Current developments and challenges in the field of biofuels

(1)

Current developments and challenges in the field of biofuels

Kati Görsch, Franziska Müller-Langer, Kathleen Meisel, Jörg Schröder, Markus Millinger

(2)

2

1.

DBFZ in a nutshell

2.

Status and characteristics of biofuel technologies

3.

Exemplary scenarios for biofuels in Germany

4.

Ongoing initiatives

5.

R&D&D&I requirements

6.

Conclusion

(3)

3

DBFZ in a nutshell

 Founded in 2008 a non profit research company

 More than 200 personal working in the field of smart bioenergy

 Total revenue in 2018 about 28.4 MEUR,

thereof: 7.3 MEUR third-party funding revenue; 20.6 MEUR capital investments and new building, 7.8 MEUR personnel and equipment costs

 Besides R&D contract research and science-based services

(4)

4

DBFZ in a nutshell

Hydrothermal processes Separation technologies and process design

Gasification and synthesis gas

processes

Motor fuels and engines

(5)

5

DBFZ scienists in the IEA Bioenergy

• Task 37 - Energy from Biogas

• Task 39 - Commercializing Conventional & Advanced Liquid Biofuels from Biomass

• Task 40 - Sustainable International Bioenergy Trade / Task 40: Deployment of biobased value chains

• Task 41 - different projects

• Task 44 - Flexible bioenergy and system integration

• Task 45 - Climate and sustainability effects of bioenergy within the broader bioeconomy

DBFZ scientists in national and international committees for regulation and standardization DBFZ scientists in national and international advisory boards and scientific committees

DBFZ in a nutshell

(6)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 RS 2DS B2DS RS RS PtL 95 PtG L95 eDrive L95 IEA 2017 EC 2016 dena 2017

Development of energy consumption in transport Scenarios for 2050

G H G em is si o n s in tra n sp o rt (i n cl . a vi at io n , ex cl . i n t. sh ip p in g) in mi lli o n to n s C O2 -eq . En erg y co n su mp ti o n in th e EU in P J/ a Electricity Hydrogen

Synthetic and biofuels Biofuels Fossil fuels LPG CNG/LNG Biobased diesel Biobased gasoline Ship gasoline Ship residual fuel oil Ship diesel/gas oil Aviation kerosene Rail electricity Rail gas/diesel oil Road diesel Road gasoline GHG emissions EU: -60% GHG (acc. PA -95% ) by 2050 ct 1990 6

Status and characteristics of biofuel technologies

EU | Energy & GHG in transport

©DBFZ 09/2019

Data base: European Environment Agency 2018; IEA 2017, EC 2016, dena 2017, Wietschel et al 2018

(7)

7

Exemplary scenarios for biofuels in Germany

RED II target | Most relevant fuel options

Red II frame scenario modelling:

 mainly based on GHG mitigation costs

 considering feedstock potentials, fuel blend walls, gas market 3%

 E-mob about 6 million vehicles Key results:

 advanced fuels share only covered by biomethane from biowaste >> requires strong increase of gas as fuel

 domestic ethanol if no import increase of sugar cane ethanol

 decreasing shares on UCOME and phase out of PME

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Fue l Q ua nti ti es in the G H G quo ta in PJ Base case E-Mob PalmHVO TME UCOME RME PME BeetEtOH CaneEtOH StarchEtOH WasteCH4 MaizeCH4

(8)

8

Exemplary scenarios for biofuels in Germany

Climate target | Most relevant fuel options

Frame scenario modelling:

 RED II frame but climate target

 mainly based on GHG mitigation costs

 considering blend walls

 E-mob about 10 million vehicles Key results

 All fuel options, a significant

decrease in energy consumption and a high GHG quota are required

 Capacities of advanced biofuels and PTx have to built up asap

 Share on RE 41% in 2030 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Fue l Q uati ti es in iG H G quo ta in PJ

Climate protection scenario

E-Mob PtL BTL RapeHVO UCO-HVO PalmHVO TME UCOME RME PME BioMeOH StrawEtOH BeetEtOH CaneEtOH StarchEtOH LWasteCH4 LPG BioH2 PTG-H2 WasteCH4

(9)

9

Status and characteristics of biofuel technologies

Technical routes and synergies

Conversion / Intermediate storage / Logistics Products / Further processing

Renewable resources / energy carrier Su sta in ab le b io m as s Energy crops

(oil, sugar, starch,

lignocellulose)

