Japanese Grammar

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1

あまり(1)

あまり

amari (1)

too much, very, a lot

Amari always precedes the verb.

2

ある

aru

to be, to exist (of inanimate things); to have

Thing + は + place + に + ある Person/Place + (に)は + thing + が + ある 3

いい

ii

good

4

いっぱい

ippai

full, many, a lot

ippai + V

いっぱい食べる・ippai taberu - to eat a lot いっぱいある・ippai aru - there are a lot of

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いる (1)

iru (1)

to exist (for animate, usually living, things)

Thing + は + place + に + いる Person/Place + (に)は + thing + が + いる

いる (2)

iru (2)

-ing

V.te-form + iru (いる) 7

か (1)

ka (1)

question particle

Sentence + ka(か）. 8

か (2)

ka (2)

or

Noun + ka + Noun + ka Verb. plain + ka Adj-i + ka Adj-na.stem + ka

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9

から(1)

kara(1)

from, since

Noun + kara (から) 10

から（3）

kara(3)

so

Verb + kara I-adjective + kara Na-adjective + da + kara Noun + da + kara 11

から（２）

kara(2)

after having done s.t.; since

te-form of Verb + kara +　[main clause]

12

が (1)

ga (1)

(4)

が (2)

ga (2)

but, however

Sentence-1 + ga(が) + Sentence-2 Sentence-1 + ga(が)。

くらい

Kurai

approximately, about

Number + Counter + kurai (くらい)

Demonstrative Pronoun/Adjective + kurai (くらい） Interrogative Pronoun + kurai (くらい)

15

けれども

keredomo

although, though, but

clause + keredomo V.plain/plain past + keredomo

i-adj + keredomo

na-adj + copula. plain/plain past + keredomo noun + copula. plain/plain past + keredomo

16

こそあど言葉

こそあどことば

kosoado kotoba

ko-, so-, a- & do- demonstrative pronouns

Kore・これ Kochira・こちら this/here is When the object is close to the speaker

Sore・それ Sochira・そちら that/there When the object is close to the person spoken to

Are・あれ Achira・あちら Over there(that/location)When the object is far from the

both

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17

する

Suru

to do

Imperfective form - し、せ、さ Connective form - し Predicative form - する Attributive form - する Hypothetical form - すれ Imperative form - しろ、せよ 18

だ

Da

be (copula)

Present: Da Present negative: ja nai

Past: datta Past negative: ja nakatta

19

だけ

Dake

only, just

Noun + dake (だけ) Verb/i-Adj. inf + dake (だけ) na-Adj. stem + na dake(だけ)

20

だろう

Darō

Probably

* Verb/i-Adj.inf + だろう行く　だろう行った　だろう早い　だろう早かった　だろう * na-Adj.stem + (だった)だろう静か　だろう静かだった　だろう * Noun + (だった)だろう学生　だろう

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21

ている

te iru

be doing something, be in a state created

before

Case i)

Dictionary form Te-form Te-form + iru English

泳ぐ泳いで泳いでいる is swimming

oyogu oyoide oyoide ru

食べる食べて食べている is eating

taberu tabete tabete iru

するしてしている is doing

suru shite shite iru Case ii)

Dictionary form Te-form Te-form + iru English

ぬれるぬれてぬれている (got wet and) still wet now

nureru nurete nurete iru

壊れる壊れて壊れている (got broken and) it is

broken now

kowareru kowarete kowarete iru

22

てください

te kudasai

Please do something

* [te-from of a verb] ＋ kudasai. Please do...

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23

てはいけません/ては

だめだ

てはいけません/てはだめだ

te wa ikemasen/te wa dame da

you can't do

* te-form of a verb + はいけません/いけない * te-form of a verb + はだめだ = you can't do something, you should not do

something.

てもいい

te mo ii

may; it is alright

(V / adj-i / adj-na , N + Copula).te mo ii

Verb: 食べて　も　いい

tabete mo ii may eat; it is alright to eat

adj-i: 冷たくて　も　いい tsumetakute mo ii it is alright if s.t. is cold adj-na: 静か　で　も　いい shizuka de mo ii it is alright if s.t. is quiet Noun: 学生　で　も　いい gakusei de mo ii it is alright if s.o. is a student

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25

て形（動詞）

てけい（どうし）

te-kei

te-form - and, -ing

Class 1 verbs: u/tsu/ru-verbs: 買う　→　買って kau → katte 待つ　→　待って matsu → matte 帰る　→　帰って kaeru →　kaette ku-verbs: 着く　→　着いて tsuku → tsuite Exception: 行く　→　行って iku → itte gu-verbs: 泳ぐ　→　泳いで oyogu → oyoide su-verbs: 殺す　→　殺して korosu → koroshite nu/bu/mu-verbs: 死ぬ　→　死んで shinu → shinde 呼ぶ　→　呼んで yobu → yonde 踏む　→　踏んで fumu → funde Class 2 verbs: v.stem + te 出る　→　出て deru → dete Irregular verbs: 来る　→　来て kuru → kite する　 →　して suru → shite i-adjectives final i becomes kute and can function as "and" connecting adjectives together or a conjunction linking clauses

together.

26

で (2)

de (2)

by, with, using

Noun + de(で)

27

で(1)

de(1)

at, in, on (place)

location + de (で) 28

で(3)

de (3)

and, because

〜で〜

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29

で(4)

de (4)

at, on

Time + de (で)

です

desu

to be (copula)

Present: Desu

Present negative: De(wa) arimasen / Ja arimasen Past: Deshita

Past negative: De(wa) arimasen deshita / Ja arimasen deshita 31

と (2)

to (2)

and, with, as

Noun + to(と) + Noun

32

どう

dō

How

1 - state of something or someone:

山田先生はどうですか。・Yamada-sensei wa dō desu ka? - How is Professor Yamada?

2- to suggest something:

お茶はどうですか。・Ocha wa dō desu ka? - How about tea? / Would you like some tea? / How is the

tea?

3- この字をどう読みますか。・Kono ji o dō yomimasu ka? - How do you read this character?

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33

どうして

dōshite

why

"どうして + Question" 34

どこ

doko

where?

どこ・doko 35

な (1)

na (1)

don't do

Append na to the plain nonpast affirmative form of a verb: V.plain nonpast + na

Class I - 行く・iku - to go 行く + な = 行くな - don't go!

iku + na = iku na - don't go! Class II - 見る・miru - to look　

見る + な = 見るな - don't look miru + na = miru na - don't look

Class III - する - to do する + な = するな - don't do 36

なくて

nakute

is not - and -, do not do

Verb. inf. negative (without nai) + nakute i-Adj. stem + ku nakute

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37

な形容詞の活用

な-けいようしのかつよう

na-keiyoushi no katsuyou

na-adjectives conjugation

Plain Nonpast:

彼は静かだ。(Kare wa shizuka da. He is quiet.) Plain Nonpast Negative

彼は静かではない。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nai. He is not quiet.)

