C++ Practical File Complete

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(1)c By: Prabhat Kumar c c c. c. c c c c. P P

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(6) c c c c ccc c c c | cÚ ter a y umber. !"|# cHere i this program we declare two variables a d fact. To fi d the factorial of a umber we use data type i.e, u sig ed i t . $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> i t mai . //begi. i g of mai f. { u sig ed i t ,fact;. //variable declaratio. u sig ed i t factorialu sig ed i t;. //fu ctio declaratio. cout<<"PROGRAM TO FIND A FACTORIAL OF ANY NUMBÚR:\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter a y o.=";. //sta dard output. ci >> ;. //sta dard i put. fact=factorial ;. //fu ctio call. cout<<"\ The value of factorial o.="<<fact; retur 0;. //sta dard output //retur type. } u sig ed i t factorialu sig ed i t x. //fu ctio defi atio. { u sig ed i t i,f=1; fori=x;i>=1;i--. //for loop. f=f*i;. //operatio. retur f; }. //variable declaratio. //retur type / /e d of programc. P P

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(9) c By: Prabhat Kumar | c. P P

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(12) c By: Prabhat Kumar | &c|c c

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(14) c c c c'ccc c c | ccÚ ter a y umber. !"|# cHere i this program we declare two variables ͚a,b͛ a d o e fu ctio i.e,cube . To fi d the cube of a umber we use formula i.e,cube=side*side*side . $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. { i t a,b; i t cubei t;. //declaratio of variables //declaratio of fu ctio. cout<<"PROGRAM TO FIND VOLUMÚ OF CUBÚ :\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter a y umber="; ci >>a; b=cubea;. //sta dard output. //sta dard i put //fu ctio call. cout<<"\ After cubi g the result=";. //sta dard output. cout<<b; retur 0;. //retur type. } i t cubei t x. //fu ctio defi atio. { i t y; y=x*x*x;. //declaratio //operatio. retur y; }. //e d of program. c P P

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(17) c By: Prabhat Kumar | c. P P

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(20) c By: Prabhat Kumar | (c|c c

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(22) c c)*c )c c cc+c'c | ccÚ ter the value of a a d b. !"|# ccSwap mea s to i tercha ge the values I this program we declare two variables a a d b. To swap two umbers we take a other temperory variable i.e, z i user defi ed fu ctio . $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> i t mai . //begi. i g of mai f. { i t a,b;. //variable declaratio. void swapi t,i t;. //fu ctio declaratio. cout<<"PROGRAM TO SWAP TWO NO'S USING CALL BY VALUÚ :\ \ "; cout<<"Ú ter the value of a="; ci >>a;. //sta dard output. //sta dard i put. cout<<"Ú ter the value of b="; ci >>b;. //sta dard output. //sta dard i put. cout<<"\ \ Before swappi g the values are\ \ \ta="<<a; //sta dard output cout<<"\ \ \tb="<<b; swapa,b;. //sta dard output //fu ctio call. retur 0;. //retur type. } void swapi t x,i t y. //fu ctio defi atio. { i t z;. //variable declaratio. z=x; x=y; P P

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(25) c By: Prabhat Kumar y=z; cout<<"\ \ After swappi g the values are\ \ \ta="<<x; //sta dard output cout<<"\ \ \tb="<<y; } //e d of program. | . P P

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(28) c By: Prabhat Kumar | ,c|c c

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(30) c c)*c )c c cc+c c | ccÚ ter the value of a a d b. !"|# cRefe e ce mea s address .I this program we declare two variables a a d b. To swap two umbers by call by refere ce we take a other temperory variable i.e, z i user defi ed f. $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. { i t a,b;. //variable declaratio. void swapi t,i t;. //fu ctio declaratio. cout<<"PROGRAM TO SWAP TWO NO'S USING CALL BY RÚFÚRÚNCÚ:\ \ "; cout<<"Ú ter the value of a="; ci >>a;. //sta dard output. //sta dard i put. cout<<"Ú ter the value of b="; ci >>b;. //sta dard output. //sta dard i put. cout<<"\ Before swappi g the result=\ \ \ta="<<a; cout<<"\ \ \tb="<<b; swapa,b; retur 0;. //fu ctio call //retur type. } void swapi tx,i ty. //fu ctio defi atio. { i t z;. //variable declaratio. z=x; x=y; P P

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(33) c By: Prabhat Kumar y=z; cout<<"\ After swappi g the result are:\ \ \ta="<<x; cout<<"\ \ \tb="<<y; }. //e d of program. c | . P P

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(36) c By: Prabhat Kumar | -c|c c

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(38) c c c c *c c c c * cc c c !"|# cI this program we declare variable ͚ ͛a d fu ctio ͚si͛a d apply the formula of simple i terest i.e,S.I=p*r*t/100 i user defi ed f. $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> i t mai . //begi. i g of mai f. { float ;. //variable declaratio. float sifloat, float, float t=5; //fu ctio declaratio cout<<"PROGRAM TO FIND SIMPLÚ INTÚRÚST:"; =si000,7;. //f call. cout<<"\ \ The simple i terest=";. //sta dard output. cout<< ;. //sta dard output. retur 0;. //retur type. } float sifloat x,float y,float z. //formal parameter. { float a; a=x*y*z/100;. //variable declaratio //operatio. retur a; }. //e d of program. c c c c P P

