UNIT 1 GUIDED NOTES Name: _________________________ Chapter 1: Principles of Government - Section 1
Key Terms
o _________________________: the institution through which a society makes and enforces public policies
o public policies: all the things a government decides to do o legislative power: the power to make laws
o executive power: the power to enforce and administer laws o _________________________: the power to interpret laws
o _________________________: a government in which all power rests with an individual or small group
o Key Terms, cont.
o democracy: a government in which supreme authority rests with the people
o _________________________: a body of people, living in a defined territory, with a government that can make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority o _________________________: to have supreme and absolute power within a territory o divine right: the theory that governments gain their authority from the will of God Introduction
• What is government and what is its purpose?
• Government is the institution that allows a society to make and enforce public policies • Every government has three basic types of power. These include the legislative power to make laws, the _________________________power to enforce laws, and the
_________________________power to interpret laws and settle disputes. Basic Types of _________________________
• In a dictatorship, all powers are held by one person or group. • In a democracy, authority lies with the people.
• The U.S. government gives executive power to the President, legislative power to Congress, and judicial power to the Supreme Court.
The State
• States are the main _________________________of government in the world today. • There are more than 200 states, varying greatly in size, population, and power.
• A state is not strictly the same thing as a nation (which refers to large groups of people) or a country (which refers to a particular region).
• Every state has four basic characteristics: _________________________, territory, sovereignty, and a _________________________.
Population and _________________________
• Every state has a _________________________, whether large or small, diverse or homogeneous.
• China (right) has a large population that is reflected in its landscape.
• A state must have _________________________, land with known and recognized boundaries.
• Every state has _________________________, the absolute power within its own territory to decide domestic and foreign policies.
• Each state has a _________________________, a political organization to make and enforce its policies.
Origins of the State
• Many theories have been developed to explain the origins of the state. • These include the _________________________theory, the
_________________________theory, the divine right theory, and the social contract theory.
• The Force Theory
o The _________________________holds that an individual or group claims control over a territory and forces the population to submit.
o The state then becomes sovereign and those in control form a government. • _________________________Theory
o The evolutionary theory says that a population formed out of primitive families.
o The heads of these families became the government.
o When these families settled in one territory and claimed it as their own, they became a sovereign state.
• Divine Right Theory
o The divine right theory holds that _________________________created the state, making it sovereign.
o The government is made up of those chosen by God to rule a certain territory. The population must obey their ruler.
• Social Contract Theory
o The social contract theory was developed by philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques _________________________and has had the greatest influence on United States government.
o This theory holds that the people chose to give the state enough power to promote the well-being of everyone and that all political power comes from the _________________________of the people.
o Social contract theory holds that the people can withhold power from an unjust government.
• Purpose of Government
o The _________________________to the U.S. Constitution sets forth the basic purposes of America’s government.
o It forms “a more perfect _________________________” by uniting the state governments and the American people.
o It establishes justice by attempting to create and administer laws in a _________________________, reasonable, and impartial fashion.
o Government offers domestic tranquility, or peace at home, by providing law and order.
o The U.S. government promotes the general _________________________of citizens by providing services, such as public education, that benefit all or most people.
o The government helps secure the blessings of liberty by guaranteeing many individual rights and liberties.
These freedoms are not _________________________—you are not free to violate the liberties of others.
o Each generation must strive for patriotism by learning and protecting these freedoms.
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Chapter 1: Principles of Government - Section 2Key Terms
• _________________________: government in which a single person holds all political power
• oligarchy: government in which a small, usually self-appointed group has the sole power to rule
• _________________________government: a government in which all power belongs to one central agency
• federal government: a government in which power is divided between one central and several local governments
• Key Terms, cont.
• division of powers: the split of power between central and local governments • confederation: an alliance of independent states
• _________________________government: a government with separate executive and legislative branches
• _________________________government: a government in which the executive branch is part of the legislative branch and subject to its control
Direct Democracy
• In a direct or_________________________democracy, the people pass laws by discussing and voting on them in meetings, such as town meetings.
• This system works only in small communities. Indirect Democracy
o In an indirect or_________________________democracy, the people elect agents who make and carry out the laws.
o These representatives rule with the consent of the governed and can be removed by the people at election time.
Example Democracies
o The United Kingdom is a _________________________monarchy. Most power lies with the Parliament, which is elected by the people. The queen is the head of state, while the head of government is the
Prime Minister, who is the head of the leading party in Parliament. o The United States is a _________________________-based federal
republic.
The President is both Chief of State and Head of Government. Dictatorships
o In an _________________________, one person holds total political power, while in an _________________________a small elite group shares political power.
o Both are forms of dictatorships, holding absolute and unchallenged authority over the people, who have no say in government.
Example Dictatorships
o Some dictatorships are like that of _________________________, where people can vote only for candidates from one political party and the legislature does whatever the dictatorship says.
o Other dictatorships are like the one in Myanmar, where the military rules and there are no elections.
Unitary Government
o In a unitary model, all power belongs to the
_________________________government, which may grant some powers to local governments.
o The powers of the central government may be limited or unlimited. o Most governments in the world are unitary in form.
Federal Government
o In the federal model, power is divided between a central government and several local governments, usually according to a
_________________________.
o The U.S. and some 25 other states have federal forms of government. Confederate Government
o A confederation is an _________________________of independent governments that grant limited powers, usually involving defense or foreign affairs, to a central government.
o The European Union is similar to a confederation. Presidential Government
o A presidential government divides _________________________and legislative power between two branches.
o The details of this separation of powers are spelled out in a constitution. Parliamentary Government
o In a parliamentary government, the _________________________chooses the executive, which is part of the legislature and under its control.
o A majority of world governments use the parliamentary system, which lacks some checks and balances but promotes cooperation between the executive and legislative branches.
o The _________________________minister is the head of the leading party in Parliament and chooses cabinet members from the Parliament.