彼は静かじゃない。(Kare wa shizuka ja nai.) *じゃ/ja　is a contraction of では/de wa and is more colloquial

than では/de wa Plain Past:

彼は静かだった。（Kare wa shizuka datta. He was quiet.） Plain Past Negative:

彼は静かではなかった。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nakatta. He was not quiet.)

38

に

ni

in; at; on; to

39

にする

ni suru

decide on, make it

* Noun + ni suru (にする) 40

に／へ

ni／e

to (place, etc)

place + ni (に) place + e (へ)

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ね

ne

tag question (isn't it? right? eh?)

the particle ne is added to the end of the sentence

の (1)

no (1)

possessive particle

Object1 + の + Object2 43

の (2)

no (2)

one

i-Adjective + i + の na-Adjective + na + の Noun + の Verb + の 44

は

wa

Topic maker, As for

[ A ] wa [ B ] desu. = [ A ] is [ B ].

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45

は何ですか

はなんですか

wa nan desu ka

What

is---* [demonstrative pronoun or something] + wa nan desu ka? 46

へ

e

to, towards

location/direction + e(へ) 47

ましょうか

mashō ka

Shall I/we

[ Verb.masu-stem + ましょうか ] 48

ましょう・（よ）う

mashō/(yo)u

let's ~~; probably; i plan to

Class Dictionary form formal volitional (masu stem + mashō) informal volitional I iku iki mashō ikō I nomu nomi mashō nomō II miru mi mashō miyō II taberu tabe mashō tabeyō III suru shi mashō shiyō

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ませんか・ないか

masen ka, nai ka

Won't you.., Wouldn't you

* Verb. polite negative + ka (～ませんか)? Class Dictionary form formal negative (masu stem + masen) + ka English

I iku iki masen ka won't you go II miru mi masen ka won't you see III suru shi masen ka won't you do * Verb. plain negative + ka (か)?

Class Dictionary form informal negative + ka English

I iku ikanai ka won't you go II miru minai ka won't you see III suru shinai ka won't you do

50

まだ

mada

still, not yet

51

まで

made

until, up to, even

52

までに

made ni

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53

も

mo

also, in addition, too

[Object1]は[property1/action1]です [Object2]も[property1/action1]です 54

も (2)

mo

even, as many/much/long

55

も〜も

mo~mo

both 1 and 2, neither 1 nor 2

56

もう

Mō

(18)

や

ya

and

Aや B Aや B や Aや B や C など 58

よ

yo

you know

よ + yo is attached to the end of the sentence.

59

わ

wa

weak emphatic particle used by female

speakers

60

を

o

object-marking particle

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61

下さい

ください

kudasai

please

Nounをください Verb.te-formください 62

事

こと

koto

thing(s); stuff; that

63

人称代名詞

にんしょうだいめいし

ninshou daimeishi

referential noun (personal pronouns)

私・watashi - I/me 私・watakushi - I/me 僕・boku - I/me (masculine)

俺・ ore - I/me (masculine) あたし・atashi - I/me (feminine)

貴方・anata - you

君・ kimi - you (informal for intimate members only) お前・omae - you (informal for intimate members only)

彼・kare - he/him 彼女・kanojo - she/her

Plural 私達・watashitachi - we/us 私達・watakushitachi - we/us 僕達・bokutachi - we/us (masculine)

俺達・oretachi - we/us (masculine) あたし達・atashitachi - we/us (feminine)

貴方達・anatatachi - You (plural)

君達・kimitachi - You (plural) (informal for intimate members only) お前達・omaetachi - You (plural) (informal for intimate members only)

彼ら・karera - they/them (masculine)

64

全然

ぜんぜん

Zenzen

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65

出来る

できる

Dekiru

can, be able to

Person/Thing は noun ができる Person/Thing は Verb.plain-nonpast ことができる 66

前に

まえに

mae ni

before, in front of

Verb.plain.nonpast前に Nounの前に 67

助数詞

じょすうし

josuushi

Counters

The number that precedes the counter is normally from the "ichi", "ni", "san" counting system, however, there are some counters that require use of

the "hitotsu", "futatsu", "mittsu" counting system (minus the final "tsu").

In addition, the pronunciation of many counters changes (according to Japanese pronunciation rules) when a number is prefixed to it. For example, "hiki", the counter for small animals, becomes "ippiki" for one animal, "nihiki" for two animals, and "sanbiki"

for three animals.

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動詞の活用(過去形)

どうしのかつよう（かこけい）

doushi no katsuyou (kakokei)

Conjugation of verbs (plain past)

Conjugation of verbs to the plain past tense is similar to conjugation to the te-form, with the only difference being that the last syllable becomes ta

rather than te.

Dictionary form Te-form Plain past tense Translation

Class 1 verbs

買う(kau) 買って(katte) 買った(katta) To buy 歩く(aruku) 歩いて(aruite) 歩いた(aruita) To walk

泳ぐ(oyogu) 泳いで(oyoide) 泳いだ(oyoida) To swim

話す(hanasu) 話して(hanashite) 話した(hanashita) To speak 待つ(matsu) 待って(matte) 待った(matta) To wait

死ぬ(shinu) 死んで(shinde) 死んだ(shinda) To die 飛ぶ(tobu) 飛んで(tonde) 飛んだ(tonda) To fly 読む(yomu) 読んで(yonde) 読んだ(yonda) To read 帰る(kaeru) 帰って(kaette) 帰った(kaetta) To return(home) Class 2 verbs

食べる(taberu) 食べて(tabete) 食べた(tabeta) To eat いる(iru) いて(ite) いた(ita) To exist Class 3 verbs & irregular verbs

する(suru) して(shite) した(shita) To do 来る(kuru) 来て(kite) 来た(kita) To come

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動詞の活用（マス形）

どうしのかつよう（マスけい）

doushi no katsuyou (masu form)

Conjugation of verbs (masu form)

Conjugation of the masu form of a verb is as follows;

Type of verb non-past neg., non-past past neg.,past volitional

Class I 書きます(kaki masu; to write) 書きません(kaki masen)

書きました(kaki mashita) 書きませんでした(kaki

masendeshita) 書きましょう(kaki mashō)

Class II 見ます(mi masu; to see) 見ません(mi masen) 見ました(mi mashita) 見ませんでした(mi masendeshita) 見ましょう(mi mashō) Irregular します(shi masu; to do) しません(shi masen) しました(shi mashita) しませんでした(shi masendeshita) しましょう(shimashō)

70

動詞の活用（辞書形）

どうしのかつよう（じしょけい）

doushi no katsuyou (jishokei)

Conjugation of verbs (plain nonpast)

Conjugation of the plain non-past form of a verb is as follows. Type of verb non-past neg., non-past past neg.,past volitional Class I 書く(kaku; to write) 書かない(kakanai) 書いた(kaita) 書かなかった(kakanakatta) 書こう(kakō)