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(44) c By: Prabhat Kumar | .c*c c c c c/c c* c | ccÚ ter a y ame, age a d perce tage. !"|# Structure is a collectio of dissimiliar type of data eleme ts.cI this program the structure ame is stude t .We declare three variable i.e, ame, age a d per .We have to e ter the ame ,age a d per of two stude ts. $ !c %! c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> struct stude t. // ame of the structure. { char ame[0]; i t age; float per; }s1,s; i t mai . //begi. i g of mai f. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO ÚNTÚR THÚ NAMÚ, AGÚ a d PÚRCÚNTAGÚ USING STRUCTURÚ:\ \ "; cout<<"Ú ter the Name age a d per of first perso :"<<e dl; //sta dard output cout<<"Ú ter ame="; ci >>s1. ame;. //sta dard output //sta dard i put. cout<<"\ Ú ter the age="; ci >>s1.age; cout<<"\ Ú ter the per="; ci >>s1.per; cout<<"\ Ú ter the Name age a d per of seco d perso :"<<e dl; cout<<"Ú ter ame=";. P P

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(47) c By: Prabhat Kumar ci >>s. ame; cout<<"\ Ú ter the age="; ci >>s.age; cout<<"\ Ú ter the per="; ci >>s.per; cout<<"\ The ame,age a d per of s1:"; cout<<"\ Name="<<s1. ame<<"\ Age="<<s1.age<<"\ Per="<<s1.per; cout<<"\ The ame,age a d per of s:"; cout<<"\ Name="<<s. ame<<"\ Age="<<s.age<<"\ Per="<<s.per; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program c. | . P P

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(50) c By: Prabhat Kumar | 0c*c c c c * cc c c | ccÚ ter the value of a a d b. !"|# cData abstractio mea s to k ow about the esse tial features by by hidi g the backgrou d details. I this program the class ame is ABC .We declare three variables a,b,c a d member fu ctio s read, process a d show.We have to add two umbers. I mai f we create o e object i.e,͚o1͛ $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class ABC. // ame of class. { i t a,b,c;. //data member. public: void read. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF DATA ABSTRACTION :\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;. //sta dard i put. cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; //sta dard output ci >>b;. //sta dard i put. } void process. //member f. { c=a+b;. //operatio. } void show. //member f. { P P

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(53) c By: Prabhat Kumar cout<<"\ After addi g the result="; cout<<c; } }; i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. { ABC o1;. //creatio of object. o1.read;. //i voke member f. o1.process; o1.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program c. | . P P

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(56) c By: Prabhat Kumar | 1c*c c c c * cc * c | ccÚ ter the value of a a d b. !"|# cData e capsulatio mea s the wrappi g up of data a d fu ctio s i a si gle u itcalled class. I this program the class ame is ABC .We declare three data members a,b,c a d member fu ctio s read, process a d show.We have to add two umbers. I mai f we create o e object i.e,͚o1͛c $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class ABC. // ame of class. { i t a,b,c;. //data member. public: void read. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF DATA ÚNCAPSULATION :\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;. //sta dard i put. cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; //sta dard output ci >>b;. //sta dard i put. } void process. //member f. { c=a+b;. //operatio. } void show. //member f. {. P P

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(59) c By: Prabhat Kumar cout<<"\ After addi g the result="; cout<<c; } }; i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. { ABC o1;. //creatio of object. o1.read;. //i voke member f. o1.process; o1.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. | c. P P

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(62) c By: Prabhat Kumar | 2c*c c c c * ccc c3 c | ccÚ ter a y umber. !"|# cI this program the class ame is ABC .We declare two data members a,b a d member fu ctio s read a d process.We have to show greater betwee two umbers. I mai f we create o e object i.e,͚o1͛c $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class ABC. // ame of class. { i t a,b;. //data member. public: void read. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;. //sta dard i put. cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; //sta dard output ci >>b;. //sta dard i put. } void show. //member f. { Ifa>b. //if loop. { cout<<"a is greater"; } else. P P

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(65) c By: Prabhat Kumar { cout<<"\ b is greater";. //operatio. } } }; i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. { ABC o1,o;. //creatio of object. cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF CLASSÚS AND OBJÚCTS:\ "; o1.read;. //i voke member f. o1.show; o.read; o.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. c c c c c c c c c c. P P

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(68) c By: Prabhat Kumar | c c. c c c. c c P P

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(73) c c c c * cc c3 c | ccÚ ter a y umber. !"|# cI this program the class ame is ABC .We declare data member i.e, ͚ ͛ a d member fu ctio s read a d process.We have to show whether the umber is eve or odd. I mai f we create two objects i.e,͚o1 a d o͛c $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class ABC. // ame of class. { i t ;. //data member. public:. //access level. void read. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"\ Ú ter a y umber="; //sta dard output ci >> ;. //sta dard i put. } void show. //member f. { if ==0. //if loop. { cout<<"\ The umber is eve \ "; } else { cout<<"\ The umber is odd\ ";. }. P P