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Chapter 1: Principles of Government - Section 3Key Terms
• majority rule: the principle that the will of the majority controls the actions of government
• _________________________: the process of blending and adjusting competing views and interests
• citizen: one who holds certain rights and responsibilities within a state
• free _________________________system: an economic system characterized by the private ownership of capital goods, private investment, and a competitive marketplace that determines success or failure
Introduction
• What are the basic concepts of democracy?
• Recognition of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person • Respect for the _________________________of all persons • Faith in majority rule and an insistence upon minority rights • Acceptance of the necessity of compromise
• Insistence upon the widest possible degree of individual freedom Worth of the Individual
• _________________________is based on a belief in the dignity and worth of every individual.
• Individuals can be forced to do things that serve the good of the many, like paying taxes. • Respect for individuals means that serving the many should not be a case of simply benefiting the majority over the minority, but of trying to meet the needs of
_________________________individuals in society. Equality of All Persons
o All citizens are entitled to equality of opportunity and equality before the _________________________.
o This means that no person should be held back based on gender, _________________________, color, or religion.
o Every person must be free to develop as fully as they wish. Achieving this goal of equality is an ongoing process.
For example, in _________________________v. Board of
Education, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were unequal.
Majority Rules, Minority Rights
o Democracy holds that the majority will be right more often than it is wrong and will be right more often than any small group.
o The majority will not always make the best _________________________or even the right decisions, but in a democracy their choices can be improved or changed over time.
Necessity of Compromise
o _________________________is a key part of the democratic process. o In a society made of many equal individuals with different opinions and
interests, public decisions require compromises. o Most public issues can be addressed in several ways.
o Determining which way best meets the needs of the public also requires compromise.
o Compromise is a way of reaching majority _________________________. Not all compromises are good or necessary.
Individual Freedom
o Democracy cannot allow _________________________individual freedom, which would lead to anarchy and lawlessness.
o Democracy does require that each individual be as free as possible without interfering with the freedom of _________________________.
o Democratic government works constantly to find the balance between individual freedom and government authority.
Citizenship
o Every democratic citizen has duties that they _________________________obey.
o Each citizen also has responsibilities that they
_________________________fulfill to improve the quality of their government and community.
Citizenship Overview
o How Free _________________________Works
o Free enterprise, also called capitalism, is an economic system based on private ownership, individual initiative, profit, and competition.
o _________________________, not the government, decide what to make, how to make it, at what price to sell it, and whether to buy it.
o Greater demand tends to increase prices, while lower demand tends to decrease them.
Government and Free Enterprise
o Both democracy and free enterprise are based on the idea of _________________________freedom.
o U.S. government involvement in the economy is aimed at protecting both the public and private enterprise.
o The government regulates many economic activities to encourage competition and protect public welfare.
o The government also offers many essential services, such as public education and transportation.
___________________________________
o limited government: the idea that government is restricted in what it may do and that every individual has certain rights that government cannot remove o _________________________government: the idea that government
should both serve and be guided by the will of the people
o Magna Carta: the Great Charter signed in 1215 that limited the powers of the English king and guaranteed certain fundamental rights
o due _________________________: protection against the unjust taking of life, liberty, or property
o Petition of Right: a document signed in 1628 that required the English king to obey the law of the land and increased the influence of Parliament
o English Bill of Rights: a document signed in 1689 that required free
elections and guaranteed many basic rights, such as due process and trial by jury, to all English citizens
o _________________________: a written grant of authority from the king o _________________________: having two houses, as in a two-house
legislature
o proprietary: the name given to colonies organized and governed according to the will of a proprietor, a person granted land and authority by the king o unicameral: having only one house, as in a one house legislature Introduction
• What ideas and traditions influenced government in the English Colonies? o English customs and ideas about government, including:
The idea of _________________________government The principle of limited government
The principle of representative government o English historical documents, including:
The _________________________Carta The Petition of Right
The English Bill of Rights Concepts of Government
o The English _________________________brought with them political ideas that had developed over centuries in England.
Some ideas, such as the rule of law, had roots in early Asian and African civilizations.
Other influences came from the ancient
_________________________, who occupied England. Many key political ideas were written into landmark English
documents. Key Political Concepts
• Ordered government
o _________________________governments should be divided into units and ruled by officers according to law.
• Limited government
o Individual citizens have basic rights
o Government should serve the will of the people. In other words, people should have a say in what the government does or does not do.
The Magna Carta
o Signed by King _________________________in 1215
o Created by English barons to put limits on the once absolute power of the King.
Guaranteed certain fundamental rights for the privileged, such as trial by jury and due process of law. Over time, these rights were extended to all _________________________people.
The Petition of Right
• The Petition of Right was signed by King _________________________I in 1628. o Banned the king from imprisoning or punishing people without first following
the laws of the land.
o Kept the king from declaring military rule in times of peace or making people house soldiers.
o Required the consent of _________________________for taxation.
The English Bill of Rights
• The English Bill of Rights was drawn up by Parliament in 1689 to prevent the abuse of power by all future monarchs.
o Required the _________________________of Parliament for taxation and suspension of laws.
o Promised the right to a fair trial, and to petition the monarchy to correct injustices.
The Thirteen Colonies
• The colonies were established over a span of _________________________years. o Virginia was the first colony, founded in 1607.
o Georgia was the last, formed in 1733.
• The _________________________among the colonies ultimately outweighed their differences.
• Each colony was established on the basis of a charter granted by the king.
o These charters granted some governing authority to the colonies and kept some for the king.
Three Types of Colonies
• Royal colonies were directly controlled by the _________________________. • Proprietary colonies were run by a proprietor chosen by the king.
