Hajj Guide Systems - Past, Present and Future

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 8, August 2014)

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Hajj Guide Systems - Past, Present and Future

Malak Osman

1

, Adnan Shaout

2

1_{Sudan University of Science and Information Technology} 2_{The University of Michigan – Dearborn}

The Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

Abstract - An influx of over four to five million Muslim

Pilgrims come to Makah in Saudi Arabia to perform Hajj annually. As this large group of Pilgrims move between the different religious sites during the annual pilgrim journey, safety and security become a major concern to the host country of Saudi Arabia. This research looks into current technology to offer a way to crowd management. The paper also looks for solutions to Pilgrim identification problems, tracking the movement of Pilgrims as well as location based services for Pilgrims. It explores the solution using available technology to enhance the accuracy and tracking time of the Pilgrims and provide them with location based services and also set the agenda for future research in this area.

Keywords-- crowd management system, Location Based

Hajj, Pilgrims, Learning Model, Computer Assisted

Instruction, Simulation Services, Mobile App

I. INTRODUCION

The Muslim annual pilgrimage to Makah which is performed by many Muslim religions followers from all over the world is the largest recurring event on the planet. Managing such an event is a very complex and tedious task. Governments of countries where such mega events are carried out have to invest sizable national resources to make such events as pleasant, safe and rewarding as possible. Muslims from all over the world with different languages and culture must perform the Islamic pilgrimage, Hajj, to Mecca at least once in their life time. This amounts to about 4-5 million visitors every year to the cities of Makah and Medina in Saudi Arabia. The annual Hajj ritual is performed on an exact specific number of days on the last month of each lunar year. All Hajjis (Hajj observers or pilgrims) must be at the same place and time during the Hajj season. They all move from one site to another throughout the Hajj days. Hajjis normally travel in groups with a group guide, who is in charge of his group and their movement through the whole trip. The groups are hosted and handled locally by government-approved or -appointed Hosting Agencies called Mutawif. In such a massive gathering, where people are walking shoulder by shoulder, the chance is very high that many people divert from their groups and get lost among other groups. Hazard situations may also arise due various reasons such as car accident, overcrowding, human jams, etc.

This can creates an overwhelming situation making it too difficult to locate pilgrims and help them reconnect with their group or Hosting Agency. Therefore an automatic alerting, locating and directing system is needed for safely guiding the Hajjis masses and to ease the entire operation management for the government. Another major concern for the Hajj season is the arrival of all the millions of Hajjis within a span of few days to the Muslim holy land which has been a constant challenge at the airports and other land entries to the country. Airplanes arrive by the minute to the airport carrying hundreds of people who must be processed instantly. Each Hajji‟s entire data profile has to be entered into the on-line master database system and processed at the port of entry. The Hajjis profile data includes the following:

 trip visa information,

 which hosting agency will pick Hajji‟s up at arrival,

 which location address Hajji will be transported to,

 which hosting agency will handle Hajji‟s accommodation,

 Hajji‟s medical record information etc.

An automated system is needed to handle the arrivals processing information and to allow retrieval of such information whenever it is required throughout the Hajj season in real time.

Providing safety, authority control, and guidance to pilgrims are not the only services needed during the Hajj season. There are also other personal service needs for Hajjis such as educational services to alert the Hajjis of what ritual he/she has to perform next and where. Advertisement and directory services are also needed, where Hajjis can find information about shopping other services.

Hajj to Makah is an annual mega event that requires allocating tremendous resources and continuously seeking and developing processes and technologies to enhance the Hajjis experience. A proposal system is needed which is capable of performing the following:

 handle and retrieval of Pilgrims data profiles,

 facilitate Hajjis data processing needs,

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 provide instructional guidance to Pilgrims for all their needs during the Pilgrim season,

 provide advertisements material for shopping, religious sites visits, etc., and

 facilitate Pilgrims arrival to Makah and departure to their countries.