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(76) c By: Prabhat Kumar } }; i t mai . //begi. i g of mai f. { ABC o1,o;. //creatio of object. cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF CRÚATING OBJÚCTS:\ "; o1.read;. //i voke member f. o1.show; o.read; o.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program c. | c. c P P

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(81) c cc c cc cc c | ccÚ ter a y value of a. !"|# Here class ame is ABC,data members are ab, member fu ctio s are read, process a d show. We have to fi d the square of a umber. c $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class ABC. // ame of class. { i t a,b;. //data member. public: void read. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO ACCÚSS THÚ DATA MÚMBÚR AND MÚMBÚR FUNCTION :\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;. //sta dard i put. } void process. //member f. { b=a*a;. //operatio. } void show. //member f. { cout<<"\ After squari g the result="; cout<<b; } P P

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(84) c By: Prabhat Kumar }; i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. { ABC o1;. //creatio of object. o1.read;. //i voke member f. o1.process; o1.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. c c c c | :. c P P

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(87) c By: Prabhat Kumar | &c|c c

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(89) c c c c * cc+cc3 c | ccÚ ter a y value of five item o͛s a d price. !"|# Array is a collectio of similar type of data eleme ts.I this program the class ame is ͚item͛.We declare data member i.e,item o price a d member fu ctio readshow .We have to show item o.a d price of five items. I mai f we take array of object o1[5].c $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class item. // ame of class. { i t item o;. //data members. float price; public: void readi t i,float p. //member f. { item o=i; price=p; } void show. //member f. { cout<<"item o="<<item o<<"\t"; cout<<"\tprice="<<price<<"\ ";. //sta dard output //sta dard output. } }; i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. {. P P

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(92) c By: Prabhat Kumar i t it o; float pri; item o1[5];. //array of object. cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF ARRAY OF OBJÚCT:\ "; cout<<"The item o a d price of Five items are\ "; fori t i=0;i<5;i++. //for loop. { cout<<i<<":"<<e dl; cout<<"item o="; ci >>it o; cout<<"price="; ci >>pri;. //sta dard i put. o1[i].readit o,pri; } cout<<"\ All the item o a d price of Five items are\ \ "; fori=0;i<5;i++ { o1[i].show; } retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. c c c c. P P

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(100) c cc )c c c cc c3 cc56c c | ccÚ ter a y value of hours a d mi utes. !"|# cHere the class ame is time, data member are hours a d mi utes, member fu ctio s are read show. I this program we have to pass object as argume t i place of values. $ !c %!c c#i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class time. // ame of the class. { i t hours;. //variable declaratio. i t mi utes; public: void readi t h,i t m. //member fu ctio //temporary variable/argume t. { hours=h; mi utes=m; } void show. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"\ Hours="<<hours<<"\t\t"<<"Mi utes="<<mi utes; //sta dard output } void addtime, time;. //f declaratio. }; void time::addtime t1, time t { i t h1,m1; P P

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(103) c By: Prabhat Kumar hours=t1.hours+t.hours; mi utes=t1.mi utes+t.mi utes; h1=mi utes/60; m1=mi utes60; hours=hours+h1; mi utes=m1; } i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. { time t1,t,t3;. //creatio of object. cout<<"PROGRAM TO ADD TWO diff. MINUTÚS HOURS USING OBJÚCT AS F ARGUMÚNT:"; cout<<"\ Before addi g hours a d mi utes are\ "; t1.read5,40;. //i voki g read f. t.read3,50; t3.addt1,t; t1.show;. //i voki g show f. t.show; cout<<"\ \ After addi g hours a d mi utes are\ "; t3.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. c c c c. P P

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(111) c cc )c c c c3 cc56c c | ccÚ ter a y value of hours a d mi utes. !"|# cHere the class ame is dista ce, data members are feet a d i ches, member fu ctio s are read show. I this program we have to pass object as argume t i place of values. $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h>c #i clude<co io.h> class dista ce. // ame of the class. { i t feet;. //variable declaratio. i t i ches; public: void readi t i,i t j. //member fu ctio //temporary variable/argume t. { feet=i; i ches=j; } void show. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"\ Feet="<<feet<<"\tI ches="<<i ches; //sta dard output } void adddista ce,dista ce;. //f declaratio. }; void dista ce::adddista ce d1,dista ce d { i t f1,i c1; P P

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(114) c By: Prabhat Kumar feet=d1.feet+d.feet; i ches=d1.i ches+d.i ches; f1=i ches/1; i c1=feet1; feet=feet+f1; i ches=i c1; } i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. { dista ce d1,d,d3;. //creatio of object. cout<<"PROGRAM TO ADD TWO DISTANCÚS USING OBJÚCT AS F ARGUMÚNT:\ \ "; cout<<"Before addi g feet a d i ches are\ "; d1.read5,11;. //i voki g read f. d.read3,9; d3.addd1,d; d1.show;. //i voki g show f. d.show; cout<<"\ \ After addi g feet a d i ches are\ "; d3.show;. retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. c c c. P P