• Charter colonies were run mainly by elected _________________________and were the most independent.
Royal Colonies
• The _________________________was appointed by the king.
• The upper house of the colonial legislature was also appointed by the king and served as the colony’s highest court.
Proprietary Colonies
• The proprietor appointed the governor.
• These colonies were run much like royal colonies.
• Of the proprietary colonies, _________________________had an unusually democratic government with a unicameral legislature.
Charter Colonies
• Governors in charter colony were elected by property-owning colonists and lacked veto power.
• The elected bicameral legislature could pass laws without the approval of the king. • Judges were appointed by the legislature.
• Virginia and _________________________each had their charters revoked, becoming royal colonies.
• Charter colonies enjoyed the most freedoms.
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Chapter 2: Origins of American Government - Section 2Key Terms
o _________________________: a joining of several different groups for a common purpose
o Albany Plan of Union: Benjamin Franklin’s proposal that the 13 colonies form a congress to raise armed forces, regulate trade, and deal jointly with Native Americans
o _________________________: a representative
o popular sovereignty: the principle that government exists only with the consent of the governed
Introduction
• What events and ideas led to American independence?
o Unpopular British colonial policies, such as taxation without representation. o Growing political unity among the colonies.
o _________________________protests against British policies. o British efforts to punish some colonies for showing independence. o Fighting between colonists and British soldiers.
British Colonial Policies
• The colonies became used to a large degree of self-rule for many years.
o Distance made it hard for _________________________to manage colonial affairs or enforce trade laws.
o Colonial legislatures took on broader powers, withholding pay from governors who disagreed with legislative proposals.
o Britain provided colonial defense, managed foreign affairs, and provided a common currency and market.
o _________________________was low and interference with colonial affairs was minimal.
• After King _________________________III came to power in 1760, British policies changed.
• Parliament expanded and enforced laws to control colonial trade.
• Parliament passed new taxes to pay for British troops stationed in North America. o Colonists had no say in these policies and protested “taxation without
representation.”
o British leaders ignored these _________________________. Early Efforts at Unity
• Early efforts to unite the colonies _________________________..
o Benjamin Franklin’s proposed Albany Plan of Union in 1754 would have created a colonial congress, but was rejected by the colonies.
• In 1765, Britain passed the _________________________.Act.
o This law required a stamp to be bought for all legal documents and newspapers.
The Stamp Act Congress
• _________________________.colonies responded by forming the Stamp Act Congress in New York.
o They sent a Declaration of Rights and Grievances to the king. This was the first unified colonial protest.
o Parliament repealed the Stamp Act. Tensions Grow
• New laws continued to anger colonists.
o They responded with boycotts and violence
• Colonists created Committees of _________________________.to organize resistance.
• Events like the Boston _________________________.and Boston Tea Party raised tensions.
First Continental Congress
• Met in Philadelphia in 1774 in response to the Intolerable Acts
• Included delegates from every colony but Georgia. Among them were John Adams, George Washington, and John Jay.
o Sent a _________________________.of Rights to King George that protested Britain’s colonial policies.
o Urged colonists to boycott trade with England until hated laws were repealed. o Gained the support of all 13 colonial legislatures and called for a second
Congress to meet the following _________________________.. Second Continental Congress
• Met in _________________________.in 1775
• Every colony sent delegates. John Hancock was chosen president of the Congress. • The Battles of Lexington and Concord had already been fought and the Revolutionary War begun.
• This Congress became America’s first national _________________________., from 1776-1781.
o It had legislative and executive powers.
o During the war, it raised a military, printed and borrowed money, and made foreign treaties.
o Benjamin _________________________ was a leading member. Breaking from Britain
• Congress resolved to break away from Britain in 1776.
o Benjamin Franklin, John _________________________., Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, and Thomas Jefferson were named to write a proclamation of independence.
o The delegates declared independence on _________________________.2, 1776 and adopted the Declaration on July 4.
Declaration of Independence
• The Declaration severed ties with Great Britain and created a unique nation o No political system had ever been formed on the principles of
_________________________., human rights, and representative government that derived its authority from the will of the people. The Road to Independence
• English colonists brought with them the ideas of the _________________________.and limited government.
• In time, these ideas began to shape the ideal of American government and the actions of the colonists.
State Constitutions
• The Congress urged colonies to write their own _________________________.. o A constitution sets out the principles, structures, and processes of
government.
o Most states adopted constitutions in 1776 and 1777.
The Massachusetts constitution of 1780 is the oldest of the current state constitutions.
• Popular _________________________.- government must have the consent of the governed
• Limited government - government has only the powers granted by the people in the constitution
• Civil rights and _________________________.- seven state constitutions included a bill of rights defining basic freedoms
• _________________________.of powers - power divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches
• Checks and balances - each branch could limit the power of the other branches • State constitutions gave most of the power to the legislature, set short terms of office, and limited the right to vote.
Key Terms
o Articles of _________________________.: the agreement, effective in 1781, that established the first central government of the United States
o _________________________.: formal approval of a proposal Introduction
• What weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation made a lasting government impossible?
o The Confederation Congress lacked key powers - it could not raise taxes or regulate trade.
o The Congress could not make states obey the laws it passed.
o 9 of 13 state delegations had to _________________________.before Congress could act.
o The Articles could only be changed with the consent of all 13 state legislatures.
Articles of Confederation
• The Second Continental Congress had to create an official national government. • Congress approved the Articles of _________________________.in 1777, but they were not ratified until 1781.
