Self regulation of internet usage by human development index

SELF-REGULATION OF INTERNET USAGE BY

_{Inocencia M.}

Public Administration Department, Southern Leyte State University, Maasin City Campus, Philippines

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

In this paper

adaptive behavior that is found between the human development index and Specifically, the study determined the emergence of the self

human development index.

development index on internet usage and synergy of interacting agents, the synergy

the number of connections was drawn using the statistical software and finally identified the three clusters with equal frequency.

can have a that for a quick agents.

self - regulation would provide less time to social network sites.

control accessing for internet usage when they know that they could not get any benefit from using it. However, it ad

the extent of internet usage and because of this ambivalence to self the internet users to the urge to access connections of internet. Copyright © 2019, Inocencia M. Cañon and Michael Malachy

License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and

INTRODUCTION

The Internet has verified as one of the most outstanding creations of man because it is said to be the eighth wonder of the world (Sathiaseelan, 2013). Internet usage is one of the very core of human progress that influences development of man across the nations of the world (Hettiarachchi, 2018). twenty-first century signaled the pace of innovation and technology due to the Internet. From microchips to cloud computing, huge data knowledge to web things, engineering science to artificial intelligence, the world is at the sting of a technological bang that might increase the gap between the economic powerhouses and laggards. Through the utilization of the Internet, the interaction between people bec

and quick. Trade became universal and digital, communication is fast and Internet economies began to emerge (Macdougald, 2011). The emergence, and expansion of the global networks of computing resources known as the Internet are also as vital as human development is prevailing.

consistent access to the Internet has changed the way people lived. In particular, Internet usage expand rapidly that the number of internet users doubled from late 1999 up to the current (Bradshaw, 2001).

*Corresponding author: Inocencia M. Cañon,

Public Administration Department, Southern Leyte State University, Maasin City Campus, Philippines

ISSN: 0975-833X

Article History:

Received 04th _{July, 2019}

Received in revised form

28th _{August, 2019}

Accepted 05th _{September, 2019}

Published online 30th October, 2019

Citation: Inocencia M. Cañon and Michael Malachy

Journal of Current Research, 11, (10), 7795-7800.

Key Words:

Complex Adaptive System, Self-regulation, Human Development Index and Internet usage.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

REGULATION OF INTERNET USAGE BY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

Inocencia M. Cañon and Michael Malachy Dagami

Department, Southern Leyte State University, Maasin City Campus, Philippines

ABSTRACT

In this paper, the researchers used the Complex Adaptive System (CAS)

adaptive behavior that is found between the human development index and

Specifically, the study determined the emergence of the self-regulation of the internet usage by the human development index. It is also conceptualized in terms of the stabilizing factors of the human development index on internet usage and self-regulated control of the use of the internet.

synergy of interacting agents, the synergy calculator was used. A histogram of the frequencies versus the number of connections was drawn using the statistical software and finally identified the three clusters with equal frequency. The results show that a country’s regulatory approach to the Internet can have a massive impact on its ubiquitousness throughout the country. It merely indicates the fact that for a quick-moving industry like the internet, it depends on the human development level of agents. The increasing internet use affects the HDI. The findings re

regulation would provide less time to social network sites.

control accessing for internet usage when they know that they could not get any benefit from using it. However, it additionally shows that the majority of internet users were ambivalent towards regulating the extent of internet usage and because of this ambivalence to self

the internet users to the urge to access connections of internet. Cañon and Michael Malachy Dagami. This is an open access article distributed under

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly

The Internet has verified as one of the most outstanding creations of man because it is said to be the eighth wonder of Internet usage is one of the that influences development of man across the nations of the world (Hettiarachchi, 2018). The first century signaled the pace of innovation and technology due to the Internet. From microchips to cloud things, engineering world is at the sting of a technological bang that might increase the gap between the Through the utilization of the Internet, the interaction between people became easy Trade became universal and digital, communication is fast and Internet economies began to emerge (Macdougald, 2011). The emergence, and expansion of the global networks of computing resources known as the Internet are also as vital Widespread and consistent access to the Internet has changed the way people In particular, Internet usage expand rapidly that the number of internet users doubled from late 1999 up to the