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(117) c By: Prabhat Kumar | :. c. c P P

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(122) c c c c * cc c c | ccÚ ter a y value of a b. !"|# I li e fu ctio s are used to remove the overheads by pasti g the calculatio i every fu ctio .Here i this program we take abc as class ame ,two access levels private public ,two member f͛s as read show . $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class abc. // ame of class. { i t a,b,c;. //data member. public:. //access level. void read. //member f. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF INLINÚ FUNCTION:\ \ "; cout<<"Ú ter a=";. //sta dard output. ci >>a;. //sta dard i put. cout<<"Ú ter b="; ci >>b; } void show; };. cvoid abc::show. //i li e f. { cout<<"After applyi g i li e fthe values are";. P P

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(125) c By: Prabhat Kumar cout<<"a="<<a<<" a d "<<"b="<<b; } i t mai . //begi i g of mai . { abc o1;. //creatio of object. o1.read;. //i voki g read f. o1.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. c | c c. P P

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(128) c By: Prabhat Kumar | .c|c c

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(130) c c c c ccc567cccc | ccÚ ter a y value of a b. !"|# Here i this program we have to add two umbers. Taki g add as class ame ,two access levels private public ,two member f͛s as read show . $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class add. // ame of class. { i t a,b,c;. //variable declaratio. public: void i put;. //member fu ctio declaratio. void process; void output; }; void add::i put. //member f defi atio. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ DÚFINATION OF MÚMBÚR F'S OF A CLASS:\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;. //sta dard i put. cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; //sta dard output ci >>b;. //sta dard i put. } void add::process. //member f defi atio. { c=a+b;. //operatio. P P

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(133) c By: Prabhat Kumar } void add::output. //member f defi atio. { cout<<"\ After addi g="; cout<<c;. //sta dard output. //sta dard output. } i t mai . //begi. i g of mai . { add a1; a1.i put;. //creatio of object //i voki g M f. a1.process; a1.output; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. | . P P

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(138) c c c c * cc c c | ccÚ ter a y value of a b. !"|# cFrie d fu ctio are used to access the data member.I this program the class ame is ͚abc͛.We declare data member i.e, a b a d member fu ctio read .We have to add two umbers. I mai f we create o e objects i.e,o1.c $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class abc. // ame of class. { i t a,b;. //data member. public:. //access level. void read. //member fu. ctio. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF FRIÚND FUNCTION:\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;. //sta dard i put. cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; //sta dard output ci >>b;. //sta dard i put. } ci t fu cabc;. //frie d fu ctio. }; i t fu cabc o. //fu ctio defi atio. { retur o.a+o.b;. //retur object. }. P P

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(141) c By: Prabhat Kumar. i t mai . //begi. i g of mai . { i t c; abc o1; o1.read; c=fu co1;. //declaratio //creatio of object //i voke M F //fu ctio call. cout<<"\ After addi g the result="; cout<<c; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. | c. c P P

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(146) c c c c * cc . c3 c | ccÚ ter a y two feet a d i ches. !"|# cHere the class ame is dista ce, data members are feet a d i ches, member fu ctio s are read show. I this program we have to pass object as argume t i place of values a d retur i g object. $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class dista ce. // ame of class. { i t feet;. //data member. i t i ches; public: void readi t f, i t i. //member f. { feet=f; i ches=i; } void show. //member f. { cout<<"Feet="<<feet<<"\t"<<"I ches="<<i ches<<e dl; //sta dard output } frie d dista ce sumdista ce,dista ce;. //frie d f. }; dista ce sumdista ce dd1,dista ce dd {. P P

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(149) c By: Prabhat Kumar dista ce dd3; dd3.feet=dd1.feet+dd.feet; dd3.i ches=dd1.i ches+dd.i ches; ifdd3.i ches>=1 { dd3.feet++; dd3.i ches=dd3.i ches-1; } dd3;. //retur i g object. } i t mai . //begi i g of mai . { dista ce d1,d,d3;. //creatio of object. cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF RÚTURNING OBJÚCT:\ "; cout<<"\ Before Addi g feet a d i ches are:\ \ "; d1.read5,9;. //i voki g memberf. d.read3,9; d3=sumd1,d; d1.show; d.show; cout<<"\ After Addi g feet a d i ches are:\ \ "; d3.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. c. P P

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(157) c c c c * cc c c* c !"|# Co structor are special type of member fu ctio s. Co structors are always public. Here the class ame is abc,o e default co structor,o e parameterised co structor we have just to show the values. $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class abc. // ame of class. { i t a,b;. //data member. public:. //access level. abc. //default co structor. { a=4; b=3; } abci t i,i t j. //parameterised co structor. { a=i; b=j; } void show. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"\ The value of a="<<a;. //sta dard output. cout<<"\ The value of b="<<b<<"\ \ "; //sta dard output }. P P