• The Articles created a single unit of government, the Congress.
o Congress was unicameral in structure, with each states electing its delegates each year.
o Each state delegation had one vote in Congress. Federal Government
• The national government had no executive or _________________________.branch. o Special congressional committees exercised executive and judicial functions. o Each year Congress would elect a president of the Congress (but not the
nation). Congress
• Make _________________________.and peace • Make treaties and handle ambassadors
• Borrow money and set up a money system
• Build a _________________________.and raise an army • Set standards of weights and measures
• Settle disputes between the states States Under the Articles
• The states promised to:
o Obey the _________________________.and acts of Congress o Provide funds and troops requested by Congress
o Treat citizens of other states fairly
o Respect the laws and court rulings of other states
o Allow open _________________________.and trade among states o Submit interstate disputes to Congress
Weaknesses of the Articles
• Only a “firm _________________________.of friendship” among States • Only one vote for each State, regardless of size
• Congress powerless to levy _________________________.or duties • Congress powerless to regulate commerce
• No _________________________.power to enforce acts of Congress • No national court system
• Amendments required the consent of all States
• A 9/13 majority required to pass laws. Problems with the Articles
• After the end of the Revolutionary War, states stopped cooperating with each other and the national government.
o They refused to supply _________________________.or money. o Some made their own treaties with other nations.
o Most raised their own military forces.
o They taxed goods from other states and banned trade with some states. o They printed their own money.
o The economies of many states struggled as a result of all the bickering and poor planning.
Much of the newly printed _________________________.was worth very little. Prices soared and loans became hard to get.
Many people fell into debt.
o The economic crisis led to Shays’ Rebellion in _________________________..
o Indebted farmers and other small property owners lost land and possessions when they could not pay their debts or their state taxes.
Shays’ Rebellion
• In 1768, former revolutionary officer, Daniel Shays led an armed uprising of farmers. • State troops finally ended the rebellion after rebels attacked state courts and a federal arsenal. Shays fled to _________________________..
Stronger Government
• The call went out for a stronger, more effective central government.
o In 1785, Maryland and Virginia settled a trade dispute after meeting at George Washington’s home at Mount Vernon.
o In 1786, _________________________.called for all the states to meet to discuss trade issues.
o Five states attended the resulting meeting at Annapolis, Maryland.
o These delegates called for another meeting, this one in Philadelphia in 1787. Congress eventually gave its support for this meeting.
o Delegates first met at Alexandria. They met again at
_________________________.. The First and Second Continental Congresses met at Philadelphia.
• The _________________________.meeting, held in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, turned into the Constitutional Convention. Instead of revising the Articles, it would replace them with something new.
___________________________________
Chapter 2: Origins of American Government - Section 4Key Terms
o _________________________.: the individuals who attended the Philadelphia Convention
o Virginia Plan: a plan offered at the Convention that called for a central government with three branches, with each state’s representation in a bicameral legislature based mainly on population
o New Jersey Plan: a plan calling for a central government with a unicameral legislature and equal representation of all the states.
o Connecticut Compromise: an agreement to divide Congress into two houses, one with representation based on state population and one with equal representation for all states
o _________________________.-Fifths Compromise: an agreement to count each slave as three fifths of a person when determining state population o Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise: an agreement forbidding
Congress from taxing state exports or interfering with the slave trade for at least 20 years
Introduction
• What compromises enabled the Framers to create the Constitution? o The Connecticut Compromise
This compromise dealt with how to determine the representation of states in the national legislature.
o The Three-Fifths Compromise
This compromise dealt with issues arising from slavery. o The _________________________.and Slave Trade Compromise
This compromise addressed northern and southern disagreements about foreign trade.
The Framers
• The Constitutional Convention began on May 25, 1787, with 55 delegates. o These individuals, called the Framers, came from many backgrounds:
Many had fought in the _________________________.War. Eight had signed the Declaration of Independence.
34 had attended college at a time when it was a rare achievement. Two would become _________________________., one a Vice
President, nineteen a U.S. Senator, and thirteen a member of the
House of _________________________.. A New Government
• The Framers elected George _________________________.as president of the convention and set up procedural rules.
o Each delegation would have one vote. o A majority vote would carry a proposal.
o Then, on May 30th, the Framers made their biggest decision: to replace the Articles of Confederation rather than amend them.
o James _________________________ was a major figure in the movement to replace the Constitution.
The Virginia Plan
• This plan called for a government with a legislative, executive, and judicial branch. o Congress would have two houses, with representation based on state
population or the money given to the central government.
o Congress would have more power than it had under the Articles. It would be able to force states to obey federal law.
o The members of _________________________.would elect a national executive and judiciary.
These two branches would form a council that could veto acts passed by Congress.
The New Jersey Plan
• This plan proposed a much different organization of the _________________________.branches.
o Congress would have a single house with equal representation for each state. This Congress would have more limited powers than under the Virginia
Plan.
o There would be an executive committee of several people, chosen by Congress.
At the request of a majority of state _________________________., Congress could remove members of this committee.
o The executive committee would appoint a supreme tribunal to be the federal judiciary.
Connecticut Compromise
• Small states feared that larger states would dominate them under the Virginia Plan. • The Connecticut Compromise, also called the Great _________________________., solved this dispute.
o In the House of Representatives, each state would be represented according to its population.
o In the _________________________., each state would have equal representation.
Additional Compromises
• Southern states wanted to count slaves as part of the state population. Northern states did not.
o The Three-Fifths _________________________.counted each slave as three-fifths of a person when figuring representation in Congress.
• Southern states wanted to protect their agricultural exports and the slave trade from regulation by Congress.
The Issue of Slavery
• Disputes over slavery during the Convention arose because
_________________________.was far more common in the agricultural South than in the more industrial North.
• However, slavery was legal in every states except _________________________.. A Bundle of Compromises
• The Framers had to resolve disputes involving such issues as: o The exact structure of the new government
o _________________________.differences among the states o The method of choosing the President
o How to amend the Constitution
o The limits on _________________________.powers
• The Constitution they approved on September 17, 1787, has thus been called a “bundle of compromises.