This paper will present a survey of Hajj application and it is organized as follow: section 2 presents the mega pilgrim evens that happens in the world; Section 3 introduces location-based services (LBS); Section 4 presents mobile Smartphone technologies; Section 5 introduces Radio Frequency Identification technology; Section 6 presents some technology applications; Section 7 survey Hajj Applications; Section 8 introduces some of the problems faced by the hajj managers and pilgrims; and section 9 introduces areas of research that are related to Hajj.

II. MEGA PILGR IM EVENTS

Kumbh is the largest pilgrim gathering anywhere in the world [38 and 40]. It takes place every 12 years at the holy rivers in Allahabadin India. There are other smaller Kumbh events such as half or ArdhKumbh organized at different locations in India. Unlike Hajj, Kumbh pilgrims mostly come from within the country and therefore do not require a visa and hence do not furnish information to the Kumbh organizers. The Kumbh pilgrims are required to undergo some immunization before they can enter the Kumbh precinct. Immunization enforcement is very difficult due to huge influx and infiltration of pilgrims. The Kumbh, like the Hajj, also involves many rituals in which dense crowds move simultaneously.

The BadrinathYatra [37] takes place every year involving brisk crowds climbing to the sacred sites in the foothills of Himalayas in India. Like Kumbh, there are no arrangements for collecting data about the pilgrims of BadrinathYatra.

There are many similar crowded religious gatherings at different temples and shrines like those of Vaishno Devi [43] and Kamakhya temple [38].

Crowd management during the intense crowded travel and rituals, as described in the Hajj and Kumbh cases, is a critical issue since many pilgrims go on missing whereas others require urgent medical attention during these mega events. Overcrowding often results in stampedes, not all of which are reported in the press due to safety and political reasons. The occurrence of high traffic, human jams and hazards is frequent during such evens.

The possibility of the spread of communicable viruses such as swine flu, bird flu, HIV, hepatitis is also very high during the pilgrim season. There are security issues as well that needs to be taking care of. In order to provide an effective management framework for such mega events, we need to be realistic as to what is critical, useful, manageable, feasible and economical for large and dense crowd management system.

III. LOCATION BASED SERVICES

Location-based services (LBS) are services that exploit knowledge about where an information device is located. The information device can be used to locate living and nonliving entities. LBS provide geographically-oriented data and information services to users across telecommunication networks [1]. Location can be represented in a variety of ways and depending on the context. LBS can utilize several techniques for knowing where an information device is geographically located. Global Positioning Satellites (GPS), Assisted GPS (AGPS), cell identification (Cell ID), broadband satellite network, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) are examples of technologies that are currently used for Location-based services.

IV. MOBILE SMARTPHONE TECHNOLOGY

Today mobile Smart phones come with built in technologies for Location-based services [2, 3, 4 and 5]. GPS, AGPS, Wi-Fi cards and digital compass are common devices present in today‟s smart phones. LBS technologies on the Smart phones work together in finding exact positions. The GPS on the phone is used to determine the location of the phone and the Wi-Fi or mobile cell phone towers (Cell ID) are used to decrease the search time for the nearest GPS satellite. Today‟s Smartphone comes with context or location aware mobile software applications that utilize location based services [6 and 7]. These software applications have been developed specifically to use the geographical location of the phone to provide various services and facilities. Some of these services include map navigation, locating nearby restaurants and locating friends.

V. RFID TECHNOLOGY

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The objects are identified by a unique identifier or by a more complex ways such as manufacturing history, temperature, or age [8 and 9]. RFID systems consist of four main elements; the RFID tags or transponders, RFID readers, antennas and radio characteristics and a computer network used to connect the readers. The tag is the basic component of the system. Tags can be active, which can have a battery or passive which means the system is completely powered by the incoming RF signal. The readers send RF signals to the tags and listen for responses. The antennas and radios are used to connect the reader and tag so that information can be transferred. The reader then sends information back to a computer which can use it for the task at hand [10, 11 and 12]. RFID tags can be read as long as they are within the range of a reader.