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(160) c By: Prabhat Kumar }; i t mai . //begi. i g of mai f. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMNSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF DÚFAULTPARAMÚTÚRISÚD CONSTRUCTOR:"; abc o1;. //creatio of object. abc o5,15; cout<<"\ \ The values of Default co structor are:\ "; o1.show;. //i voki g member f. cout<<"\ The values of Parameterised Co structor are:\ "; o.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. | c. c. P P

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(163) c By: Prabhat Kumar | &4c|c c

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(165) c c c c * cc !"|# cDestructors are also special type of member fu ctio s. Here the class ame is alpha, Co structor ameis alpha a d destructor ame is ~alpha. $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> i t cou t=0; class alpha. // ame of class. { public: alpha. //co structor. { cou t++;. //i creme t. cout<<"\ Object created:"<<"\ "<<cou t<<"\ ";. //sta dard output. } ~alpha. //destructor. { cout<<"\ Object destroyed:"<<"\ "<<cou t<<"\ "; cou t--;. //sta dard output. //decreme t. } }; i t mai . //begi i g of mai . { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF DÚSTRUCTOR:\ \ "; alpha a1;. //creatio of object. P P

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(168) c By: Prabhat Kumar alpha a; //destructor i voke automatically retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program c. | c c. c. P P

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(171) c By: Prabhat Kumar | &c|cc c c c cc3 c cc*c+c c c cc c c c56c !"|# cStatic member fu ctio s are those fu ctio s which co tai o ly static data members a d static member fu ctio s . Here i this program we have to cou t the o. of objects i a program. $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class x. // ame of class. { i t item o;. //data member. float price; static i t cou t; public: void readi t i,float f. //static data member //access level //member fu ctio. { item o=i; price=f; cou t++; } void show. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"item o="<<item o<<"\t";. //sta dard output. cout<<"price="<<price<<"\ "; } static void display. //static member fu ctio. {. P P

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(174) c By: Prabhat Kumar cout<<cou t; } };. i t x::cou t=0; i t mai . //begi. i g of mai f. { x o1,o,o3;. //creatio of object. cout<<"PROGRAM TO COUNT NO. OF OBJÚCT IN A PROGRAM BY USING D.M. S.M.F:\ "; cout<<"\ The item o a d price are\ \ "; o1.read5,1.5;. //i voki g member fu ctio. o.read7,13.4; o3.read,3.5; o1.show; o.show; o3.show; cout<<"\ \ a d COUNT="; x::display; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of programc. c c c c c. P P

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(177) c By: Prabhat Kumar | :. c. P P

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(180) c By: Prabhat Kumar | &&c|cc c

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(182) c c c c * cc*+c c !"|# cCopy co structor copies values from mai fu ctio to member fu ctio .Here the class ame is abc.I this program we use three co structors o e is default co structor,seco d is parameterised co structor a d third is copy co structor. $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class abc. // ame of class. { i t i,j;. //variable declaratio. public:. //member f. abc. //default co structor. { i=5; j=4; } abci t a, i t b. //parameterised co structor. { i=a; j=b; } abcabcs. //copy co structor. { i=s.i; j=s.j; }. P P

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(185) c By: Prabhat Kumar void display. //member f. { cout<<"\ti="<<i<<"\tj="<<j<<e dl; //sta dard output } }; i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF COPY CONSTRUCTOR:\ "; abc o1;. //creatio of object. abc o5,15; abc o3o;. //abc o3=o;. cout<<"\ The values of Default Co structor are:\ \ "; o1.display; cout<<"\ The values of Parameterised Co structor are:\ \ "; o.display; cout<<"\ The values of Copy Co structor are:\ \ "; o3.display; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. c c c c c c. P P

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(188) c By: Prabhat Kumar | :. c. c P P

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(191) c By: Prabhat Kumar | &(c|cc c

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(193) c c c c * cc c c | ccÚ ter a y two umbers. !"|# cWhe a derived class i herits the features of base class,it is si gle i herita ce. Here we take two classes o e is base a d other is derived class.We have to add two umbers. $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class base. // ame of class. { private: i t a;. //access level //data member. protected: i t b; public: void read. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;. //sta dard i put. } void get { cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; ci >>b; } void show { P P

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(196) c By: Prabhat Kumar cout<<a; } void put { cout<<b; } }; class derive:public base. //derive class. { private: i t d,e; public: void sca { cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of d="; ci >>d; } void add { e=d+b; } void display { cout<<"\ After addi g the result="; cout<<e;. P P

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(199) c By: Prabhat Kumar } }; i t mai . //begi. i g of mai f. { cout<<"PROGRAM OF SINGLÚ INHÚRITANCÚ:\ \ "; derive d1; d1.get;. //creatio of object //i voki g member f. d1.sca ; d1.add; d1.display; retur 0;. //retur type. } c | :. c P P

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(202) c By: Prabhat Kumar | &,c|cc c

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(204) c c c c * cc *c c | ccÚ ter the value of a b. !"|# cWhe a derived class i herits the features of more tha o e base class the it is multiple i herita ce.cHere we take two base classes a d o e derived class. I this program we have to add two umbers. $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class base1. // ame of class. { protected: i t a;. //access level //data member. public: void read. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"\ Ú ter a="; ci >>a;. //sta dard output //sta dard i put. } void show { cout<<a; } }; class base. // ame of class. { protected:. P P