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Chapter 2: Origins of American Government - Section 5Key Terms
o _________________________.: a person favoring ratification of the proposed U.S. Constitution
o Anti-Federalist: a person opposing ratification of the proposed U.S. Constitution
Introduction
• What issues aroused the vigorous debate over the ratification of the Constitution? • The key issues debated included:
o How strong should the new central government be to avoid the problems faced under the Articles of Confederation?
o Why didn’t the Constitution have a Bill of Rights, and was one really necessary?
o Did Congress and the presidency have too much power? A New Government
• The Articles of Confederation could only be amended by a _________________________.vote of all 13 states.
• But the delegates at the Constitutional Convention decided to require only 9 of 13 states to ratify the Constitution.
o They felt that a unanimous vote would be too difficult to achieve, and that the Articles were being _________________________.rather than amended. • Copies of the new Constitution were sent to the states on September 18, 1787. Federalists
• Supporters of ratification were called Federalists.
o They argued that the Articles of Confederation were
• Opponents of ratification were called Anti-Federalists.
o They _________________________.the new ratification process. o They thought the new central government would be too strong. o Most of all, they argued that the Constitution needed a Bill of
_________________________.to protect the people. Bill of Rights
• At first, Federalists said a Bill of Rights was not needed because:
o The state constitutions already protected individual rights and freedoms. o The separation of powers among the three branches would keep the new
national government from abusing its authority.
• But Anti-Federalists opposition was so strong that Federalists eventually promised to add a Bill of Rights once the Constitution was ratified.
Federalist Writings
• The _________________________.Papers influenced many Americans to support the Constitution
o These were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, all using the pen name, _________________________..
o They consisted of 85 political essays, written between 1787 and 1788, and were soon published across the nation.
o These essays are still read widely today for their insights into the Constitution, the federal government, and the nature of representative democracy.
Anti-Federalist Writings
• Anti-Federalists also wrote many essays, pamphlets, and letters
o The essays by “_________________________.” were most likely written by Robert Yates. They were first published in New York.
o Richard Henry Lee of Virginia wrote a number of pamphlets and letters using the name “The Federal Farmer.”
• Around the country, debate over ratification was fed by these various written works expressing strong views on both sides.
Ratification Debate
• Ratification was swift in some states and bitterly contested in others. • Approval of the Constitution required ratification by nine states.
• On June 21, 1788, New _________________________ became the ninth ratifying state. Trouble with Ratification
• Even though 9 states had ratified the Constitution, without the support of the key states of New York and _________________________, the Constitution would fail.
o In Virginia, James Madison, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson supported the Federalists against Anti-Federalists led by Patrick Henry, James Monroe, and George Mason.
o New York was deadlocked until Alexander Hamilton helped turn the tide for the Federalists.
Success
• Eventually all 13 states ratified the _________________________. Inauguration
• The Confederation Congress chose New York City as the temporary capital of the United States.
• The new U.S. _________________________ first met on March 4, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City.
• George Washington was chosen as the first President by a unanimous vote of electors.
o He took office on April 30th. John Adams was vice president.
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Chapter 3: The Constitution - Section 1Key Terms
o popular _________________________: the political principle that people are the source of all governmental power and that government requires the consent of the governed
o limited government: the idea that government may only do those things that the people have given it the power to do
o constitutionalism: the idea that government must be conducted according to constitutional principles
o rule of _________________________: the principle that government and its officers must always obey the laws of the land
o separation of powers: the principle that each of the basic powers of government—executive, legislative, and judicial—should be wielded by an independent branch of government
o _________________________ and balances: the system under which each branch of government can check, or limit, the actions of the other branches o veto: to reject an act of Congress
o judicial review: the power of a court to determine whether a government action is constitutional or not
o _________________________: in violation of a provision of the Constitution, and therefore illegal and of no effect
o federalism: the principle that political power should be divided between a central government and a number of regional governments
Introduction
• What are the six main principles on which the Constitution is based? o Popular Sovereignty
o Limited Government
o Separation of Powers
o Checks and Balances
o Judicial Review
o Federalism
Outline of the Constitution
• The Constitution is organized in a simple fashion and is fairly brief.
o In many areas it focuses more on principles than specific details. This helps it guide the nation through changing times.
o The seven articles are followed by the 27 _________________________. Popular Sovereignty
• The principle that the people are the only source for all governmental power.
o The government rules through leaders elected by the people to represent the people.
o The Preamble notes that the Constitution is created by “We the _________________________.”
Limited Government
• Government may only do those things the people have given it the power to do. o _________________________ must obey the law.
o Much of the Constitution spells out limits on the power of the government. Separation of Powers
• The Constitution divides power among the legislative, executive and judicial branches. o Congress makes the laws, the _________________________ executes and
administers the laws, and the Supreme Court interprets the laws. • Separation of powers keeps a strong central government from being too powerful.
o Too much power concentrated in any one branch could lead to abuses of that power.
Checks and Balances
• Each branch of the federal government can check the power of the other two.
o The President can _________________________ bills passed by Congress, but Congress can override a veto.
o The Senate can reject presidential appointees or refuse to ratify a treaty. o Congress can vote to _________________________ a federal official.
o The federal courts can rule that executive and legislative acts are
_________________________. o The use of checks is fairly rare.
Compromise is more common
Conflicts more likely when Congress and the presidency are controlled by different parties.
Judicial Review
• The Courts can decide if a government action is constitutional.
o The power of judicial review is held by all federal courts and most state courts. o Judicial review was established as a necessary power of the courts by
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshal in the case _________________________ v. Madison in 1803.