Class I 飲む(nomu; to drink) 飲まない(nomanai) 飲んだ(nonda) 飲まなかった(nomanakatta) 飲もう(nomō)

Class I 乗る(noru; to ride) 乗らない(noranai) 乗った(notta) 乗らなかった(noranakatta) 乗ろう(norō)

Class II 見る(miru; to see) 見ない(minai) 見た(mita) 見なかった (minakatta) 見よう(miyō)

Class II 寝る(neru; to sleep) 寝ない(nenai) 寝た(neta) 寝なかった (nenakatta) 寝よう(neyō)

Class III(Irregular) する(suru; to do) しない(shinai) した(shita) しなかった(shinakatta) しよう(shiyō)

Class III(Irregular) 来る(kuru; to come) 来ない(konai) 来た(kita)

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好き

すき

suki

to like

Noun + が好き(です) Noun + がすきではありません好きな + Noun 72

嫌い

きらい

Kirai

Unlikable

Nounが嫌い Nounが大嫌い嫌いな Noun 大嫌いな Noun

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必要

ひつよう

Hitsuyou

need/necessary

～が必要です/〜の必要がある - I need / is necessary 74

指示代名詞（場所）

しじだいめいし (ばしょ）

shiji daimeishi (basho)

Adverbs of location

75

指示形容詞

しじけいようし

Shijikeiyōshi

demonstrative adjectives

demonstrative pronoun + noun この帽子・kono bōshi - this hat

その犬・ sono inu - that dog あの家・ano ie - that house (over there)

どの本・dono hon - Which book?

76

掛かる

かかる

kakaru

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77

時

とき

Toki

when; at the time

Part of Speech;Past;Nonpast;Plus toki verb.plain;;;+ toki

i-adjective;;;+ toki na-adjective;+ datta;+ na;+ toki

noun;+ datta;+ no;+ toki

78

来る(1)

くる(1)

kuru (1)

to come

Imperfective form - こ (ko) Continuative form - き (ki) Predicative form - くる (kuru) Attributive form - くる (kuru) Hypothetical form - くれ (kure)

Imperative form - こい (koi)

79

来る(2)

くる(2)

kuru (2)

come about, come to

See kuru (1) 80

毎

まい

Mai

every

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81

疑問文

ぎもんぶん

gimonbun

interrogative sentences

Declarative sentences can be changed to yes-no questions merely by adding the interrogative particle "ka" to the end of the sentence. Thus, the declarative sentence "He likes beer" (彼はビールが好きです) becomes "Does he like beer?" by adding "ka", as seen in example sentence #1. Wh-questions are formed by using an interrogative word,

such as "nani" ("what"), in combination with "ka". Examples can be found below.

There is a commonly used question form that places the interrogative word at the end of the sentence, as seen in

example sentence #7 below.

疑問詞

ぎもんし

gimonshi

Interrogative words

誰 (dare) - who 何 (nani/nan) - what 何の (nan no) - what [kind of]

いつ (itsu) - when どこ (doko) - where

なぜ (naze) - why いかが (ikaga) - how (polite)

どう (dou) - how どうして (doushite) - how/why どうやって (douyatte) - how/why

なんで (nande) - how/why

どちら (dochira) - which/which one (of two alternatives) どっち (docchi) - which/which one (of two alternatives) どの (dono) - which (of more than two alternatives) どれ (dore) - which one (of more than two alternatives)

どんな (donna) - what kind of いくら (ikura) - how much いくつ (ikutsu) - how many どのぐらい (donogurai) - how long/how much どれくらい (dorekurai) - how long/how much

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83

等

など

nado

to name just one/a few; etc.; and so on

84

自分

じぶん

Jibun

(28)

要る

いる (3)

iru (3)

need

[ Noun がいる ]

誰

だれ

Dare

who

87

～が　形容詞+名詞

～が　けいようし＋めいし

[noun] ga [adjective]＋[noun]

one whose --- is [adjective]

* [noun] ga [i-adjective] ＋ [noun] * [noun] ga [na-adjective. stem] na ＋ [noun]

88

～くて, ～で

-kute, -de

adjective conjunction

*****-te form of i-adjective***** (1) Drop the final い/i

(2) Add くて/kute EnglishDictionary 　form→　-te form

small小さい　chiisai→　小さくて chiisakute old古い　furui→　古くて furukute interesting面白い　omoshiroi→　面白くて omoshirokute fun 楽しい　tanoshii→　楽しくて tanoshikute cheerful明るい　akarui→　明るくて akarukute tasty 美味しい　oishii→　美味しくて oishikute cheap安い　yasui→　安くて yasukute good いい　ii→　よくて yokute (*exception!!) *****-te form of na adjective***** (1) Drop the final な/na to get the dictionary form

(2) Add で/de EnglishDictionary form→　-te form convenient便利　benri→　便利で　benri de well, fine元気　genki→　元気で　genki de

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～てよかった

te yokatta

was good; glad

V.te + yokatta i-adjective kute + yokatta na-adjective de + yokatta noun de + yokatta

～はどうですか

wa doudesu ka

how is

We form this construction by simply adding what we want to ask about as the subject before は. [what we want to know about]+はどうですか。

91

-出す

-だす

dasu

to suddenly begin, to suddenly appear, ~out

V.masu-stem + dasu 92

v + ように

v +

ように

v + you ni

so that

Phr1 + ように + Phr2

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93

~ばよかった

--ba yokatta

one should have done something

* -ba conditional form of a verb + よかった

94

〜方が〜より

〜ほうが〜より

~hō ga ~yori

more than

* Noun1 の方が Noun2 より X -- Noun1 is more X than Noun2

* Verb1/i-Adj1 (plain) 方が Verb2/i-Adj2 (plain, nonpast) より X

-- Verb1-ing/having Verb1-ed is more X than Verb2-ing

-- being i-Adj1 is more X than being i-Adj2 * na-Adj1 な方が na-Adj2 なより X -- being na-Adj1 is more X than being na-Adj2

95

あげる

ageru

to give

Giver + は + receiver + に + object + を + あげる

96

お～ください

o~kudasai

Polite request expression

o （お） + Verb masu stem + kudasai （ください）

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97

か、かどうか

ka, ka dō ka

if, whether or not

Embedded questions

An embedded question is a question that is inside another statement or question, such as 駅がどこか

分からない・Eki ga doko ka wakaranai /"I don't know where the station is." There are two types of

embedded question, which are embedded wh-questions and embedded yes/no wh-questions. To make embedded questions, we take a question, put it in the informal form, put the particle 「～か」 after it, and

follow it with a verb.

