers. of internal. (base of xi.), with his. Hapu, three sons. no need. may be merely. pi. xii.,. style of the. chambers. wife. is. here meet with widespread coarse inscriptions,. The. Nekhtu. the. Early Xlth. Class E.. 19.. of. than distinctions that. E.-W.. finely cut slab of. larger. The. earlier date.. position. pit being. the inscription.. an. to. by the. cation. a servant offering a cup to the master, and the. account of the cattle in. ;. well be one. and the. ;. C. and the. these. (xxxv.) of the next class that there to assign. But. jDlacing a small figure of. jêriod. after class. mastabas link on so to the Antefa mastaba. (xxxii.).. shows the beginning of. the. have the. all. may. xxxiv.. pi.. and not of. of class. ;. the. in. stele. the difference in size between. smaller mastabas of. those of wealth.. of the. These. and therefore must come. pit E.-W.,. may and. xxxv.. pi.. mastabas of Hennua, Kathena, 775, 776, Zauta. reliable. the part of a figure in the same. 19. And on. later.. is. it. The xi.ii. Shensetha. a. of. inscriptions. lintel. behind. D., 777, 778,. Class D.. 18.. DYNASTIES.. VIItii— XTtii. separated from those by the. it is. and the same long. ;. certainly also of the. is. tomb. long line of. of. false. Mentuhotep. line. of. Xlth Dynasty,. The. (xxxiii.).. doors also agrees Avith that. Antef and one Bcba-a, a daughter Ansa, and. tomb, and Avith that of Antefaqer A. (xxxiii.).. a servant Ada, has also. We. 25roperty. a. of cattle. list. by far the best exam^^le of this work, and the first instance of the it. :. period of. is. name Antef. The mastalâs that we may assign small and with pit E.-W.. all. pit. E.-W,. mouth. may G.,. of. is. stele. of the chamber.. is. which. Zauta. it,. put in the pit at the. Probably to. belong the tombs on. Merra. and often a mere. ;. pi. xxxii.,. this jjeriod. Shensetha. Nekhta (the outside merely uncertain, and not recessed),. D., Hornekhta,. is. E., I'ekhy-beb. right hand,. pi.. (see. xv.).. On. the pi.. small altar on xxxiv... No. 32G. yielded three fragments, copied at the base of pi.. xiii.,. side xiii.),. and. the. Shensetha. T.,. 335,. must therefore conclude that the form of the. Nefuu. (see. right. yet. cloth (xii.. the. is. of the. full. Compare Avork. The. Vlth Dynasty.. of the. ideas. the collar and the striping of the Avaist1. ). Avith that of. Mena. or Senna. of the relief inscription (viii.). (xii.. ;. see. 2-5),. or Ptali-inera (x.a),. especially in the elaboration of feathers. and hair. The intermediate link is seen in relief work of " le, Avife of Beba " (xi.), Avhere. on the the. style. very rude and degraded, but. beside that of Merra. signs.. the long cattle inscription marks while. the relief of the. coarse as that of Antef-a of the door recess. H.,. inches. by Bauhotepa,. pit. left. whose. Xlth Dynasty.. to the revival in the. Henny, Anhur-nekht, Shensetha mastaba. mastabas continued to be foUoAved doAvn. earlier. of the carving to this age are. used without any building over. which case the. in. and. ;. is. it. children (xii. 5).. as of class D, is. almost as. The breadth. 157 inches, or the half 78. the length of the slabs running toAvard. hand on. pi. xii, is. 27 inches from the niidC 2.