• Federalism is a _________________________ between an all-powerful central government and an independent state government.
o It corrected the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation without replacing them with a British-style monarchy.
o The Framers felt that too much governmental power threatened liberty. o Federalism helps prevent that power from being abused, by dividing
governmental power.
o The Constitution divides power among the State and Federal Governments.
___________________________________
Chapter 3: The Constitution -Section 2Key Terms
o _________________________: a change to the written words of the Constitution
o ratification: the act of approving a proposed amendment
o formal amendment: one of four ways to change or add to the written language of the Constitution
o Bill of Rights: the name given to the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guarantee many basic freedoms; all ten amendments were ratified in 1791
Introduction
• How has the _________________________ been amended through the formal amendment process?
o The majority of amendments have been proposed by a two-thirds vote of Congress and ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures.
o An amendment can also be ratified by state conventions held in three fourths of the states. This has only happened once.
Changing with the Times
• The amendment process allows the Constitution to adapt to the changing needs of our nation and society.
o The United States has gone from a farming nation of less than 4 million people to a high-tech country with a population of more than 300 million.
o Portions of the Constitution have been _________________________, deleted, or altered as a result of amendments.
The Amendment Process
• _________________________ of the Constitution describes the amendment process. o Amendments may be proposed:
By a two-thirds _________________________ of each house of Congress. [Done for 26 of 27 amendments.]
By a national convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the state legislatures. [Done for the 21st amendment.]
o Amendments can be ratified:
By conventions in three-fourths of the states. [A method not yet used.] Federalism
• Amendments are proposed at the national level and ratified at the state level by legislatures or conventions.
• A state can reject an amendment and later decide to ratify it.
o But a state cannot change its mind after it votes to ratify an amendment. • The President cannot veto proposed amendments.
Popular Sovereignty
• The amendment process is based on popular sovereignty.
o The people elect the representatives who vote to propose or ratify amendments.
o Some critics argue that _________________________ are a better way to ratify amendments than state legislatures, because state legislators are rarely elected based upon their views on an amendment.
o The _________________________ Court has ruled that states cannot require a proposed amendment to be approved by popular vote before the state legislature can ratify it.
The Bill of Rights
• They spell out many _________________________ rights and liberties.
• Many people would not support the Constitution until a Bill of Rights was promised. Proposed Amendments
• Most suggested amendments are never proposed by Congress.
o Congress has sent only 33 of some 15,000 suggested amendments to the states.
• Six proposed amendments were not ratified by the states.
o Congress can set a “reasonable” time limit for ratification, usually around seven years.
Failed amendments include one declaring the equal rights of women (ERA) and one banning amendments dealing with slavery.
The 27 Amendments
• Many of the 27 current amendments were proposed in response to legal disputes, social conflicts, or perceived constitutional problems.
o The 12th Amendment resolved a problem with the presidential election
process.
o The 13th Amendment abolished slavery.
o The 15th, 19th, and 26th Amendments each extended voting rights to a new
segment of society: African Americans
Women
18-year olds • 1791 - Amendments 1-10
o _________________________ • 1795 - Amendment 11
o Changes in electoral college procedures • 1865 - Amendment 13
o Abolition of _________________________ • 1868 - Amendment 14
o Citizenship, equal protection, and due process • 1870 - Amendment 15
o No denial of vote because of race, color or previous enslavement • 1913 - Amendment 16
o Congress given the power to _________________________ incomes • 1913 - Amendment 17
o Popular election of U.S. Senators • 1919 - Amendment 18
o Prohibition of _________________________ • 1920 - Amendment 19
o Women’s _________________________ • 1933 - Amendment 20
o Change of dates for presidential and congressional terms • 1933 - Amendment 21
o Repeal of _________________________ (Amendment 18) • 1951 - Amendment 22
o _________________________ on presidential terms • 1961 - Amendment 23
o District of Columbia allowed to vote in presidential elections • 1964 - Amendment 24
o Ban of tax payment as voter qualification • 1967 - Amendment 25
o Presidential _________________________, vice presidential vacancy, and presidential disability
• 1971 - Amendment 26
o Voting age changed to 18 • 1992 - Amendment 27
o _________________________ pay
___________________________________
Chapter 3: The Constitution -Section 3Key Terms
o executive agreement: a pact made by the President directly with the head of a foreign state
o _________________________: a formal agreement between two or more independent states
o electoral college: the body of electors that makes the formal selection of the President
o senatorial courtesy: the Senate custom of refusing to approve any
presidential appointee unless that person has the support of all Senators from the appointee’s home state who belong to the same party as the President Introduction
• Congress passes new laws.
• Presidents push to expand executive power.
• The Supreme Court makes key rulings on constitutional issues. • Political parties influence the governing process.
• Customs develop over time. The Role of Congress
• Congress has _________________________ upon basic constitutional provisions. o Congress created much of the specific structure of the federal government. o Congress established the federal court system—the Constitution created only
the Supreme Court.
o Congress created the many departments and agencies in the executive branch.
o Congress has clarified issues such as the succession of the Vice President. Powers of Congress
• Congress passes laws that clarify its own constitutional powers.
o The Constitution describes some congressional powers in vague terms. For example, Congress has the power to regulate foreign trade and
interstate commerce.
• Over the years, Congress has passed thousands of laws that detail just what is meant by words like “_________________________,” “trade,” “interstate” and “commerce.” In the process, it has interpreted the meaning of the Constitution.
Expanding Executive Power
• Presidents have increased their constitutional powers by taking a broad interpretation of such powers.
o Often this involves avoiding the need to gain congressional approval. For example, only Congress can declare
_________________________. But while acting as commander-in-chief, many Presidents have sent military forces into combat without a formal act
of war.
The Senate must approve formal treaties. But Presidents can and do enter into legally binding executive agreements with foreign leaders without asking for Senate approval.