ん。

Ano o-mise no rāmen wa oishii ka(dō ka), wakarimasen. I don't know whether(or not) the ramen at that shop is good. (noun) この靴が彼のか（どうか）、覚えていません。　　　　Kono kutsu ga kare no ka(dō ka), oboeteimasen. I don't remember whether(or not) these shoes are his. (na-adj) このブランドは有名か（どうか）知っていますか？ Kono burando wa yūmei ka(dō ka), shitteimasu ka? 　　　　　　　Do you know whether(or not) this brand is famous? Informal WH-Question + か + verb

■ Verb/i-adjective Sentenc Question + かどこにあるか Doko ni aru ka 分かる wakaru "know where it is" 誰が壊したか Dare ga kowashita ka 知っている shitte iru

"know who broke it" 誰が一番強いか Dare ga ichiban tsuyoi ka 決める

kimeru

"decide who is the strongest" どの店が安かったか Dono mise ga yasukatta ka 覚えている

oboete iru

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おいしいか（どうか） Oishii ka (dō ka) 調べる shiraberu

"I'll find out whether (or not) it's delicious." 劇が面白かったか（どうか） Geki ga omoshirokatta ka (dō ka) 聞く

kiku

"I'll ask whether (or not) the play was interesting."

Yes or No Questions (nouns and na-adjective)

人気の店か（どうか） Ninki no mise ka (dō ka) 調べる

shiraberu

"I'll find out whether (or not) it's a popular store." 犬だったか（どうか）

Inu datta (dō ka) 分からない wakaranai

"I don't know if it was a dog (or not)." 日本で、有名か（どうか） Nihon de yūmei ka (dō ka) 分からない

wakaranai

"I don't know if it's famous in Japan (or not)." その店は静かだったか（どうか） Sono mise wa shizuka datta ka (dō ka) 聞く

kiku

"I'll ask whether (or not) that store was quiet."

100

かしら

kashira

I wonder

V.plain/plain past + kashira

会う + かしら・au + kashira - I wonder if someone will meet. 会った + かしら・atta + kashira - I wonder if someone met.

i-adj /past + kashira

美味しいかしら・oishii kashira - I wonder if something is delicious 美味しかったかしら・oishikatta kashira - I wonder if something was

delicious na-adj /past + kashira

幸せ　かしら・ shiawase kashira - I wonder if someone/somthing is happy

幸せだった　かしら・ shiawase datta - I wonder if someone/something was happy

noun /past + kashira

先生　かしら・sensei kashira - I wonder if someone is a teacher 先生だった　かしら・sensei datta kashira - I wonder if someone was a

(34)

かもしれない

kamoshirenai

might

Verb. inf + かもしれない I-adjective. inf + かもしれない Na-adjective.stem + かもしれない Noun + かもしれない 102

がる (1)

garu (1)

show signs of

Adj-i stem + garu (がる) Adj-na stem + garu (がる)

103

くれる (1)

kureru (1)

to give

Noun + を + くれる 104

くれる (2)

kureru (2)

to do something for someone else's sake

(35)

105

ご/お～頂く

ご/お～いただく

go/o –itadaku

receive some benefit from someone's action

* go (ご) + stem of suru verb + itadaku (頂く) 連絡する(れんらくする；to contact)；連絡；ご

連絡頂く

提案する(ていあんする; to propose)；提案；ご提案頂く

* o (お) + masu stem of verb + itadaku (頂く) 待つ(まつ;to wait)；待ち(ます)；お待ち頂く飲む(のむ；to drink); 飲み(ます)；お飲み頂く 106

さ

sa

nominalizer for adjectives

This suffix is commonly used with i-adjectives, but can also sometimes be used with na-adjectives. To use this suffix with an i-adjective, drop the final i and append sa. For na-adjectives, just append sa to the na-adjective. See the chart below.

Adjective English add -sa English nagai long naga sa length

hiroi wide hiro sa width tsuyoi strong tsuyo sa strength

benri convenient benri sa convenienc

107

させる

saseru

causative

The causative form has two meanings according to context: ＊ The "coercive causative," meaning, "make or force

someone or something to do something"

＊ The "permissive causative," meaning, "let someone or something do something"

Sentence structure:

(1)__ は__に__を tado-shi(transitive verb) __ wa __ ni __ o transitive verb (2)__は__に/を jido-shi(intransitive verb)

__ wa __ ni/o intransitive verb

This usage of the causative, we use with several specific verbs that express a psychological change or an emotional response, such as 泣く (なく, "to cry"), 笑う (わらう, "to laugh"), 喜ぶ (よろこぶ, "to feel happy"), 悲しむ (かなしむ, "to feel sad"), 怒る (おこる, "to get mad"), 安心する (あんしんする, "to be relieved"), etc. All verbs we use in the emotional responsive causative are intransitive, and the one performing the action is always marked by o.　（最後の一文を追加しました。） Examples:

1. 祖母の死は私たちを悲しませた。 Sobo no shi wa watashitachi o kanashiamaseta. "My grandmother's death made us feel sad." 2. その映画のラストは、感動で人々を泣かせた。 Sono eiga no saigo wa, kando- de hitobito o nakaseta. "The last part of that movie makes people cry with emotion

♥ FORMATION:

For class 1 verbs, drop the final -u, and add-aseru.

■ For class 2 verbs, drop the final -ru, and add-saseru.

■ The two class 3 verbs, suru and kuru, become saseru and kosaseru, respectively.

Class 1 Verb

Causative Form

行く - 行かせる - ikaseru - "make/let someone go" 話す - 話させる - hanasaseru - "make/let someone speak" 買う - 買わせる - kawaseru - "make/let someone buy"

Class 2 Verb

Causative Form

食べる - 食べさせる - tabesaseru - "make/let someone eat" 覚える - 覚えさせる - oboesaseru - "make/let someone learn" 変える - 変えさせる - kaesaseru - "make/let someone change"

Class 3 Verb

Causative Form

する- させる - saseru - "make/let someone do" 来る - 来させる - kosaseru - "make/let someone come"

(36)

し

shi

and, so, among others, etc., not only

V.plain + し・shi i-Adj.inf + し・shi

na-Adj + だ/だったし・da shi/datta shi Noun + だ/だったし・da shi/datta shi

しか

shika

(nothing) but

Noun + しか Number + counter + しか Noun + particle + しか Verb + しか

(37)

110

しかも

shikamo

moreover; furthermore; besides; on top of

that; what's more;

Sentence-1。しかも、Sentence-2。 i-Adjective + ku + しかも

Noun + de + しかも

Verb.masu- stemしかも / Verb.te-form しかも

111

じゃん

Jan

sentence ending expression

(38)

すぐ

sugu

at once; soon; right away; immediately

ずつ

zutsu

by; at a time

114

ずに

zuni

without doing something

Verb.negative. stem + ずに

115

せい

sei

because of; due to

Noun + の + せい Verb/i-adjective. inf + せい

(39)

116

そうだ (1)

sō da (1)

I've heard that

Verbs and -i adjectives ■ [ informal form of a verb ] ＋そうだ ■ [ informal form of -i adjective ] ＋～そうだ

散歩するそうだ - sanpo suru sō da 勉強しないそうだ - benkyō shinai sō da 面白かったそうだ - omoshirokatta sō da

寒くないそうだ - samukunai sō da -na Adjectives and Nouns 人気だそうだ - ninki da sō da 上手だったそうだ - jōzu datta sō da

先生だそうだ - sensei da sō da

日本語の本ではないそうだ - nihon-go no hon de wa nai sō da

明日、宮崎さんは高尾山にハイキングに行くそうです。 Ashita, Miyazaki-san wa Takaosan ni haikingu ni iku sō desu. Mr/Ms Miyazaki is going hiking at Mt. Takao tomorrow.