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(207) c By: Prabhat Kumar i t b; public: void get { cout<<"\ Ú ter b="; ci >>b; } void put { cout<<b; } }; class derive:public base1,public base { private: i t c; public: void add { c=a+b; } void pri t { cout<<"\ \ After addi g="; cout<<c;. P P

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(210) c By: Prabhat Kumar } }; i t mai . //begi. i g of mai f. { cout<<"PROGRAM OF MULTIPLÚ INHÚRITANCÚ\ "; derive d1;. //creatio of object. d1.read;. //i voki g member f. d1.get; d1.add; d1.pri t; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program c. | :. c P P

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(213) c By: Prabhat Kumar | &-c|c c

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(215) c c c c * cc 'c c | ccÚ ter the value of a b. !"|# The tra sitive ature of i herita ce is reflected by this form of i herita ce. Whe a subclass i herits from a class that itself i herits from a other class, it is k ow as multilevel i herita ce. $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class stude t. // ame of class. { protected:. //access level. i t roll o;. //data member. char ame[0]; public: void read. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"Roll o="; ci >>roll o;. //sta dard output //sta dard i put. cout<<"Name="; ci >> ame; } void show { cout<<"The roll o="<<roll o<<"\t"; cout<<"The ame="<< ame; } }; P P

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(218) c By: Prabhat Kumar class stude t_details:public stude t { protected: i t marks[3]; public: void read { stude t::read; cout<<"Marks[0]="; ci >>marks[0]; cout<<"Marks[1]="; ci >>marks[1]; cout<<"Marks[]="; ci >>marks[]; } void show { stude t::show; cout<<marks[0]<<marks[1]<<marks[]; } }; class stude t_total:public stude t_details { private: i t total;. P P

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(221) c By: Prabhat Kumar public: void read { stude t_total::read; } void cal { total=marks[0]+marks[1]+marks[]; } void show { stude t_details::show; cout<<"Total="; cout<<total; } }; i t mai . //begi. i g of mai f. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF MULTILÚVÚL INHÚRITANCÚ:\ "; stude t_total t1;. //creatio of object. t1.read; t1.cal; t1.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. P P

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(224) c By: Prabhat Kumar. | c c. P P

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(227) c By: Prabhat Kumar | &.c|c c

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(229) c c c c * cc c c | ccÚ ter a y roll o., ame a d three subject͛s marks. !"|# cWhe ma y subclasses i herit from a si gle base class, it is k ow as hirarchical i herita ce. $ !c %!cc #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class stud_basic. //NAMÚ OF CLASS. { private:. //ACCÚSS LÚVÚL. char ame[0];. //DATA MÚMBÚR. i t roll o; public: void read. //MÚMBÚR FUNCTION. { cout<<"\ Ú ter roll o="; ci >>roll o;. //STANDARD OUTPUT. //STANDARD INPUT. cout<<"Ú ter ur ame="; ci >> ame; } void show { cout<<"Roll o="<<roll o<<e dl<<"Name="<< ame; } }; class stud_marks:public stud_basic P P

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(232) c By: Prabhat Kumar { private: float marks[30],marks_obt; float per; public: void i put { stud_basic::read; cout<<"Ú ter three differe t marks:"<<e dl; cout<<"Marks[0]="; ci >>marks[0]; cout<<"Marks[1]="; ci >>marks[1]; cout<<"Marks[]="; ci >>marks[]; } void display { stud_basic::show; cout<<"\ Differe t marks are"<<e dl; cout<<"Marks1="<<marks[0]<<e dl<<"Marks="<<marks[1]<<e dl<<"Marks3="<<marks[]; cout<<"\ Marks_obt ="<<marks_obt<<e dl; cout<<"Perce tage="<<per; } void cal. P P

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(235) c By: Prabhat Kumar { marks_obt=marks[0]+marks[1]+marks[]; per=floatmarks_obt/300*100; } }; class stud_fit ess:public stud_basic { private: float height,weight; public: void read { stud_basic::read; cout<<"Ú ter height a d weight:"<<e dl; cout<<"Height="; ci >>height; cout<<"Weight="; ci >>weight; } void show { stud_basic::show; cout<<"\ Height a d weight are:"<<e dl; cout<<"Height="<<height<<"\t"<<"Weight="<<weight; }. P P

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(238) c By: Prabhat Kumar }; void mai . //BÚGINNING OF MAIN F. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF HIRÚRACHICAL INHÚRITANCÚ:"; stud_marks s1; s1.i put;. //CRÚATION OF OBJÚCT //INVOKING MÚMBÚR FUNCTION. s1.cal; s1.display; stud_fit ess f1; f1.read; f1.show; }. //RÚTURN TYPÚ. c c | :. c P P