Presidential Power
• The Constitution grants the President “_________________________ power.”
o Most Presidents argue that this power includes the authority to do things not specifically mentioned in the Constitution.
The State of the Union
• While an address to Congress is required by the Constitution, the method of address is left to each President.
o Harry _________________________ State of the Union was the first televised address.
o Today, the State of the Union is an annual televised address to Congress and all Americans.
The Courts
• The nation’s courts, particularly the Supreme Court, _________________________ the Constitution on a regular basis.
o The power of judicial review gives the Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.
o Declaring that a law is constitutional also involves interpreting the Constitution.
o Each type of ruling sets a precedent for interpreting future laws. Political Parties
• The Constitution does not mention political _________________________.
o Most of the Framers actually opposed parties, fearing they would divide the government.
• Yet parties are very influential in our political process.
o The daily business and the committee system of Congress are organized around party membership.
• The Constitution says nothing about the _________________________ process. • Political parties use state primaries and national conventions to choose candidates. • Parties also influence the selection of electors to the electoral college.
• Party membership also influences the President’s decision-making process when choosing political appointees.
Customs
o Unwritten customs can be as _________________________ as written laws. The President’s Cabinet exists solely as a result of custom rather than
any laws.
The custom of senatorial courtesy guides the appointment of public officials.
o Ever since George Washington, Presidents had limited themselves to two terms in office.
o After Franklin Roosevelt was elected to four consecutive terms from 1932 to 1944, the _________________________ was made into law by passage of the 22nd Amendment in 1951.
o For years, the Vice President assumed the office of the presidency when the President died.
o But this was not a formal law until ratification of the 25th amendment in 1967.
Key Terms
o _________________________: a system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central government and several regional governments
o division of powers: assigning some powers to the federal government and others to the States
o delegated powers: powers granted by the Constitution
o expressed powers: powers specified clearly in the Constitution
o implied powers: powers not specifically mentioned, but suggested by the expressed powers
o inherent _________________________: powers that belong to all independent national governments
o reserved powers: powers not given to the national government or denied to the States
o exclusive powers: powers that can only be used by the national government o _________________________ powers: powers shared by the national and
State governments
o Supremacy Clause: the provision declaring the Constitution to be the supreme law of the land
Introduction
• How is power divided between the Federal Government and the States?
o Certain _________________________ powers, such as the power to coin money, are exercised only by the federal government.
o Reserved powers, such as the power to establish public schools, are exercised only by the States.
o Concurrent powers, such as the power to tax, are shared by the States and the federal government.
Federalism
o The _________________________ believed that government power must be divided and limited so that it cannot threaten individual liberty.
o The Constitution divides power between the federal government and the States through federalism.
Federalism creates _________________________ basic levels of government that overlap.
Each level has some powers denied to the other level.
o Federalism allows local governments to handle local concerns while the national government deals with national issues.
o This gives each of the States some flexibility when dealing with challenges. o Successful State programs, such as welfare reform, can influence national
policies as well as policies in other States.
o Federalism also lets the nation respond in a united way to serious crises like war or natural disasters.
Expressed Powers
• Other expressed powers are granted to the President in Article II and the Supreme Court in Article III.
Implied Powers
o The _________________________ and Proper Clause gives Congress the power to make all laws “necessary and proper” for carrying out its expressed powers, so it is said to stretch to cover many situations.
o Congress exercises many _________________________ powers that are based upon its expressed powers. These implied powers include building the interstate highway system and banning racial discrimination in public places. Inherent Powers
o Every national government has certain powers, called inherent powers. These inherent powers are not based on the Constitution.
o Inherent powers include acquiring _________________________, defending the nation, regulating immigration, and conducting diplomacy.
Denied Powers
• The Constitution denies certain powers to the federal government.
o Some powers are specifically denied, such as the power to prohibit freedom of religion, _________________________, press, or assembly.
o Other powers, like creating a national school system, are denied because they cannot be based on expressed powers.
o Finally, the national government cannot have powers that would undermine the existence of the federal system.
State Reserved Powers
• The _________________________ Amendment reserves to the States all powers not given to the federal government or denied to the States.
o These powers include the police power, which lets a State protect and promote public _________________________, morals, safety, and general welfare.
o State and local governments use the huge scope of the reserved powers to perform many of their daily actions.
• Issuing driver’s licenses is a power reserved to the States.
o Most States require a written, on-road, and _________________________ test.
o The age at which teenagers can get a license and the rules new drivers must follow vary from State to State.
Powers Denied the States
• The Constitution specifically denies some powers to the States.
o Some of these powers are also denied to the federal government.
o Other powers denied to the States are _________________________ to the federal government. For example, States cannot tax imports or coin money, but the federal government can.
• The States are denied some powers by the nature of the federal system.
Concurrent Powers
• Concurrent powers are _________________________ by the federal government and State governments. They allow the federal system to function.
• They include all powers not exclusive to the national government or denied to the States. o Local governments use these powers only with the permission of their State. Sharing Responsibility
• Some powers are exercised by both levels of government, as you can see in the circle. Supreme Law
• The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, standing above all treaties and acts of Congress.
o Below these federal laws come State laws.
• In a _________________________ system, State and federal laws sometimes conflict. • The Supreme Court settles conflicts between State and federal laws.
o The Court can rule a State or federal law to be unconstitutional.
In the 1819 case _________________________ v. Maryland, the Court ruled that when federal and State laws conflict, the federal law wins if it is constitutional.