Public Administration Department, Southern Leyte State University,

Due to the widespread from Internet usage, countries at their disposal have several tools to police their

by imposing the self-regulatory regime.

element of competition policy within the context of telecommunications and internet usage.

self-regulation include efficiency, increased flexibilit increased incentives for compliance, and reduced cost. According to Wallsten (2002), a carefully structured program emphasizing self-regulation is especially harmonious with an Internet setting because it mirrors the Internet itself, as a global, importantly private and decentralized network of communication. The development of a self

for the internet should comprise several complementary actions, tools, and mechanisms.

solely perform with the support of p they do not interfere with the self

systems scientist discovered the network as a whole with many unexpected large-scale properties involving its overall structure, how information is spread out over

co-evolutionary relationships between the behavior of search engines and the web's link structure, all of which lead to what could be called complex adaptive system as a whole (Mitchell 2009, 10). Technological advances in computers, Bi artificial intelligence, global information, and communication networks have contributed to complex problem spaces.

International Journal of Current Research Vol. 11, Issue, 10, pp.7795-7800, October, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.36972.10.2019

Cañon and Michael Malachy Dagami, R. 2019. “Self-regulation of internet usage by human development index

Available online at http://www.journalcra.com

z

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

Cañon and Michael Malachy Dagami

Department, Southern Leyte State University, Maasin City Campus, Philippines

, the researchers used the Complex Adaptive System (CAS) to identify the complex adaptive behavior that is found between the human development index and internet users. regulation of the internet usage by the It is also conceptualized in terms of the stabilizing factors of the human regulated control of the use of the internet. To get the used. A histogram of the frequencies versus the number of connections was drawn using the statistical software and finally identified the three The results show that a country’s regulatory approach to the Internet massive impact on its ubiquitousness throughout the country. It merely indicates the fact moving industry like the internet, it depends on the human development level of The findings reveal that internet users with high Self – regulated internet users will control accessing for internet usage when they know that they could not get any benefit from using it. ditionally shows that the majority of internet users were ambivalent towards regulating the extent of internet usage and because of this ambivalence to self-regulate there is a likelihood to

under the Creative Commons Attribution properly cited.

Due to the widespread from Internet usage, countries at their disposal have several tools to police their citizen’s internet use regulatory regime. Regulation is a vital element of competition policy within the context of telecommunications and internet usage. The general benefits of regulation include efficiency, increased flexibility, increased incentives for compliance, and reduced cost. According to Wallsten (2002), a carefully structured program regulation is especially harmonious with an Internet setting because it mirrors the Internet itself, as a antly private and decentralized network of The development of a self-regulatory regime for the internet should comprise several complementary actions, tools, and mechanisms. Moreover, self-regulation will solely perform with the support of public authorities as long as they do not interfere with the self-regulatory process. Complex systems scientist discovered the network as a whole with many scale properties involving its overall structure, how information is spread out over its links, and the evolutionary relationships between the behavior of search engines and the web's link structure, all of which lead to what could be called complex adaptive system as a whole (Mitchell 2009, 10). Technological advances in computers, Big Data, artificial intelligence, global information, and communication networks have contributed to complex problem spaces.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH

The conceptual lens of complex theory sharpens our view of the interactions between agents of internet users and the human development index (Zhao, MacKinnon, & Gallup, 2015). Self – Regulation of Internet usage has emerged as an insightful framework for studying complex adaptive systems (CAS) using human development index (HDI) and Internet users’ interactions (Cassidy & Barners, 2012). Since there is no empirical research has explored the role of regulation on Internet usage, using CAS in the study, the researchers were determined to know the effects of self – regulation on Internet usage and human development index and how this affects the interactions of connected agents.