Residues and waste

(wood, straw, manure,

biowaste, UCO, fats,

industrial residues) Algae (micro-/macro algae) Re n ew ab le e le ctr ic ity _Wind

Solar chemical

Electro-conversion

(electrolysis)

Synthetic fuels

(e.g. B/PTL, B/PTG)

SynBioPTx © DBFZ 01/2019 (w/o entitlement of completeness)

B/PTG – Biomass-/Power-to-Gas, B/PTL – Biomass-/Power-to-Liquids, DDGS - Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles, FAME – Fatty acid methyl ester, HVO / HEFA - hydrotreated vegetable oils / esters and fatty acids, UCO – used cooling oil

Water / Geothermal

Physico-chemical conversion

(oil mills, refining, trans-/

esterification) Thermo-chemical conversion (pyrolysis, torrefaction, gasification, hydrothermal processes) Methane / hydrogen (biomethane, PTG) Synthetic chemicals / intermediates

(e.g. methanol, alkenes, naphtha)

Basic chemicals / intermediates

(e.g. glycerol, fatty acids, carbon

acids, aromates)

Food / fodder

(e.g. extraction meal, DDGS,

gluten) Biodiesel (FAME) Bioethanol HVO / HEFA CO2 CO2 CO2 H2 H2 Syntheses (e.g. methanation, Fischer-Tropsch, methanol, alkenes) Product treatment (e.g. cleaning, conditioning, hydrotreating, hydrocracking, isomerisation destillation) Bio-chemical conversion (alcoholic fermentation, anaerobic digestion) O2 H2

(10)

Abbrv. see slide before, DE – Germany, D/OME – Dimethyl-/Oxymethylethers, FT – Fischer-Tropsch, s.a. – see above, HTL – hydrothermal processed fuels, SNG – synthetic natural gas

a_{PTx not specifically defined in REDII, but addressed in DE 37.BImSchV,}b_{according to technology readiness level (TRL) of the European Commission, fuel readiness level (FRL) according CAAFI,}

c_{DBFZ Report 11, 2019 & https://demoplants.bioenergy2020.eu/} 10

Status and characteristics of biofuel technologies

Technology availability

Option Feedstock according_{RED II Annex IX and others}a TRL/FRLb Capacity (production) _{EU in PJ/a}c Development perspectives within RED II

Conventional biofuels Consumption DE 2018c_{: 113 PJ (of which 30% based on residues)}

Bioethanol Sugar cane/beet, corn, grain 9 166 (115) Stillage for biogas and/or bio-CO2

Biodiesel (FAME) Vegetable oils, UCO, animal fats 9 786 (356) Use of UCO

HVO/HEFA Same like FAME 9 172 (97) Use of UCO and feedstocks for advanced fuels

Advanced fuels and PTx Consumption DE 2017/2018c_{: 1,6 PJ}

Bioethanol Lignocellulosic, e.g. straw 7 - 9 6 s.a., competivness to conventional ethanol HVO/HEFA

(or hydrotreated fuels) Biocrude oil, like tall oil, algae oil, HTL 8 for tall oil3-4 for others 7 PT-H2for hydroprocessing

Biomethane / Biogas Manure, maize, biowaste, stillage 9 44 bio-CO2for SynBioPTx/advanced fuels

BTG (SNG) Lignocellulosic (wood, straw) 6 - 7 0.01 PT-H2integration, synthesis

BTL (FT, Methanol, D/OME) Like BTG, also waste streams 3 - 5 0.003 PT-H2integration, synthesis

PTG (H2, SNG) electricity, CO2 8 - 9 0.33 Use of bio-CO2, synthesis

PTL (same like BTL) electricity, CO₂ TRL 8-9 components,

(11)

Transport and climate change

Alternative drive technologies and fuels for sustainable

mobility

Digitalisation in the mobility sector

Securing Germany as a place for mobility, production, primary

materials and recycling

Connection mobility and energy networks,

sector integration Standardisation, certification and accreditation 7

Ongoing initiatives

National platform future of mobility

Targets:



Development of intermodal and interconnected solutions for a largely greenhouse gas-neutral and environmentally friendly transport system



Ensuring a competitive automotive industry and promoting the employment location of Germany



Enable efficient, high quality, flexible, secure and affordable mobility



Clarification of facts on complex topics with relevant stakeholders

>> based on the results recommendations for action in politics, business and society

Further information: https://www.plattform-zukunft-mobilitaet.de/

(12)

12

Ongoing initiatives

ProcessNet working group and position paper

Further information: https://processnet.org/en/Publications/Topics+of+Strategic+Relevance/_/PP_Alt.Brennstoffe%202018_engl_ezl.pdf Advanced alternative liquid fuels

