Classical Conditioning

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(1)Associative Learning Ms. LaCombe.

(2) Classical Conditioning http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1079423/the_pavlov_alt oid_theory/.

(3) Learning ⚫ A relatively permanent change in an. organism’s behavior due to experience..

(4) Associative Learning ⚫ Link two events that occur close together … ⚫ Thunder and Lightening ⚫ Hug and a Kiss ⚫ A smile and friendliness ⚫ Walking underneath a ladder and bad luck.

(5) How We Learn: ⚫ Classical Conditioning ⚫ Operant Conditioning ⚫ Observational Learning ⚫ By conditioning and observation … we learn to. adapt to our environments.

(6) Classical Conditioning ⚫ One learns to link two or more stimuli and. anticipate events..

(7) Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) ⚫ Medical degree – studied. digestion ⚫ Discovered that the basic laws of learning were the same for all animals whether dogs or humans. ⚫ Pavlov would later influence Watson (the “Father of Behaviorism.”).

(8) Conditioning ⚫ Conditioned = learned ⚫ Unconditioned = Unlearned or NOT learned.

(9) Classical Conditioning ⚫ Unconditioned Stimulus – a stimulus that naturally (automatically). triggers a response. (Water). ⚫ Unconditioned Response – unlearned (automatic) naturally. occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. (Flinch). ⚫ Neutral Stimulus (CAN) ⚫ Conditioned (or learned) Stimulus – an originally irrelevant. stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a response. (CAN) ⚫ Conditioned Response – the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. (Flinch).

(10) Stimulus and Response ⚫ Stimulus: The property or event that makes something happen; the cause ⚫ Response: The result or what happens; the effect.

(11) Classical Conditioning ⚫ Unconditioned Stimulus (Water) ⚫ Unconditioned Response (Flinch) ⚫ Neutral Stimulus (CAN) ⚫ Conditioned (or learned) Stimulus (CAN) ⚫ Conditioned Response (Flinch).

(12) Experiment = What happens when you pair a tone with food? ⚫ US = (Food) ⚫ UR = (Salivate) ⚫ Tone = a neutral stimulus … but what happens when it. precedes the giving of food??? ⚫ CS (Tone) ⚫ CR (Salivate).

(13) Acquisition ⚫ Initial learning … ⚫ CC = linking the neutral stimulus with an unconditioned. stimulus (tone and food) ⚫ OC – Strengthening of a reinforced response.

(14) Extinction ⚫ The diminishing of a conditioned response ⚫ In Classical Conditioning – Extinction occurs when the. CS (tone) no longer singles impending US (food) ⚫ In other words . . . If the CS (tone) occurs repeatedly without the US (food) ⚫ The association is not being reinforced.

(15) Spontaneous Recovery ⚫ The reappearance of a weakened CR after a. pause. ⚫ It suggests extinction was supressing the CR rather than eliminating it..

(16) What component of Classical Conditioning is this clip an example of? ⚫ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Th_aBzrV37M.

(17) Generalizations ⚫ The tendency to. respond to stimuli similar to the CS. ⚫ I.e.. Abused Children. and Angry Faces ⚫ Caddyshack Clip.

(18) Discrimination ⚫ Learned ability to distinguish between a. conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimulus. ⚫ I.e. guard dog vs. guide dog.

(19) Discrimination.

(20) Higher Order Conditioning ⚫ A process in which the conditioned stimulus in one. conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. ⚫ Also called Second-order conditioning..

(21) Does Timing Matter? ⚫ What would happen if the dog’s food appeared before the. tone instead of after? ⚫ Why is there a difference? ⚫ Classical Conditioning aids our survival by helping us predict and prepare for future events..

(22) Are Some Things Easier to Condition Than Others? ⚫ Yes!☺.

(23) Biological Influences ⚫ Conditioning = speedier, stronger, and more. durable when the CS is "ecologically relevant" (natural environment.) ⚫ Quail Experiment ⚫ Humans and the color red.

(24) More Predicatble = Stronger the Conditioned Response.

(25) Cognitive processes and biological constraints affect an organisms learning capacity..

(26) Each animal's capacity for conditioning is constrained by its biology because leanrned associations enhance survival..