ピーターはスゲー美人と結婚したそうだよ。[卑俗! 使い方気をつけて]

Ōwen wa sugee bijin to kekkon shita sō da yo.

I've heard that Peter married a smokin' hot woman. [vulgar!　be careful of how you use it]

(i-adj)

ディズニーシーは、とても楽しいそうです。 Dizunīshī wa, totemo tanoshii sō desu. I heard that Disney Sea is really fun. 今年の JLPT は、難しかったそうです。 Kotoshi no JLPT wa, muzukashikatta sō desu. Apparently the JLPT this year was tough. (na-adj)

今回のプロジェクトは簡単だそうだ。 Konkai no purojekuto wa kantan da sō da. This project looks easy to do.

妻がその友達に会ったのは、久しぶりだったそうだ。 Tsuma ga sono tomodachi ni atta no wa, hisashiburi datta sō da. It was apparently a while since my wife had seen that friend. (noun)

彼はどこかの会社の社長だそうだ。 Kare wa dokoka no kaisha no shachō da sōda. It seems that he's the president of some company.

あのおばさんは、３０年前は有名な女優だったそうです。 Ano oba-san wa 30-nen mae wa yūmei na joyū datta sō desu. I heard that old lady was a famous actress 30 years ago.

118

そうだ (2)

sō da (2)

look like, appear, seem, like

I-adjectives: Drop the Final i + so da

暑い - atsui →　暑 →　atsu - 暑そうだ - atsusō da

新しい - atarashii →　新 →　atarashi - 新しそうだ - atarashisō da

* There are two i-adjectives that are exceptions and don't follow the rule.

"good" - 良い - ii - 良さそうだ - yosa sō da "doesn't exist" - ない - nai - なさそうだ - nasa sō da

Na-adjectives: Dictionary Form + so da

元気 - genki - 元気そうだ - genki sō da 楽 - raku - 楽そうだ - raku sō da

♥ EXAMPLES: (Verb)

今夜のライブにはたくさんのお客が集まりそうだ。 Kon'ya no raibu niwa takusan no okyaku ga atsumari sō da. It looks like a lot of people are going to come to tonight's concert.

(i-adj)

あの辺はよく車が通るのでうるさそうです。 Ano atari wa yoku kuruma ga tōru node urusasō desu. Many cars pass through that area, so it seems like it'd be noisy.

(na-adj)

彼女のお父さんは真面目そうです。 Kanojo no o-tō-san wa majime sō desu. My girlfriend's father looks like a serious person.

(40)

(41)

119

そこで

soko de

therefore

Sentence-1。そこで、Sentence-2。 120

それが

sore ga

well, despite what you might think

121

それぞれ

sorezore

each; respectively

122

それでも

sore demo

but; nevertheless; in spite of that

(42)

それと

sore to

and; also; in addition; as well

Noun-1と Noun-2 と...それと、Noun-3 Sentence-1。それと、Sentence-2。

それに

sore ni

in addition; moreover; furthermore

Clause-1 し、それに Clause-2。 Sentence-1。それに、Sentence-2。 125

それも

sore mo

in addition

126

ぞ

zo

(43)

127

たい

tai

want to do something

Verb Class;Dictionary Form;Masu Stem;Tai Construction;English Class I;飲む・Nomu;飲み・nomi;飲みたい・nomitai;want to drink Class II;食べる・taberu;食べ・tabe;・食べたい・tabetai;want to eat

Class III;する・suru;し・shi;したい・shitai;want to do Plain; Negative; Past affirmative; Past negative 飲みたい; 飲みたくない; 飲みたかった；飲みたくなかった

nomitai；nomitakunai; nomitakatta; nomitakunakatta 食べたい；食べたくない；食べたかった；食べたくなかった

tabetai; tabetakunai; tabetakatta; tabetakunakatta したい；したくない；したかった；したくなかった

shitai; shitakunai; shitakatta; shitakunakatta

128

ただ

tada

only; just; simply; that's all

ただ + ONE + counter ただ + Noun + だけただ + Verb/i-Adj. inf + だけただ + na-Adj. stem + な/だった + だけ 129

たら

tara

tara conditional (if, when, after)

Ashita hima dattara, shoppingu ni ikō!

If you happen to be free tomorrow, let's go shopping! 2 雨が降ったら、車で迎えに行きます。 Ame ga futtara, kuruma de mukae ni ikimasu. If it rains, I'll pick you up by car.

3 寒かったら、暖房を付けてもいいですよ。 Samukattara danbō o tsukete mo ii desu yo. If you're cold, you may turn on the heater. 4 私があなただったら、行かないです。 Watashi ga anata dattara, ikanai desu. If I were you, I wouldn't go.

5 お金があったら日本へ行きます。 Okane ga attara Nihon e ikimasu. If I had money, I would go to Japan. 6 眠たかったら、寝てもいいですよ。 Nemukattara, nete mo ii desu.

If you are tired, it's okay to sleep.

7 幸せだったら、私は何も言いません。 Shiawase dattara, watashi wa nanimo iimasen. If he/she is happy, I won't (don't) say anything. 8 学生だったら入場料は無料です。 Gakusei dattara nyūjōryō wa muryō desu. If you're a student, there is no entrance fee.

♥ NOTES:

(44)

(45)

130

たらどうですか

tara dō desu ka

how about; why don't you

* Tara conditional form of a verb + dō desu ka (どうですか) 131

たり

tari

and

Dictionary form Past plain form Add ri --tari

泳ぐ泳いだり泳いだり飲む飲んだり飲んだりつけるつけたりつけたりするしたりしたり来る来たり来たり楽しい楽しかったり楽しかったりきれいきれいだったりきれいだったり動物動物だったり動物だったり 132

だい

dai

dai interrogative particle

133

だけで

dake de

(46)

だけでなく

dake de naku

not only - but also

Verb/i-Adj.inf + dake de naku na-Adj.stem + na dake de naku

Noun + dake de naku

135

っ放し

っぱなし

ppanashi

continue, leave

Verb.masu-stemっぱなし 136

つまり

tsumari

that is to say; namely; in other words; what

I mean is

137

つもり

tsumori

plan to do something

1) V.inf + tsumori (copl). 買うつもりだ・買ったつもりだ

2) adj-na.stem + tsumori (copl). 静かなつもりだ

3) adj-i.inf.nonpast + tsumori (copl). 速いつもりだ。

4) n + no tsumori (copl). 天才のつもりだ。

(47)

138

てあげる

te ageru

to do for

Doer + は + receiver + に + V.te-form + あげる

139

ても

temo

even if; although

Verbs and i-adjectives: (te-form of the verb/adj) + も

Nouns and na-adjectives:

(noun or dictionary form of na-adj) + でも

140

てもらう

te morau

to receive an action

(Reciever) wa (Giver) ni verb.te-form + もらう

141

で (5)

de (5)

for, in, per, over

(48)

でしょう

deshō

Probably

* Verb/i-Adj. inf + deshō * na-Adj. stem/Noun + + deshō

でも (1)

demo (1)

even

Noun + demo(でも) Interrogative-word + demo(でも) 144

でも(2)

demo (2)

or something

Noun + でも Noun + particle + でも 145

で御座います

でございます

de gozaimasu

(49)

146

と (1)

to (1)

to conditional

Conditional と.