VI. TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS

a. Location Aware Applications on Mobile Phones

They are a lot of location aware mobile applications today. The bulk of them use the AGPS and digital compass on that comes standard on today‟s Smartphone. These applications require Internet connection whether it is Wi-Fi access or a 3GMobiledata connection. Map based applications locate the persons position and along with the digital compass help the person navigate through un-familiar areas. Google Maps is one example of a widely distributed map application [13]. Other applications are used in a social community network to track friends and family members. One such application is Google Latitude. Google„s Latitude is a software-only location solution that allows any mobile device with Wi-Fi, GPS or a cellular radio to determine its position with an accuracy of 10 to 20 meters. In other words, Latitude can use any of the three of signals; Wi-Fi, 2G/3G/4G mobile or GPS satellite that a device can pick up to find out its location. By leveraging these wireless capabilities, the software can combine positioning data from satellites, carrier assistance servers and Wi-Fi base stations to significantly speed up positioning, or TTFF (time to first fix). Latitude can reduce TTFF to few seconds [14]. With Google Latitude, the user is asked if he/she wishes to enable the Latitude service to share it among his/her friends and based on his/her acceptance the phone‟s location is made available to the respective people. The Ushahidi platform is an open source tool to crowd source information using multiple channels, including SMS, email, Twitter and the web. It has been built using PHP. It is based on social reporting. It consists of a web server receiving reports from a mobile Smartphone.

A mobile application runs on the users Smartphone. It allows the user to send messages or reports to the server. The application takes note of the GPS location from the phone and attaches it to the message when sent. These messages belong to custom categories. These messages are then displayed in a map view on the web interface of the server aggregated in circles by category. One can refer to the success stories of this platform in the area of crowd/social reporting from the Ushahidi official website. The website mentions success stories on crisis reporting during natural disasters like earthquakes in Japan [24].

Shaout et al. [36] introduced ALHajj app for iOS which is an interactive guide to Hajj, allowing users to walk through the process of the Hajj to develop a better understanding of the obligations, locations, dates and sequence they need to perform. It covers both pre and post hajj activities. It has a very simple User Interface (UI) and current version of the system has not been tested in a real world scenario. Few other applications exist in the App Store that aims at helping people with their Hajj journey. One such app is Hajj Guide [30].Another similar app is Complete Hajj Guide [31]. This app costs $0.99 as opposed to ALHajj, which is free. Hajj &Umrah [32] is another app that tries to solve the same problem. However this application is a very basic. It is based completely on static text and images. There is no interactivity and it is not well organized. It has a poor user interface that takes some effort to read information being presented to the user. Hajj &Umrah Easy Steps [33] too is a paid app with all static contents that is priced at $0.99.

b. RFID Usage

RFID has been in use for a number of years for applications like military equipment and tracking large shipping containers. The cost has dropped from $2 per tag to just ten cents which widened the scope of its use in recent years [12, 15 and 16].The RFID technology has proven itself to be a viable solution to effectively track large numbers of objects. It is used in -level tracking applications like asset management, retail market stores and libraries. Some examples of RFID usage events are presented as follows:

 The Brazil 2014 world cup had 3.5 million tickets with RFIDs covering 12 different locations [17].

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 The 2008 Olympics in Beijing was the biggest opening with 7 million spectators, all identified with tickets using RFID anti-counterfeit technology [18 and 19]. The chip measures 3mm2 and is 50 microns thick. Developed by Beijing's Tsinghai University, contains the holder's photo, passport number, street address and email address as shown in Figure 1.

 The 2010 World Expo in Shanghai during May to October, where nearly 70 million RFID tags where used again to help identify and trace visitors. The event took place along the banks of the Huangpu River in downtown Shanghai, between the Nanpu and Lupu bridges, an area covering 5.53 square kilometers [19 and 20].