(34) : ;. DTINDEREH.. 2f). inches block at the end of the group, and. line, 9. +. 30 inches scene of children, or GG inches to the. parts, agreeing well. The cornice. inches.. is. the cornice of Mera,. which. of 78. half ^vidrh. shown on is. pi.. lost. xi.c, Avith. probably of the. door of the chamber in the. stele laid at the. We. and Demza. But a. (xi.c).. Old Kin";dom, as. Sentekhneba. and. rotted,. in the. up. flake. could not be. .they are therefore extremely. ;. so nuich that. Many rude. lifted.. chamber, of the form. many. of. 20. Having shown the best example of this class, we now turn to minor pieces which link. D we. the end of class (xi.). At Beba ". class.. and wife. Beba G. (lower part. this follows. to. ;. of. xi.B), which shows the beginning of the style of. simple rude inscriptions. and Beba. ". and. ;. like. top xi.c, and " Autef and. Beba. Avhile still later is. at base of x.a, with. T.. this. Ay. ". is. ,r. " (xi.c). name IMentuhotep on. a piece. hand (and see base xv.) and following that Demza and Hepu (base xi.c, With these probably go " .* inscrip. see xv.).. of lintel at the right. with son Pepy (xi.c),. Beba. ;. xiii.),. and Antefaqer. compare the amaJch sign with that. T.. ;. and the. of this. style. tomb shows. shows the early. Antefaqer A.,. xxxiii.,. a long trench. for a tunnel. the. A. north.. burial. was remarkable. for. early. attribute,. havino; a do2:. Xlth Dynasty on. pi.. tyjê. xxxiii... (if. we. the. plan,. with. in a. smnll coffiu.. prol)ably. No. 772, E. of Beb. and very probably the smallest and most de;32(),. 314, 353, 352.. Class. F.. Xlth Dynasty.. in at the. F. Ay. This differs. the. xi.u),. Henna (fin). (xi.).. begins. Beba G. (xi.B), and class E while in class. sides in. (xi.c) in. sloping. this. (next to. (top xi.c),. the sign of two hills. sided. ;. figure. the. is. rule. — see. Sentekhneba, Sentekha, and Hotepa.. Class. 22.. distinct revival. G.. Xlth. Here. Dynasty.. a. seen, the beginning of the fine. is. work of the Xlth and Xllth Dynasties. The style is laboured and detailed, the forms clumsy but carefully finished, the faces. The. inscriptions. still. The. burial. chambers without any mastaba.. in mere pit The intermediate example still. (xi.B),. row. and. very short. but more carefully done.. simple,. and even. full. where the. of sons. line above.. is. dii. sign. is. is. that of Bauhotepa. very sloping, and the. Hotepa in the Beba and Hathotep. closely like that of. Very. similar. is. with which go also the outlined figure. (base of xi.) and the nameless figure. main. generate jnastabas on xxxiv., Xos. o24,. 21.. draw. how. as. age here. may. Nubheq. xi.),. Sentekha (base. (xi.). running down from. of Ptolemaic. stone coffin at the north end. To. The mastaba. (xi.c),. of. rude a reminiscence as the tomb of Antefa does of the Vlth Dynasty style.. to. pufty.. and son Sebeknekhta,. " (base of. Observe. Antef and. xvii. 128.. noted " x. is. three slabs froni Hotepa (xi.B), and. them. pots wei'e found. together more closely to the previous. novo,. Nemy. seen in this work, as in. Beba and Hathotep,. sand over them. sort of elemental rude-. were bes-innins a"ain de. it. blocks of carving have thus lain with hardly any. a"-e.. T. (x.a). without niuch link to the feeling of the. ness,. The whole of the mastaba is denuded down to about a foot high, and the same. Beba. see this style beginning in. pit.. ;. Following. these. comes. earlier. Nefert-kau. begun. Avhich the signs have. (base xi.B).. .v. from the. to pass. and ruder stage toward that of the. Xlth Dynasty. 23. Class. End. H.. of. in. (xi.),. Xlth. later. Dynasty.. jnarked ofl^ by the really good work was evolved from the previous class, and which l)y the use of broad bands or double lines to. This. is. divide the inscriptions.. Hennu and Bet. (xi.),. The which. earliest is. perhaps. much. like the. earlier. slab of Beba and Hathotep next over. and. which the signs are similar. in. Nefer'kau close by. it.. is. it,. to those of. This was found in the. from the previous work in the extreme rudeness and simplicity of it, and the absence of all. entrance to the Mentuhotep mastaba, probablj'-. mastabas, the burials being only in. inscrijition. pits,. with the. connected with of. it. Of the same Beba B. (vii.A).. style. is. Also. the. the.

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