(27) Garcia and Koelling – Taste Aversions ⚫ Rats given a taste, sight, or sound and later. given sickening radiation. ⚫ What happened? ⚫ 1. Time lapse had little affect ⚫ 2. Rats developed aversions to tastes but not to sounds or sights ⚫ Birds can develop sight aversions. (They hunt by seeing.).

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(29) Learned Helplessness ⚫ The hopelessness and. passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events..

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(34) What are the biopsychosocial influences on learning? P. 225.

(35) Review ⚫ Classical Conditioning ⚫ A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more. stimuli and anticipate events. ⚫ Some Examples????.

(36) Classical Conditioning ⚫ Little Albert Experiment ⚫ John Watson and Rosalie. Rayner (1913) ⚫ Showed that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses..

(37) ⚫ John Watson ⚫ The Father of. Behaviorism ⚫ Little Albert Experiment (1913) ⚫ Applied Associative Learning Principles to Advertising (coffee break).

(38) Behaviorism ⚫ The view that psychology (1) should be an objective. science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. ⚫ Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)..

(39) Watson’s Views “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man, and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race and ancestors.” (1924).

(40) Watson’s Views Conditioned “Psychology, as the behaviorist views it, is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods.” “The behaviorist, in his efforts to understand animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation.”.

(41) How would you teach a creature to do something like this …..

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(46) Operant Conditioning.

(47) Operant Conditioning ⚫ A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if. followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. ⚫ Organisms act or “operate” on their environments to receive rewards and to avoid punishment..

(48) Using a Venn Diagram, list the similarities and differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning..

(49) Actions are Automatic. Organisms associate their own actions with consequences.

(50) Similarities between CC and OC ⚫ Both are Associative Learning ⚫ Cognitive Processes and Biological Predispositions. influence both (which means some behaviors are easier to condition than others) ⚫ Both exhibit ⚫ Acquisition ⚫ Extinction ⚫ Spontaneous recovery ⚫ Generalization ⚫ Discrimination.

(51) Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning ⚫ Is the organism learning. associations between events it does not control?. ⚫ Is the organism learning. associations between its behavior and resulting events?.

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(53) Thorndike – (1874-1949) Puzzle Box and Law of Effect Theory.

(54) Law of Effect ⚫ Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by. favorable consequences became more likely to be repeated and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences became less likely to be repeated..

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(57) B.F. Skinner(1904-1990) ⚫ Modern Behaviorism's most ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ ⚫. ⚫ ⚫. influential and controversial figure. Researched operant conditioning Shaping and Reinforcement Schedules Rats and Pigeons He died in 1990 resisting the belief that cognitive processes – thoughts, emotions, expectations – were important to the science of psychology. No Free Will? Are his theories dehumanizing?.

(58) Skinner Continued ⚫ Operant Chamber or. “Skinner Box” ⚫ A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain reinforcers; devices are attached to record the rate of bar pressing or key pecking..

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(60) Skinner Continued ⚫ Walden Two (Skinner’s book) Social Utopia ⚫ By applying the principles if operant conditioning an ideal society can be created..

(61) Skinner “Air Crib”.

(62) Shaping ⚫ A procedure in which. reinforcers, such as food, gradually guide an animal’s actions toward a desired behavior. ⚫ You reward successive approximations, you reward responses “ever-so-closer” to the final desired behavior, and you ignore all other responses. ⚫ By making rewards contingent on necessary behaviors we can gradually shape complex behaviors..

(63) Operant Conditioning Example: The Big Band Theory http://youtu.be/teLoNYvOf90.

(64) Reinforcer ⚫ In operant conditioning,. any event that strengthens the behavior it follows..

(65) Reinforcers Primary Reinforcer. Secondary (AKA Conditioned Reinforcer). ⚫ An innately reinforcing. ⚫ A stimulus that gains its. stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. ⚫ Food, avoiding pain. reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. ⚫ Money ⚫ Good grades ⚫ A pleasant tone of voice.

(66) Positive Reinforcement (Add something good) ⚫ Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such. as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response..

(67) Negative Reinforcement (Remove something bad) ⚫ Strengthens a response by reducing or removing something. undesirable or unpleasant, such as an organism escaping an aversive situation. ⚫ A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response ⚫ (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment) ⚫ Remember: reinforcement is any consequence that strengthens behavior..

(68) Punishment ⚫ Any event that decreases the behavior that it follows..