___________________________________
Chapter 4: Federalism -Section 2Key Terms
o _________________________ act: an act directing the people of a U.S. territory to frame a proposed State constitution
o act of admission: an act creating a new State
o grants-in-aid program: grants of federal money or other resources to the States and their cities, counties, and other local government units
o categorical grant: a grant made for a specific, well-defined purpose o block grant: a grant given for a broadly defined purpose
o _________________________ grant: a grant made to States, local
governments, or private agencies that apply for funds to carry out a project or provide training
Introduction
• According to the Constitution, what must the National Government guarantee to each State?
o A _________________________ form of government o Protection from invasion and internal disorder
o Respect for territorial integrity Guarantees and Protections
• The Constitution guarantees each State a _________________________ form of government.
o This guarantee is interpreted to mean that each State must have a representative government.
o Federal _________________________ has rarely been used to restore order inside a State, though it happened in the 1960s during the civil rights
movement. Other Protections
o Presidents normally send in _________________________ by State request, but if national laws, functions, or property are endangered, they do not need to wait for a request.
o The national government must recognize the legal existence and physical borders of each State.
Each State must be _________________________ in the U.S. Congress.
Admitting New States
• The _________________________ Ordinance of 1787 set the rules for admitting new States.
o It established the principle that U.S. territories could become equal members of the nation once they had a high enough population.
• Only _________________________ can admit new States.
o A new State cannot be made from the territory of any existing States without their consent.
• Congress has admitted 37 States since the nation was founded.
o Most States spent at least 15 years as part of territories before admission. o In 1959, _________________________ and Alaska became the last two
States added to the Union. Admission Procedure
o An area desiring Statehood first asks Congress for admission. If Congress agrees, it passes an enabling act.
o The territory must then hold a convention to write a proposed constitution. This constitution must then be approved first by territorial voters and later by Congress.
o If Congress approves the State constitution, it passes an act of admission, which the President must then sign to admit the new State.
o Congress may require a State to meet certain conditions before being admitted.
For example, _________________________ was not admitted until it outlawed polygamy.
o These conditions cannot interfere with a State’s independent right to manage its own internal affairs.
Louisiana Becomes a State
o The Louisiana _________________________ was bought by President Thomas Jefferson from France in 1803. This purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States.
o By 1810, 77,000 people lived in the area of what is now the State of Louisiana and they wished to acquire Statehood.
• Congress began granting federal lands and money to the States early in the nation’s history.
o Land grants were often used to establish schools, colleges, and roads, while _________________________ grants were less common until the 1930s. • Today there are more than 500 grant programs offering about $300 billion.
o States often depend on this money to fund services, which increases the influence of the federal government in many policy areas.
Types of Federal Grants
• Congress sets aside money for three types of grants-in-aid:
o _________________________ grants must be used only for a specific purpose. They require States to contribute their own funds, have an agency monitoring the grant, and obey federal guidelines for using the grant money. o _________________________ grants have broader goals and fewer strings
attached.
o _________________________ grants fund various State and local projects. Other Types of Aid
• Federal organizations help many State institutions do their jobs.
o The _________________________ assists State and local police. o The U.S. military trains and equips State National Guard Units.
o The federal government also pays local governments the equivalent of property taxes on federal land.
• State governments assist the national government in many ways. o State and local governments pay for and organize the
_________________________ process.
___________________________________
Chapter 4: Federalism - Section 3Key Terms
o _________________________ compact: an agreement made between two States or between a State and a foreign government
o Full Faith and Credit Clause: the clause of the Constitution that says that each State will respect the laws, records, and court decisions of other States o extradition: the legal process of returning a fugitive to a State
o Privileges and Immunities Clause: the clause in the Constitution that says that no State can make unreasonable distinctions between its own residents and those persons who live in another State
Introduction
• How do the States work together to preserve the Union? o State governments make interstate compacts.
o States offer full faith and credit to the laws, official records, and court rulings of other States.
o States extradite fugitives to other States.
Interstate Compacts
• States can enter agreements with other States and with foreign governments with the consent of Congress.
o The number of these agreements has _________________________ over time.
o There are interstate agreements to share law enforcement data, counter global _________________________ change, encourage cooperation between public universities, and coordinate the conservation of water and wildlife.
• States also cooperate to manage shared resources and border areas.
o The States of Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico meet at the “Four Corners.”
Full Faith and Credit
• The _________________________ Faith and Credit Clause of the Constitution requires each State to honor and enforce the laws, official documents, and court rulings of other States.
o Documents issued in one State—such as birth certificates—must be accepted in all States.
Exceptions
• There are two key exceptions to the Full Faith and Credit Clause: o It applies only to the civil laws of each State, not the
_________________________ laws.
o If a person who does not live in a State is granted a divorce by that State, the State in which that person actually resides can refuse to recognize the
divorce. Marriage and Divorce
• Only the State in which a couple has established residency can grant them a divorce. • Same-sex marriages are outlawed by the federal government and 41 States.
o However, several States allow legal same-sex marriages or civil unions. o The _________________________ of Marriage Act (DOMA) says that no
State can be forced to recognize a same-sex marriage performed in another State.
The _________________________ of DOMA has not yet been decided.
• Interracial marriage was illegal in many States until the Supreme Court ruled in 1958 that such laws were unconstitutional.
Extradition
• The Constitution states that people charged with a crime in one State who flee to another State must be extradited—returned to the State where they were originally charged.
o Typically a State _________________________ asks another State governor to return any captured fugitives. Such requests are usually upheld.
Privileges and Immunities
• No State can make _________________________ distinctions between its residents and residents of another State.
o Each State must recognize the right of any American to travel in or become a resident of that State.
o Citizens can also marry, buy, own, rent, or sell
_________________________, and use the courts in any State, no matter where they live.
• States can make _________________________ distinctions between their residents and those of other States.
o People can be required to live in a State for certain period of time before they can vote, hold public office, or be licensed in certain professions.
o States can also charge higher fees to out-of-State hunters, fishers, or students attending a State’s public universities.
• This could lead to unfair social or economic treatment of U.S. citizens, such as