Conceptual Framework of the Study: To explain that this is

the complex adaptive system, the conceptual framework of the study is illustrated below. This study is anchored on the complex adaptive system (CAS) to determine the interactions between the human development index (HDI) and internet users with 186 countries as agents. We tend to conjointly conceptualize the interrelated clusters or sub-features in terms of(1) stabilizing factors of human development index on internet usage; and (2) self-regulated control of the use of the internet to determine the emergent feature which is self-regulation of internet usage by human development index. The researchers conjointly define the following variables enclosed within the framework:

The Human Development Index (HDI) is made from three

distinct parts on basic dimensions of human development: to lead a long and healthy life, measured by lifespan at birth; the power to accumulate data, measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; and the ability to succeed in a decent commonplace of living, measured by gross worth per capita (Leiner et al. 2009).

An Internet user: As defined by Collins is an individual who

has access to the Internet at home, via computer or mobile device.

Self – Regulation: Is a regulatory system in which business

representatives outline and enforce standards for their sector with very little or no government involvement.

Self – Regulated Control or co-regulation: Of the utilization

of the internet is a regulatory system when one is aware of its limitation of using the internet, and being restricted to try and do, therefore.

Self – Regulation of internet usage – is an active process

whereby internet users set goals to observe, regulate, and control their cognition, motivation, and behavior.

METHODOLOGY

The study utilized the data on the Human Development Index (HDI) and Internet Users (UNDP, 2015) to determine the emerging feature of the agents. The researchers defined the agents and their attributes. Using the Synergy calculator, they calculated the synergies and summarized the positive synergy. They draw the histogram of the frequencies versus the number of connections using the statistical software, and finally divided the three clusters with equal frequency. On determining the clusters, the scatter plot of the attributes from every cluster was drawn and described.

The emergent pattern for all countries was identified after drawing the overall scatter plot of the three clusters.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results focused on the interactions between the connected agents. They are illustrated by scatter plot within the figures shown below. Figure 2 shows the summary of the synergy with a total number of connected agents of 4,902. This was computed using the statistical software. The results were plotted to draw the histogram ( see Figure 3) to determine the three clusters divided into equal frequency. Table 1 presents all agents clustered into three equal frequency-based on the results of the histogram. Cluster 1 is classified as agents of synergy with dissimilarity; cluster 2 are those agents with moderate similarity, and cluster 3 are agents with high synergy. The graph in Figure 4 is indicated on a scatter plot by a nonlinear flat trend with random fluctuations. The results reveal that Internet users do not depend apart from that fluctuates. Around 40, which is the point of reference, the amplitude is obtaining smaller. The variations on the number of internet users are low because it crosses the 75% HDI. Across 75% of HDI, internet users are almost the same. Below 75%, the use of the internet is high. Therefore, the human development index incorporates a stabilizing factor in internet usage which is verified in some wealthy countries wherever the internet is steady and will not be a luxury. However, it is still beyond the reach bulk of the world’s population as a result of access to the internet may be a given. Although one cannot afford a private, subscription-based fixed or mobile account, Wi-Fi hotspots providing free internet access are not restricted in coffee shops, public places, and even in some mass transit stations, that lets everybody with a smart phone, tablet, or laptop computers access the Internet (Kirkpatrick, 2018). On the other hand, among countries below 75% HDI, internet users are more likely young people who tend to use the internet more often. The increasing use of the Internet might be a good influence on education, economy, personal relationships, and politics in these countries.