Targets



Extended resource basis: biomass,

organic residues and waste, carbon dioxide



Co-processing



Synergies (e.g. renewable hydrogen supply)



Integration into biorefineries

(13)

13



Efficient provision of biomass-based fuels through

•

development of additional biomass potentials

•

development of new biofuels

•

new plant concepts and upscaling



Use of synergies during the biofuel production



Research to biofuels in selected applications

R&D&D&I requirements

DE | Bioenergy network expert recommendations

Source: „Expertenempfehlungen aus den Arbeitsgruppen für den Konsultationsprozess zum 7. Energieforschungsprogramm“ from 11/2017 (in particular AG 3 – bioenergie and integration in the traffic sector: https://www.energetische-biomassenutzung.de/fileadmin/media/4_AGs_Methoden/2017_Expertenempfehlungen_Forschungsnetzwerk_Bioenergie.pdf)

(14)

14



Identification, quantification and characterization of additional

biomass potentials (e.g. production residues)



Expansion of the range of the raw materials by new technologies



Development of biofuels with advanced combustion properties



Energy efficient product separation and purification

R&D&D&I requirements

Additional biomass potentials and new biofuels

(15)

15



Enhancement of efficiency of plant concepts, including

separation and commercialization of valuable products and by-products



Application oriented operation in pilot or demonstration scale, including process simulation



Production of new biofuels in sufficient amounts for certification and application tests



Concept evaluation and system analysis concerning sustainability criteria for market implementation

R&D&D&I requirements

New plant concepts and upscaling

(16)

16



Improvement of synergies between material use and

production of foodstuff, animal feed and fuels



Development of concepts for sector coupling and integration, e.g.

•

electrochemical processes for biomass conversion

•

production of fuels from biomass and biogenic CO₂with electric power



Integrated conversion of carbon dioxide from other biomethane and bioethanol production

R&D&D&I requirements

Use of synergies during the biofuel production

(17)

17



Development and analysis of biofuel applications to non road

mobile machinery



Investigation of implementation options of pure biofuels, fuels with higher amounts of added biofuels and multiblends, e.g.



Storage properties



Motor and material compatibility



Emissions



Preparation of the national and international acceptance as suitable fuel

R&D&D&I requirements

Research to biofuels in selected applications

(18)

18

ETIP | Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda 2018

Source: „STRATEGIC RESEARCH AND INNOVATION AGENDA 2018“ von 2018 unter http://www.etipbioenergy.eu/images/ETIP_SRIA_2018.pdf



Technical challenges for all value chains:

feedstock flexibility, energy and carbon efficiency, reliability & maintenance, capex efficiency



Thermochemical pathways: feeders, gas cleaning, catalysts, biofeedstock compatible materials and technologies, able to process a wide range of biomass qualities, handling/stability of bio-oil, materials, specifications of intermediates



Biochemical Pathways: preparation of feedstocks, enzymes, microorganisms, catalyst performance, bioprocessing, selection of strains, process

design, water treatment, scale up

(19)

19

Bioeconomy | Building block of a post-fossil economy

Source: https://ec.europa.eu/research/bioeconomy/pdf/ec_bioeconomy_strategy_2018.pdf

Five targets >> main action areas:



strengthen and scale-up the bio-based sectors, unlock investments and markets



deploy local bioeconomies rapidly across Europe



understand the ecological boundaries of the bioeconomy

(20)

20

Conclusion

 Big gaps and thus challenges resulting from recent developments and binding targets

>> for reaching future targets many different sustainable renewable fuels possible and potentially competitive

 Climate target frame requires all options and start-up of advanced biofuels and renewable PTX fuels asap >> not only R&D >> R&D&D&I important

 Challenges:

>> advanced fuel availability >> establishing market competition of educts/products

(21)

DBFZ Deutsches

Biomasseforschungszentrum

gemeinnützige GmbH

Torgauer Straße 116

D-04347 Leipzig

Phone: +49 (0)341 2434-112

E-Mail: [email protected]

www.dbfz.de

Smart Bioenergy – Innovations for a sustainable future

Contact person

Dr.-Ing. Kati Görsch

Phone: +49 (0)341 2434-329

E-Mail: [email protected]

ion: https://www.plattform-zukunft-mobilitaet.de/

: https://processnet.org/en/Publications/Topics+of+Strategic+Relevance/_/PP_Alt.Brennstoffe%202018_engl_ezl.pdf