(69) Positive Punishment (Add something bad) ⚫ Administer an averse stimulus ⚫ For example – spanking, a parking ticket, and electric. shock..

(70) Negative Punishment (Take away something good) ⚫ Take away a desirable stimulus ⚫ For example, time-out from privileges, revoking a driver’s. license, no dessert after dinner ☹.

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(72) Drawbacks of Punishment ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ ⚫. 1. Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten 2. Punishment teaches discrimination 3. Punishment can teach fear 4. Physical punishment may increase aggressiveness by modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems.. ⚫ Remember: Punishment tells you what to not do;. reinforcement tells you what to do..

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(74) Reinforcement Schedules ⚫ Continuous Reinforcement – reinforcement occurs time ⚫ Acquisition is faster but extinction is also faster. ⚫ Partial (intermittent reinforcement) – reinforcement occurs. only part of the time. ⚫ Acquisition takes longer but extinction also takes longer..

(75) Partial Reinforcement Schedules ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ ⚫. Fixed-ratio schedule Variable-ratio schedule Fixed-interval schedule Variable-interval schedule.

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(78) Cognition and Operant Conditioning (These things challenge “strict behaviorism) ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ ⚫. Latent Learning Insight Learning Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation.

(79) Biological Predispositions and OC (This also challenge “strict behaviorism”) ⚫ As with classical conditioning, an animal’s natural. predispositions constrain its capacity for operant conditioning. ⚫ Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive..

(80) Latent Learning ⚫ Learning that occurs but is. not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it..

(81) Insight Learning ⚫ A sudden and often novel. realization of the solution to a problem..

(82) Make a list of things you enjoy doing..

(83) Intrinsic Motivation ⚫ A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own. sake..

(84) Extrinsic Motivation ⚫ A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised. rewards or avoid threatened punishment..

(85) Do you study because you love learning, or do you only study to earn good grades?.

(86) Why might giving rewards for completing a task a person already enjoys backfire?.

(87) Applications of Operant Conditioning ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ ⚫. At Work At Home (raising children) For Self-Improvement For Coaching For Teaching.

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(89) Biofeedback ⚫ A system for electronically. recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension..

(90) Learning by Observation ⚫ Conditioning principles don’t tell us the whole story about. learning. ⚫ Higher order animals, especially humans, can learn without direct experience, ⚫ Through observational learning, also called social learning, because we learn by observing and imitating others..

(91) Learning by Observation ⚫ Shorty after birth, babies may imitate an adult who sticks. his tongue. ⚫ By 8 to 16 months, infants imitate vary novel gestures ⚫ By 12 months, they begin looking where an adult is looking. ⚫ By 14 months, children imitate acts modeled on TV..

(92) Modeling ⚫ The process of. observing and imitating a specific behavior..

(93) Mirror Neurons ⚫ Frontal Lobe neurons ⚫ They fire when performing. certain actions or when observing another doing so. ⚫ The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy. (aka theory of mind) ⚫ People with autism display reduced imitative yawning and mirror neuron activity..

(94) Albert Bandura (1925 to present) ⚫ Famous observational. learning (or social learning) researcher ⚫ Bobo Doll experiment ⚫ http://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj p8 (Bobo Doll Footage).

(95) Bandura’s Theories Continued ⚫ Who are we most likely to imitate? ⚫ People we observe as … ⚫ Similar to ourselves. ⚫ Successful ⚫ Or admirable ⚫ Physically Attractive.

(96) Prosocial Effects ⚫ Prosocial (or positive, helpful models) can have prosocial effects (reading, studying, non-violent, helpful behavior).

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(98) Antisocial Effects ⚫ The bad news is that. observati0nal learning may have antisocial effects.

(99) Television/Video Games and Violence.

(100) Research Says … (Page 247-249) ⚫ Always remember that correlation is not the causation! ⚫ In the U.S. and Canada, homicide rates doubled between 1957. and 1974, just when TV was introduced and spreading. Moreover, census regions with later dates for TV service also had homicide rates that jumped later. ⚫ Elementary school children with heavy exposure to media violence also tend to get into more fights. ⚫ Studies show that exposure to violence does desensitize viewers to violence. (“Watching cruelty fosters indifference”).

(101) Important Names Discussed ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ ⚫. Ivan Pavlov John Garcia John Watson Edward Thorndike B.F. Skinner Albert Bandura.

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