(verb : i/na adjective : noun + copula) + と This construction is used to create a conditional sentence in the pattern sentence1 と sentence2. If the

condition in Phr1 is fulfilled, sentence2 will take place. Sentence1 should be in the plain present tense.

147

と (3)

to (3)

quote-marker

Quotation　+ to + verb (like such verbs as iu, kangaeru, omou) 148

という

to iu

called ~, that ~

1) [noun A] という [noun B] = "B called A" 2) [clause] という [noun*] = noun that ~

明日の会議は延期するということ

that tomorrow's meeting will be postponed 彼が引っ越すという知らせ the news that he is going to move

彼女に戻ってきて欲しいという気持ち the feeling that he wants her to come back

149

とか

toka

such as X and Y, something like

とか・toka - 'and, or' with the nuance of 'among other things'

Construction:

N + とか・toka N + とか・toka... トヨタとか本田とか Toyota toka Honda toka Toyota and Honda (among others) V1.plain + toka (Vn.plain + toka) + V

食べるとか飲むとかする Taberu toka nomu toka suru. To eat and drink (among other things)

(50)

となる

to naru

to be; to become

Nounとなる

と思う

とおもう

to omou

I think ~

Informal: [ Phrase (informal) + to omou ] Formal: [ Phrase (informal) + to omoimasu ]

152

どうも

doumo

I don't know why but; I tried but; for some

reason

Dōmo is used as a regular adverb. It precedes the verb or adjective it modifies.

153

どちらがいい

dochira ga ii

which is better

[ dochira (which) + ga (subject-marking particle) + ii (good)] + [ desu ka (used to make the sentence

(51)

154

な (2)

na (2)

for sure, for real

i-Adjective + i + な Na-adjective + da + な Noun + da + な Verb.plain な 155

ないで

nai de

without doing something

negative form of verb + de (で)

156

ないといけない

nai to ikenai

must

plain negative + to ikenai

飲む nomu - 飲まないといけない nomanai to ikenai must drink something

食べる taberu - 食べないといけない tabenai to ikenai - must eat something

する suru しないといけない shinai to ikenai -must do something 157

ながら (1)

nagara (1)

while

(52)

なくてもいい

nakute mo ii

don't have to

(V / adj-i).neg.te mo ii (adj-na / N) + Copula.neg.te mo ii Verb: 食べなくて　も　いい tabenakute mo ii it is alright to not eat

adj-i:

冷たくなくて　も　いい tsumetakunakute mo ii it is alright if s.t. is not cold

adj-na:

静か　じゃなくて　も　いい shizuka ja nakute mo ii it is alright if s.t. is not quiet

Noun:

学生　じゃなくて　も　いい gakusei ja nakute mo ii it is alright if s.o. is a student

なくなる

naku naru

become no more

* Verb. negative stem + naku naru

怒る(okoru); 怒ら(ない); 怒らなくなる；don't get angry any more

読む(yomu)；読ま(ない) ; 読まなくなる；don't read any more * i-Adjective.stem + ku + naku naru

細い(hoshoi)；細くなくなる；isn't slim any more 楽しい(tanoshii)；楽しくなくなる；isn't happy any more

* noun/na-adjective.stem + de wa/ja + naku naru 子供(kodomo)；子供では/じゃなくなる；isn't a kid any more

簡単な(kantan na)；簡単では/じゃなくなる；isn't easy any more

(53)

160

なければならない

nakereba naranai

have to, need to, must, should

Verb. negative + nakereba naranai i-Adj. stem + ku nakereba naranai na-Adj.stem/Noun + de nakereba naranai

161

なら (1)

nara (1)

if (nara conditional)

i-Adjective. inf + nara na-Adjective. stem + nara

Noun + nara Verb. inf + nara

(54)

162

なら(2)

nara(2)

speaking of ~

* Noun + なら

なる

naru

to become

noun + に・ni + naru i-adj -> く・ku + naru na-adj -> に・ni + naru

noun

noun Meaning Construction Meaning

病気(byōki) ill 病気になる(byōki ni naru)

to become ill

大人(otona) adult 大人になる(otona ni naru)

to become an adult i-adjective

i-adjective Meaning Construction Meaning

面白い(omoshiroi) interesting 面白くなる(omoshiroku naru) to become interesting

楽しい(tanoshii) fun 楽しくなる(tanoshiku naru)

to become fun na-adjective

na-adjective Meaning Construction Meaning

暇(hima) free(time) 暇になる(hima ni naru) to become free 幸せ(shiawase) happy 幸せになる(shiawase ni naru)

(55)

164

にくい

nikui

difficult/impossible to do

Verb.masu-stem + にくい 165

にしては

ni shite wa

considering that, for

(56)

166

の

no

sentence ending particle

[non past casual form] + no

の (3)

no (3)

to do, doing, that clause

* Verb. plain + no(の) 走るの; to run 食べるの;to eat * i-Adjective. plain + no (の)

安いの; to be cheap 古いの；to be old

* na-Adjective. stem/Noun + na/datta + no(の) 簡単なの; to be easy 子供だったの；being a kid 168

のだ

no da

the reason is

[Verb/Adj-i].plain + の　だ [Adj-na.stem/Noun] + (な/だった)　の　だ 169

のに

noni

Although

i-Adjective.plain + noni(のに) Verb.plain + noni(のに) na-Adjective, stem + na + noni(のに)

(57)

170

はず

hazu

should be, ought to be

[ Nounのはず ] [ Adjective + はず ] [ Verb + はず ] 171

は？

wa?

inferred question

Noun + wa ? 172

ば

ba

if (~ba conditional)

The conditional form of verbs is obtained by converting the final \"-u\" of the dictionary form into a \"-e\" and attaching \"ba\". This conjugation also

holds true for Group 1 and Group 2 verbs, as well as the irregular verbs \"kuru\" and \"suru\".

行く (\"iku\") ->　行け (\"ike\") -> 行けば (\"ikeba\") 食べる (\"taberu\") -> 食べれ (\"tabere\") -> 食べれば (\"tabereba\")

来る (\"kuru\") ->　来れ (\"kure\") -> 来れば (\"kureba\") する (\"suru\") -> すれ (\"sure\") -> すれば (\"sureba\") The conditional form of -i adjectives (including the \"-nai\" negative form

of adjectives and verbs) is obtained by dropping the final -i and adding \"kereba\".