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(243) c c c c * cc+ c c !"|# cWhe a derived class i herits the features from multiple base classes which agai i herits the featurs of a si gle base class the it is k ow as hybrid i herita ce.Here we take four classes ,i this program we have to fi d the perce tage of all the marks obtai ed. $ !c %!cc #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class stud_basic. // ame of class. { private: char ame[0];. //access level //data member. i t roll o; public: void read. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"Ú ter roll o="; ci >>roll o;. //sta dard output //sta dard i put. cout<<"Ú ter ame="; ci >> ame; } void show { cout<<"The roll o="<<roll o<<"\t"; cout<<"The ame="<< ame; } };. P P

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(246) c By: Prabhat Kumar class stud_acd_marks:public stud_basic { protected: float marks[3]; public: void read { stud_basic::read;. //call read of base. cout<<"Marks1="<<e dl; ci >>marks[0]; cout<<"Marks="<<e dl; ci >>marks[1]; cout<<"Marks3="<<e dl; ci >>marks[]; } void show { stud_basic::show;. //call show of base. //cout<<marks[0]<<e dl; //cout<<marks[1]<<e dl; //cout<<marks[]<<e dl; } }; class sports {. P P

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(249) c By: Prabhat Kumar protected: float score; public: void read { cout<<"Score="<<e dl; ci >>score; } void show { //cout<<score; } }; class stud_res:public stud_acd_marks,public sports { private: float marks_obt; float per; public: void cal { marks_obt=marks[0]+marks[1]+marks[]+score; per=marks_obt/400*100; } void show. P P

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(252) c By: Prabhat Kumar { stud_acd_marks::show; sports::show; cout<<e dl<<"Marks_obt="<<marks_obt<<e dl<<"Per="<<per<<e dl; } }; i t mai . //begi. i g of mai f. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF HYBRID INHÚRITANCÚ\ \ "; stud_res s1;. //creatio of object. s1.stud_acd_marks::read; s1.sports::read; s1.cal; s1.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. c c c c c c c c c. P P

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(255) c By: Prabhat Kumar c | :. c. P P

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(258) c By: Prabhat Kumar | &1c|cc c

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(260) c c c c * cc +c* c' c !"|# cLet us co sider the u ary plus operator. A plus operator whe used as a u ary,takes just o e opera d. The give program shows how the u ary plus operator is overloaded. $ !c %! c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class abc. // ame of class. { i t cou t; public:. //declaratio //access level. abc { cou t=0; } void show. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"\ \ \tThe cou t=";. //sta dard output. cout<<cou t; } void operator++ { cou t=cou t+1; } };. i t mai P P

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(263) c By: Prabhat Kumar { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF UNARY OPÚRTATOR OVÚRLOADING:"; abc o1; ++o1;. //u ary overloadi g. o1.show; retur 0; }. //i voki g member f //retur type //e d of program. c | c c. P P

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(268) c c c c * cc +c* c' c | ccÚ ter a y values of hours a d mi utes. !"|# cOperator overloadi g mea s to do additio al job to a operator a special fu ctio with that operator called as operator overloadi g. The same mecha ism of u ary operator ca be used to overload a bi ary operator.The f otatio c=suma,b;ca be replaced by a atural looki g expressio c=a+b; $ !c %! #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> class time. // ame of class. { i t hours;. //data member. i t mi utes; public:. //access level. void read. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"Ú ter hours="; ci >>hours;. //sta dard output //sta dard i put. cout<<"Ú ter mi utes="; ci >>mi utes; } void show. //member fu ctio. { cout<<"After addi g hours a d mi utes :\ hours="<<hours;. //sta dard output. cout<<"\tmi utes="<<mi utes; } time operator+time tt P P

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(271) c By: Prabhat Kumar { time tt3; tt3.hours=hours+tt.hours; tt3.mi utes=mi utes+tt.mi utes; iftt3.mi utes>=60 { tt3.hours++; tt3.mi utes=tt3.mi utes-60; } retur tt3; } }; i t mai { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF BINARY OPÚRATOR OVÚRLOADING:\ \ "; time t1,t,t3; t1.read;. //creatio of object //i voki g member f. t.read; t3=t1+t;. //operator overloadi g. t3.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of programc. c c c. P P

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(274) c By: Prabhat Kumar | c c. c. c c P P

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(279) c c c c * cc c' c | ccÚ ter a y value of a,b,c,g,h. !8* Overloadi g refers to the use of same thi g for differe t purposes. C++ also permits overloadi g of fu ctio s. This mea s that we ca use the same fu ctio ame to create fu ctio s that perform a variety of differe t tasks, usi g the co cept of fu ctio overloadi g. For e.g: I this program a overloaded add fu ctio ha dles differe t types of data as show below: $c c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> i t mai . //begi. i g of mai. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMOSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF FUNCTION OVÚRLOADING:\ "; i t addi t,i t;. //fu ctio declaratio. i t addi t; float addfloat,float; i t addi t,i t,i t; i t a,b,c,d,e,f;. //variable declaratio. float g,h,i; cout<<"Ú ter the value of a="; ci >>a;. //sta dard output. //sta dard i put. cout<<"Ú ter the value of b="; ci >>b; cout<<"Ú ter the value of c="; ci >>c; cout<<"Ú ter the value of g="; ci >>g; cout<<"Ú ter the value of h="; P P