According to findings during a new report on online habits released by Hoot Suite and We Are Social, South-east Asia is one of the most internet-addicted regions worldwide, with the Philippines topping the world list with an average 10 hours and 2 minutes of screen time every day with principally the millennials ages 18 to 38. Thailand ranked 3rd where individuals spend an average of 9 hours and 11 minutes online each day, while those in neighboring Indonesia also devoted quite 8 hours and 36 minutes on the average. The scatterplot in Figures 5& 6 reflects two groups. The HDI at intervals 0.474 to 0.649 exhibits a nonlinear decreasing pattern in its number of internet users. However, a stronger jump from one cluster to the other jointly shows the interval of 0.784 to 0.890 which manifests a nonlinear flat trend in its number of internet users. Findings reveal that as you cross the 75% of HDI, the use of the internet shows gradual variations or fluctuations, whereas those agents under the 65% HDI have low internet usage. The results indicate a self – regulated control of the use of the internet. The graphs reveal that access to the internet of some agents is limited, and some are controlled and restricted by the government. Study shows several of the world's poverty-stricken individuals do not have the means or technology to go online. India, South-East Asia, East Africa, and North Korea are simply a few of the countries where most people do not have internet access.

Figure 1. The conceptual framework of the emerging structure

Figure 2. Summary of the Number of

7797 International Journal

Figure 1. The conceptual framework of the emerging structure of the interacting agents

Figure 2. Summary of the Number of Connected Agents

Journal of Current Research, Vol. 11, Issue, 10, pp.7795-7800, October

the interacting agents

Figure 3. Histogram of the Number of Connected Agents

Figure 4. Relationship of Agents between HDI and Internet Users

Figures 5 & 6. Relationship of Agents

7798 Inocencia M. Cañon and Michael Malachy

Figure 3. Histogram of the Number of Connected Agents

Figure 4. Relationship of Agents between HDI and Internet Users

Figures 5 & 6. Relationship of Agents between HDI and Internet Users

Cañon and Michael Malachy Dagami, Self-regulation of internet usage by human development index

and Internet Users

On the other hand, the adoption of internet usage cannot be explained solely by the level of HDI, however, by another factor, too. According to some research studies, agents that need formal approval for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to start operations had fewer Internet users, whereas countries that regulate ISP prices have higher prices for internet users (Clarke, 2002). In the speech of Hilary Clinton entitled “Remarks on Internet Freedom” she strengthened the importance of Internet access in US foreign policy, stating its role in serving people to get new facts and making governments more accountable (US Department, 2010).

Further, within the developing agents of the world however not restricted to some parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, there is limited infrastructure in place to allow people of these countries to access the internet. Moreover, though connections are available, many cannot afford either the devices needed or the account access. In general, Figure 7 presents upward oscillating movements with random fluctuation of points around the trend. The scatter plot showing the increasing human development index gives a positive effect on the internet users in a fluctuating pattern. The variations of HDI from 35% to 65% are high, and 75% of agents have low

Table 1. Summary of Agent with Low Synergy, Moderate Connections, and High Synergy

CLUSTER 1 Agents with Low Synergy CLUSTER 2 Agents with Moderate Connections CLUSTER 3 Agents with High Synergy

Maldives Pakistan Norway

Cuba Cameroon Niger

Colombia Congo, Rep. Iceland

Panama Sudan Central African Republic

China Lesotho Denmark

Dominica Zimbabwe Eritrea

Peru Kenya Liechtenstein

Dominican Republic Slovenia Luxembourg

Ecuador Czech Republic United Kingdom

Libya Nigeria Chad

Mauritius Nepal Netherlands

Mexico Malta Burundi

El Salvador Bangladesh Congo, Dem. Rep.

Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Chile Switzerland

Costa Rica Slovak Republic Liberia

Philippines Latvia Guinea-Bissau

Jordan Kiribati Sweden

Fiji Swaziland South Sudan

Serbia Cote d'Ivoire Sierra Leone

Cape Verde Myanmar Guinea

Paraguay Brunei South Korea

Botswana Cambodia Germany

Jamaica Lithuania Japan

Egypt Cyprus Canada

Bosnia and Herzegovina Greece New Zealand

South Africa Lao Andorra

Bolivia Hungary Burkina Faso

Bhutan Kuwait Afghanistan

Belize Portugal Togo

Sri Lanka Saudi Arabia Madagascar

Georgia Poland Mali

St. Lucia Syria Australia

St. Vincent and the Grenadines Zambia Qatar

Romania Croatia Djibouti

Moldova Equatorial Guinea Benin

Iran Bahamas Ethiopia

Indonesia Barbados Malawi

Morocco Oman Comoros

Bulgaria Italy Mozambique

Samoa Argentina Gambia

Thailand Sao Tome and Principe Ireland

Mongolia Vanuatu Papua New Guinea

Kyrgyz Republic Azerbaijan Solomon Islands

Tonga Russia Haiti

Seychelles Kazakhstan Finland

Tunisia St. Kitts and Nevis Belgium

Turkey Malaysia Austria

Turkmenistan Montenegro Singapore

Armenia Lebanon Estonia

Ukraine Timor-Leste Uganda

Guyana Tajikistan Bahrain

Brazil Antigua and Barbuda Tanzania

Algeria Ghana United Arab Emirates

Gabon Iraq Mauritania

Uzbekistan Nicaragua Rwanda

Grenada Belarus Angola

Venezuela Trinidad and Tobago Senegal

Vietnam India Yemen

Albania Honduras France

Palestine Namibia United States

Guatemala Macedonia, FYR Israel

Suriname Uruguay Spain

Figure 7. Scatterplot of Agents with Human Development Index and Percentage of Internet Users

variations. The graph shows the emergent feature which is self – regulation of internet usage by the human development index. The findings reveal that internet users with high self regulation are likely to allocate less time to social network sites. Self – regulated internet users will control accessing for internet usage when they know that they could not get any benefit from using it. However, it also shows that the majority of internet users were ambivalent towards regulating the extent of internet usage. Because of the ambivalence to self

there is a likelihood to the internet users to the urge to access connections of the internet. Self- regulation seems to work well as long as the group of agents exerting power is relatively cohesive (Scarpa, 1999). As HDI of agents increases utilization of the internet, this would encourage agents

to innovate, while agents, where the population focus is on basic survival due to extreme poverty and having a

accessing the internet is not a priority. Thus, the scatter implies that internet usage is dependent on the le

Conclusion

The results show that a country's regulatory approach to the Internet can have a big impact on its ubiquity throughout the country. It indicates the fact that for a fast

such as the internet, it absolutely depends

development level of agents. The increasing internet use positively affects the HDI. The findings reveal that internet users with high self - regulation would provide less time to social network sites. Self-regulated internet users will contro accessing for internet usage when they know that they could not get any benefit from using it. However, it also implies that the majority of internet users were ambivalent towards regulating the extent of internet usage and because of this ambivalence to self-regulate there is a likelihood to the internet users to the urge to access connections of the internet.

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7800 Inocencia M. Cañon and Michael Malachy

Figure 7. Scatterplot of Agents with Human Development Index and Percentage of Internet Users

The graph shows the emergent feature which is self ge by the human development index. The findings reveal that internet users with high self - regulation are likely to allocate less time to social network regulated internet users will control accessing for hey could not get any However, it also shows that the majority of internet users were ambivalent towards regulating the extent Because of the ambivalence to self-regulate, s to the urge to access regulation seems to work well as long as the group of agents exerting power is relatively As HDI of agents increases utilization such opportunities to innovate, while agents, where the population focus is on basic survival due to extreme poverty and having a low HDI, Thus, the scatter plot implies that internet usage is dependent on the level of HDI.

The results show that a country's regulatory approach to the Internet can have a big impact on its ubiquity throughout the country. It indicates the fact that for a fast-moving industry such as the internet, it absolutely depends on the human The increasing internet use The findings reveal that internet regulation would provide less time to regulated internet users will control accessing for internet usage when they know that they could However, it also implies that the majority of internet users were ambivalent towards regulating the extent of internet usage and because of this regulate there is a likelihood to the internet users to the urge to access connections of the internet.

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