安い (\"yasui\") -> 安 (\"yasu\") -> 安ければ (\"yasukereba\") 行かない (\"ikanai\") -> 行かな (\"ikana\") -> 行かなければ

(\"ikanakereba\")

The conditional form of -na adjectives and nouns is formed by suffixing them with \"de areba\", the conditional form of the \"de aru\" copula.

親切 (\"shinsetsu\") -> 親切であれば (\"shinsetsu de areba\") 学生 (\"gakusei\") -> 学生であれば (\"gakusei de areba\")

173

ばかり

bakari

about to, just did, just, only

V.plain.nonpast bakari V.plain.past bakari Vte-form bakari iru

n (prt) bakari Quantifier bakari

(58)

174

ほしい(2)

hoshii (2)

to want someone to do something

te-form of Verb + hoshii - want someone to do something

The party that the subject wants to do something is marked with the particle ni.

まま

mama

as is, unchanged, remain

Verb.informal.past + mama (まま) 置いたまま oita mama leaving s.t. as is V.informal.negative.nonpast + mama (まま) （ドアを）閉めないまま

(doa o) shimenai mama leaving the door unclosed

adj-i + mama (まま) 寒いまま samui mama as cold as s.t. is adj-na.stem(な) + mama (まま) 綺麗なまま kirei na mama as clean/pretty as s.t. is noun + no(の)　+ mama (まま)

昔のまま mukashi no mama leaving s.t. as it was

(59)

176

まるで

maru de

quite, as if, practically

まるで～ようだ/みたいだ

177

みたいだ

mitai da

looks like; similar to

Noun + みたい　に／な／だ Verb/i-Adj.inf + みたい　に／な／だ na-Adj.stem + (だった) みたい　に／な／だ

(60)

もらう

morau

to receive, get, receive

[ (Receiver) wa (Giver) ni (object) o morau ]

やすい

yasui

easily

Verb. masu stem + yasui(やすい)

180

やっと

yatto

finally, at last, barely

181

やっぱり

yappari

(61)

182

やる

yaru

send; give; do

183

よう　に／な

you ni/na

like, resembling

To use the you ni/na construction with a noun, simply place the particle no after the noun, followed by you ni/na.

Part of speech;Example;Plain present/past;Add you ni/na verb;taberu;taberu/tabeta;you ni/na

i-adj;oishii;oishii/oishikatta;you ni/na na-adj;hima;hima na/hima datta;you ni/na noun;Nihon;Nihon no/Nihon datta;you ni/na We also have the construction "A wa B no you da" or "A

wa B no you desu" which simply means "A is like/resembles B." 184

より

yori

than

A + wa(は) + B + yori (より) + X A is X'er than B 185

らしい

rashii

seems like, looks like, I hear/heard, like

something/someone

Formation V.informal + rashii i-adjective + rashii na-adjective + rashii noun + rashii

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られる

rareru

able to do something (potential)

Verb. masu stem + rareru (られる)

られる (1)

rareru (1)

passive voice

Direct passive voice takes either the direct or indirect object of the equivalent active sentence, and uses it as the grammatical subject. The particle ni is normally used to indicate the agent (the doer of the action), however, when one wishes to place additional stress on the agent, ni yotte may be used. kara may also be used to indicate the agent in cases where a physical object has been given from the agent.

先生に叱られた。 Sensei ni shikarareta. I was scolded by my teacher.

Indirect passive voice has no easy English equivalent. It is similar in meaning to the colloquial form "to up and do something to me". (See example below.) It is used to indicate that an (often negative) influence has had some effect on the (usually human) subject. Because this passive is often used when the speaker is showing empathy for something that happens to the subject that is outside of his/her realm of control, this passive form is often called "the troubled passive" (迷惑の受身 , "meiwaku no ukemi"). Consider the following sentence as an example of its usage and translation.

妻に逃げられた。 Tsuma ni nigerareta. My wife up and left me.

188

一番

いちばん

ichiban

most, -est

ichiban + adjective

一番可愛い・ichiban kawaii - cutest 一番頑固・ichiban ganko - most stubborn

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189

事がある

ことがある

koto ga aru

have done, sometimes occurs

Verb.plain-pastことがある Verb.plain-nonpastことがある 190

事が出来る

ことができる

koto ga dekiru

can, able to

Verb.plain-nonpastことができる 191

事にする

ことにする

koto ni suru

decide to

V.plain.nonpastことにする 192

事になる

ことになる

koto ni naru

it has been decided that

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193

初めて

はじめて

hajimete

first time doing something

初めて Verb 初めての Noun 初めてです。

可能形

かのうけい

kanō-kei

Potential Form

Making the potential form (which means "can" or "able to") of a verb depends on the verb class.

私は泳げません。 Watashi wa oyogemasen.

I can't swim. 漢字が書けますか。 Kanji ga kakemasu ka. Can you write kanji (Chinese characters)?

明日パーティーに来られる？ Ashita pātī ni korareru? Can you come to the party tomorrow?

僕は魚が食べられない。 Boku wa sakana ga taberarenai.

I can’t eat fish. 195

名詞修飾節

めいししゅうしょくせつ

meishi shūshokusetsu

Modifying Clause

[ (modifying sentence) + (noun) ]

196

命令形

めいれいけい

meireikei

imperative (strongest)

Class I Verb imperative conjugation - the final syllable/mora of a verb in its dictionary form is changed from the u-column to its

corresponding e-column. e.g. u -> e / ku -> ke 飲む・nomu - to drink

飲む・飲め / nomu -> nome - Drink! 行く・行け / iku -> ike - Go!

Class II Verb imperative conjugation - ro is appended to the masu stem

考える・ kangaeru - to think 考える -> 考えろ / kangaeru・kangaero - Think!

見る -> 見ろ / miru・miro - Look!

Class III Verb imperative conjugation - suru and kuru, Class III verbs with the highest frequency, are conjugated as follows

する・suru - to do - ro is appended to the masu stem する　-> しろ / suru -> shiro - do it 来る・kuru - to come - has a unique conjugation 来る・来い / kuru・koi - Come! *Please note that 来い is read

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場合

ばあい

baai

in the case, if

V.pln + baai 忘れる場合 - wasureru baai 忘れた場合 - wasureta baai N + no/datta baai

学生の/だった場合 - gakusei no/datta baai adj-i ＋ baai

早い場合 - hayai baai 早かった場合 - hayakatta baai

adj-na ＋ na/datta baai 必要な/だった場合 - hitsuyō na/datta baai

198

始める

はじめる

hajimeru

begin to, start to

Verb.masu-stem + 始める

199

度に

たびに

tabi ni

every time; whenever

Verb.plain-nonpast + たびに Noun + のたびに 200

後で

あとで

ato de

after, later

Vplain.past + 後で Noun + の後で

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201

意志形

いしけい

ishikei

Volitional form

Class-1 verbs are converted from dictionary form to volitional form by dropping the final "u" and adding "ou".