 The railway system in China carries around three billion passengers every year has moved to RFID technology since October 2006 and is using about 125 Million tags a day [21].

Figure 1. Olympics in Beijing ticket 2008.

VII. HAJJ APPLICATION

Mohandes [22] presented a paper on implementing RFIDs for pilgrim identification and tracking during Hajj. The paper mostly exercised the use of RFIDs for pilgrim identification. The paper presented a solution for pilgrim tracking; however it was not fully implemented on a large scale. The same author [44] proposed a prototype RFID-based Pilgrim Identification System. He proved the effectiveness of RFID system in removing bottlenecks compared to the traditional authentication system; however the system needs more investigation especially for improvement of antennas design, selection of readers‟ location, and communication frequency. Yamin et al. [23] mentioned the same possibility of using RFID tags connected to a central database to track people. A solution has been made to outsource the data collection, during Hajj, to pilgrims themselves opening a new horizon for low-cost but detailed documentation of Hajj.

The system is called Hajjdoc [25]. It is based on the Ushahidi platform and has its own custom mobile application with a web server setup through Ushahidi‟s web hosted CrowdMap site [24, 25 and 26]. The web server enables people to see the reports from all Hajjdoc pilgrim application users. These reports show various aspects of the Pilgrims‟ Hajj experience and the facilities provided [25 and 26]. Same author Yamin [35] used RFID tags for identification and sensor devices with the use of database systems. Sensor devices where used to track movements of individuals during the Hajj period. Using various types of scanners such as palm, fingers, and eye-lid, retina and face scanners to correctly identify individuals who are lost or dead in some unfortunate circumstances, Mitchell et al. [34] research looked into the integration of different mobile technologies to serve the purpose of crowd management; people tracking and location based services. They presented a solution to track the movement of pilgrims via RFID technology, a location aware mobile solution. This could be made available to pilgrims with Smart phones to enhance the accuracy and tracking time of the pilgrims and provide them with location based services during Hajj season. They also reported situations [34] where it may arise that a solution using modern and industry-accepted technologies may be required such as medical and emergency related services. For improving Hajj management, F. Abdessemed [45] proposed an integrated solution to the problem of pilgrimage transportation control through tracking shuttle buses from their start position until their destination. The application can identify the particular shuttle bus by the RFID tag which is attached to the bus. Passengers boarding or leaving the bus are identified on the basis of the RFID cards that they have and their finger identification.

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Table1

Hajj Guide Systems Related Papers

No AUTHOR APPROACH ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS TECHNOLOGY

TYPE

1 Mohamed

Mohandes [22]

RFIDs for pilgrim identification and tracking during Hajj.

Presented a solution for pilgrim tracking.

Not fully implemented on large scale.

RFID technology

2 Mohamed

Mohandes [44]

Prototype RFID-based Pilgrim Identification System

Proved the effectiveness of RFID system in removing bottlenecks compared to traditional authentication systems

System needs more investigation, especially for improving the design of the antenna

RFID technology

3 Shaout et al Interactive guide to Hajj. Gives a process to better understand the Hajj rituals and obligations.

The system has not been tested in a real world scenario

Applications on Mobile Phones

4 Yamin [23] RFID tags connected to a central database to track people.

Opening a new horizon for low-cost approaches.

Does not include a detailed documentation of Hajj

RFID technology

5 Yamin [35] Used RFID tags for identification and sensor devices with the use of database systems. .

Track movements of individuals during the Hajj season using various types of scanners such as palm, fingers, and eye-lid, retina and face to correctly identify individuals who are lost or dead in some unfortunate circumstances.

Tested with small group of 1000 pilgrims from.

RFID technology

6 Mitchell et al. [34]

Solution to track the movement of pilgrims via RFID technology.

Enhanced the accuracy and tracking time of the pilgrims.

Limited test cases were reported.

Applications on Mobile Phones

7 F. Abdessemed [45]

Proposed a solution to the problem of pilgrimage transportation control while tracking the shuttle-bus from begin start until destination.