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(282) c By: Prabhat Kumar ci >>h; d=adda;. //fu ctio call. e=adda,b; f=adda,b,c; i=addg,h; cout<<"After addi g the results are:::::::\ "<<e dl; cout<<"Fu ctio with o e argume t"<<e dl<<"I put"<<e dl<<"a="<<a<<e dl<<"Result="<<d<<e dl; cout<<"Fu ctio with two argume t result="<<e dl<<"I put"<<e dl<<"a="<<a<<",b="<<b<<e dl<<"Result="<<e<<e dl; cout<<"Fu ctio with three argume t result="<<e dl<<"I put"<<e dl<<"a="<<a<<",b="<<b<<",c="<<c<<e dl<<"Result="<<f<<e dl; cout<<"Fu ctio with two floati g argume t result="<<e dl<<"I put"<<e dl<<"g="<<g<<",h="<<h<<e dl<<"Result="<<i; retur 0;. //retur type. } i t addi t x. //fu ctio defi itio. { i t y; y=x+x; retur y; } i t addi t x,i t y { i t z; z=x+y; retur z; } P P

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(285) c By: Prabhat Kumar i t addi t p,i t q,i t r { i t s; s=p+q+r; retur s; } float addfloat m,float { float o; o=m+ ; retur o; }. | c. P P

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(290) c c c c * cc' c567c !"|# How we do achieve polymorphism? It is achieved usi g what is k ow as virtual fu ctio s. Whe we use the same f ame i both the basederived classes, the f i base class is declared as virtual usi g the keyword virtual precedi g its ormal declaratio . $ !c %!c #i clude<co io.h> class base. // ame of class. { public: void display. //access level //member fu ctio. { cout<<"\ Display base"<<"\ \ ";. //sta dard output. } virtual void show. //virtual fu ctio. { cout<<"Show base"<<"\ \ "; } }; class derive:public base. //derive class. { public:. //access level. void display { cout<<"Display derive"<<"\ \ "; } void show. P P

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(293) c By: Prabhat Kumar { cout<<"Show derive"; } }; i t mai . //begi. i g of mai. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF VIRTUAL FUNCTION:\ "; base b;. //creatio of object. derive d; base *bptr; bptr=b; bptr->display; bptr->show; bptr=d; bptr->display; bptr->show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of programcc. c c c c c c c. P P

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(296) c By: Prabhat Kumar | : c. c. c P P

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(299) c By: Prabhat Kumar | (&c|c c

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(301) c c c c * cc * c !"|# cTemplates is a ew co cept which e able us to defi e ge eric programmi g. Ge eric programmi g is a approach where ge eric types are used as parameters i algorithms so that they work for a variety of suitable data types a d data structure. $ !c %!cc #i clude<iostream.h> template<class t1,class t> class test. // ame of class. { t1 a; t b; public:. //access level. testt1 x,t y { a=x; b=y; } void show. //member f. { cout<<"\ \ The values are="; cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<e dl;. //sta dard output //sta dard output. } };. P P

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(304) c By: Prabhat Kumar i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF TÚMPLATÚS:\ "; test<float,i t>t11.95,7; test<float,char>t3.14,'a'; test<i t,float>t37,9.5; t1.show; t.show; t3.show; retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program c. | :. c P P

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(307) c By: Prabhat Kumar | ((c|cc c

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(309) c c c c * cc c c c | ccÚ ter ur ame a d roll o. !"|# cFiles are used to store the output of program. $ !c %!c #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<fstream.h> i t mai . //begi i g of mai f. { char ame[0];. //variable declaratio. i t roll o; cout<<"PROGRAM OF FILÚS a d STRÚAMS\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter ur ame="; ci >> ame;. //sta dard output //sta dard i put. cout<<"\ Ú ter ur roll o="; ci >>roll o; ofstream out"stude t"; out<< ame<<"\ "; out<<roll o; out.close; ifstream i "stude t"; i >> ame; i >>roll o; i .close; cout<<"\ Name="<< ame<<"\t"; cout<<"a d\t Roll o="<<roll o;. //sta dard output //sta dard output. P P

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(312) c By: Prabhat Kumar retur 0; }. //retur type //e d of program. c c | :. c. P P

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(315) c By: Prabhat Kumar | (,c|c c

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(317) c c c c * cc c c* c | ccÚ ter ur ame. !"|# cThe fu ctio s get a d put are member fu ctio s of the file stream class fstream.get is used to read a si gle character from the file.put is used to write a si gle character to the output file. $ !c %!cc #i clude<iostream.h> #i clude<co io.h> i t mai . //begi. i g of mai fu ctio. { char a[0];. //variable declaratio. cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF GÚT AND PUT:\ "; cout<<"e ter ur ame=";. //sta dard output. ci .geta,0; cout.writea,0; retur 0; }. //cout<<͟The ame=͟<<a; //retur type //e d of programc. cc c c c c c c c c c P P

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