遊ぶ (asobu) -> 遊ぼう (asobou)

Class-2 verbs are converted by dropping the final "ru" and adding "you".

食べる (taberu) -> 食べよう (tabeyou) Irregular verbs are converted as follows: する (suru) -> しよう (shiyou) or せよう (seyou)

来る (kuru) -> 来よう (koyou)

The volitional form of the polite "masu" verb suffix is "mashou". 行きます (ikimasu) -> 行きましょう (ikimashou)

202

振り

ぶり

buri

for the first time in...

The suffix buri is attached directly to the measurement of time.

一ヶ月ぶり・ikkagetsu-buri - First time in a month 六ヶ月（半年）ぶり・rokukkagetsu-buri - First time in

six month (half an year)

一年ぶり・ichinen-buri - First time in a year

203

方

かた

kata

way of, manner, how to

[ Vmasu stem + kata ] Class I Verb: 行く・iku - to go

行き方・ikikata - way of going/manner of going Class II Verb: 食べる・taberu - to eat 食べ方・tabekata - way of eating/manner of eating

Class III Verb: する・suru - to do し方・shikata - way of doing/manner of doing

204

方がいい

ほうがいい

hō ga ii

had better, should

Verb.plain-pastほうがいい Verb.plain-nonpastほうがいい Verb.negative-nonpast ほうがいい

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欲しい

ほしい (1)

hoshii (1)

to want something

Noun + ga hoshii (が欲しい)

欲望の表し方

よくぼうのあらわしかた

yokubou no arawashikata

expressing desire

2. In expressions such as "sou da", "you da" and "rashii" which cause a double "seems to" effect, when combined with "garu": Kare wa ~~ wo hoshigatte iru you desu.

"He seems to seem to want something."

3. In direct quotes, where the "seems to" is misplaced: "Maaku wa ~~ wo hoshigatte iru tte."

"Mark said 'I seem to want ~~.'"

4. In expressions of explanation. That means using the "n", "kara", "node", etc.

5. When using past tense.

♥ EXAMPLES:

1. 私はラーメンを食べたいです。 Watashi wa rāmen o tabetai desu. I want to eat ramen.

2. ピーターもラーメンを食べたがっています。 Pītā mo rāmen o tabetagatte imasu.

Peter wants to eat ramen, too. 3. 私はビールを飲みたいです。 Watashi wa bīru o nomitai desu. I want to drink beer.

4. ピーターもビールを飲みたがっています。 Pītā mo bīru o nomitagatte imasu.

Peter wants to drink beer, too. 5. くだらない冗談をやめてほしい。 Kudaranai jōdan o yamete hoshii. I want you to quit telling stupid jokes.

208

気

き

ki

feel like

Verb plain form + ki Noun + ge*

やる気・yaru ki - will (to do something) やる気がない - no will (to do something) やる気になる - become motivated, become willing *There are certain set phrases describing one's physical feeling in which the Kanji character 気 is read ge not ki.

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直す

なおす

naosu

to redo/correct something

V.masu stem + naosu

Class I - やる・yaru ->やり・yari ->やり直す・ yarinaosu

Class II - 考える・kangaeru ->考え・kangae ->考え直す・kangaenaosu

Class III - する・suru ->し・shi ->し直す・ shinaosu

210

程

ほど

hodo

to the extent of/that, about

Nounほど Verb.plain-nonpastほど 211

行く

いく

iku

go on -ing, continue on

Verb.te-form　いく 212

過ぎる

すぎる

sugiru

too much

Verb.masu-stemすぎる／すぎです Adjective-stemすぎる／すぎです

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213

間（に）

あいだ（に）

aida (ni)

during, while, between

Noun-phrase + no + aida (ni) te-form of Verb + iru + aida (ni)

i-Adj/na-Adj + aida (ni)

♥ INTRODUCTION:

Aida is a noun meaning both “the entire space between”, as in 行と行との間 (“gyou to gyou to no aida”, “the space between the lines”) and “the entire time period”, as in 夏の間 (“natsu no aida”, “the whole of summer”). When used together with ni (see に (1)), it corresponds to either of the English phrases “at some point during” or “somewhere between”. Use of ni usually implies that only part of the time or space is occupied. Please refer to example sentences #4 and #5 for a concrete example.

Aida can also be used to refer to a relationship between two people, as in examples #6 and #7.

Aida follows adjectives, verbs in present progressive (~te iru) form, adjectives, and nouns or noun phrases with the particle no.

214

頂く

いただく

itadaku

humble polite form of morau - to receive

[Reciever] wa [Giver] ni [object] o itadaku [Reciever] wa [Giver] ni verb.te-form itadaku

215

頂けませんか

いただけませんか

itadakemasen ka

could I get

Nounをいただけませんか。 Verb.te-formいただけませんか。 216

頃

ごろ

koro / goro

around, about

Timeごろ Verb.masu-stemごろ Nounごろ

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～くする

~ku suru

Adverbial form of adjective + suru

I-adjectives

①

Change i into ku, and attach suru. I-adjective

涼しい suzushii - 涼しくする suzushiku suru - To cool off 細い hosoi - 細くする hosoku suru - To make it thin

Na-adjectives ②

Put ni before suru. Na-adjective

きれい kirei - きれいにする kirei ni suru - To clean 幸せ shiawase - 幸せにする shiawase ni suru - To make one

happy

218

～くなる

~ku naru

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219

～てある

te aru

to exist in a state caused by someone or

something’s actions

Verb.te-form + aru

“Aru” is a verb meaning “to have” or “to be”. When it follows the ~te form of another verb, it acts as an auxiliary, and functions similar to the English passive perfect form “to have been done”. It

indicates that the subject now exists in a state caused by something/someone else’s prior actions. The reasons for its use are

also similar to the English passive: the causing agent is unimportant or unknown. 220

～ておく

-te oku

do in advance, do in preparation

Verb.te-form + おく

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221

～てしまう

~te shimau

completely; thoroughly; unfortunately

[ Verb.te-form + しまう ]

～てみる

--te miru

try to do something

V.te + miru

Class1: au-> atte + miru = attemiru (try to meet) Class2: taberu-> tabete + miru = tabetemiru (try to

eat)

Class3: suru -> shite + miru = shitemiru (try to do)

223

～に行く

～にいく

~ni iku

purpose for going somewhere

[ Verb masu-stem ＋ ni ＋ iku / ikimasu ]

224

～ようにする

~yō ni suru

to make an effort to do [verb]

* [Verb; dictionary form]＋yō ni ＋ suru * [Verb; nai form]＋yō ni ＋ suru

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225

～ようになる

~yō ni naru

It has come to be that~

* [Verb; dictionary form]＋yō ni ＋ naru * [Verb; nai form]＋yō ni ＋ naru