The application identifies a particular bus by the RFID tag fixed on it.

RFID technology

VIII. PROBLEMS FACED BY THE HAJJ MANAGERS AND PILGRIMS

 On arrival, some pilgrims have to wait for several hours at the airport before check in can be completed.

 Due to overcrowding, thousands of pilgrims go missing for days or weeks. Most of the pilgrims do not remember their residence location of. At present, the Hajj managers (Munazzams) provide every pilgrim with a wrist band which has an identification number. The identification number is linked only to some limited data in the Munazzam‟s office. These details are not readily accessible by the police and other government agencies.

 The health requirements for granting a Hajj visa are very basic and needs to be improved.

 Illegal immigrants in Saudi Arabia are a huge problem. There is always a problem of finding accurate details of such illegal migrants and what to do with them once they are caught.

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IX. AREAS OF RESEARCH THAT ARE RELATED TO

HAJJ

Hajj research has a wide scope from management to security. Some of the possible research topics that are related to Hajj are listed below.

A.Pilgrim Health: At the moment, the Saudi authorities provide health facilities for the pilgrims. This makes it difficult for the local population of Mecca and the surrounding regions to get medical help during the Hajj season. Some countries are also bringing their health services for their pilgrims, including medical staff, medical facilities and medicine. Research may look into the possibilities of better organization and management of the Hajj health system, including an option of introducing health insurance for Hajjis and allowing private health organizations to participate in the system.

B.Hajj Communication: With pilgrims coming from a large number of different ethnic backgrounds with hundreds of different languages, research may look into the need for sign language and other means of communication.

C.Hajj Security: At the moment there seem to be no issues with pilgrim and infrastructure security. However, research may look into the details of technological tools, mechanisms and the measures to prevent the occurrence of any mischievous and harmful acts.

D.Hajj Infrastructure: The Saudi government has continuously been improving the Hajj facilities. Research could look into future infrastructure needs, including the needs for expansion of accommodation in Mina, Arafah, and Musdalifah (these places are in Makah area and to be visited by Pilgrims during the Hajj season as part of the rituals).

E.Hajj Travel: Movement in and around Makah is very time consuming. Future research may suggest some better ways of transportation to overcome the long delays and facilitate smooth transition of pilgrims. F.Local Pilgrims: Hundreds of thousands of people

from Mecca and the surrounding regions make up their mind for Hajj at the last moment, often without any intimation to the Hajj organizers. This poses serious difficulties in managing the Hajj. How could these pilgrims be managed in a better way?

G.Personnel location systems: Personnel location systems is currently an interesting research area. There are many systems that were launched recently using different technologies.

A common problem with those systems is the target object accuracy which means that uncertainty exists in these systems. Intelligent mechanisms are required to deduce Hajjis actual location. Fuzzy logic is effective in solving problems with uncertainty. It can simulate human intelligence using rules and fuzzy reasoning to get a conclusion [41].

In this paper we are proposing a fuzzy based solution for a personal location system. Research has shown that personal location problem does have uncertainty inherited elements that needs to be addressed in order to design an efficient system. Fuzzy logic will be used to model those uncertain elements to design an efficient personal location system. We will describe the hardware and software components of the new proposed personal location system. We propose the use of RF-based badges or ZigBee RFDs to detect people‟s locations. We propose dividing the location area into many small grids so that the system can determine information related to the location of Hajjis. The following are some of the information that the proposed system will be able to provide:

 Is the person in a specific grid area?

 Is the person carrying a badge that does not belong to him/her?

 Is the person moving?

 Is the person alone?

 Is the person in the wright location at the wright time?

 How fare is the person from a certain service (ritual site, medical location, food location, etc.)?

 Has the person exceeded his/her stay in a certain Hajj ritual area?

 Has the person of interest violated his/her visa stay? Fuzzy logic could play an important role in designing an efficient personal location system for Hajjis.

X. CONCLUSION

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