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(2) PREFACE This book is designed as a simple guide book for the first year students studying at Del Polytechnic of Informatics. This is the first two guide books provided to support the ‘Fundamental English’ course in the first year. This Fundamental course becomes a prerequisite for attending the ‘English for IT’ course in the second year. The materials given are chosen based on their prominent use that meets students’ need for IT courses. This guide book is easy to read and understand and is neatly arranged. Providing this guide book with its colorful writing and well positioned will help students learn easily since it is a simplified collection of four level of English Headway books: Elementary, Pre-Intermediate, Intermediate, and Upper-Intermediate. All materials presented cover the four English skills: listening, reading, writing and speaking, and provide sufficient explanation on grammar. The exercises provided after each module is worth enough to measure students’ achievement after an accomplishment of a module. There are two main reasons for creating this guide book; firstly, it is because the first year students are prepared to take an English IT course given in the second year. And secondly it is because of the students’ different background. The background mentioned referred to the students’ previous different high schools and experience in taking English course. By the availability of this simple colorful guide book, students are expected to see English as an easy and interesting course which will result in their high performance in English.. Sitoluama, 2006. -i-.

(3) TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE........................................................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. ii MODULE 1 PRESENT SIMPLE.................................................................................... 1 I. GRAMMAR............................................................................................................ 1 II. LISTENING ............................................................................................................ 5 III. SPEAKING & READING COMPREHENSION................................................... 5 IV. WRITING .............................................................................................................. 6 V. EXERCISES.......................................................................................................... 7 MODULE 2 PAST SIMPLE ............................................................................................ 9 I. GRAMMAR............................................................................................................ 9 II. LISTENING .......................................................................................................... 14 III. SPEAKING........................................................................................................... 14 IV. READING COMPREHENSION ......................................................................... 15 V. WRITING............................................................................................................. 16 VI. EXERCISES ....................................................................................................... 16 MODULE 3 PRESENT CONTINUOUS (FUTURE ARRANGEMENT)................. 17 I. GRAMMAR ........................................................................................................ 17 II. LISTENING & READING COMPREHENSION ................................................ 22 III. SPEAKING & WRITING.................................................................................... 22 IV. EXERCISES ....................................................................................................... 23 MODULE 4 PRESENT PERFECT .............................................................................. 24 I. GRAMMAR.......................................................................................................... 24 II. LISTENING .......................................................................................................... 28 III. SPEAKING........................................................................................................... 28 IV. READING COMPREHENSION ......................................................................... 28 V. WRITING............................................................................................................. 29 VI. EXERCISES ....................................................................................................... 31 MODULE 5 PAST CONTINUOUS .............................................................................. 32 I. GRAMMAR.......................................................................................................... 32 II. LISTENING .......................................................................................................... 36 III. SPEAKING.......................................................................................................... 36 IV. READING COMPREHENSION ...................................................................... 37 V. WRITING............................................................................................................ 38 VI. EXERCISES ....................................................................................................... 38 MODULE 6 SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL – GOING TO) & FIRST CONDITIONAL – ZERO CONDITIONAL .............................................................................................. 40 I. GRAMMAR.......................................................................................................... 40 II. LISTENING .......................................................................................................... 49 III. READING COMPREHENSION......................................................................... 50. - ii -.

(4) IV. SPEAKING........................................................................................................... 50 V. WRITING............................................................................................................. 50 VI. EXERCISES ....................................................................................................... 52 MODULE 7 PAST FUTURE + SECOND CONDITIONAL...................................... 54 I. GRAMMAR.......................................................................................................... 54 II. SPEAKING & WRITING..................................................................................... 59 III. LISTENING ......................................................................................................... 59 IV. READING COMPREHENSION ......................................................................... 60 V. EXERCISES........................................................................................................ 61 MODULE 8 PASSIVE VOICE ..................................................................................... 63 I. GRAMMAR.......................................................................................................... 63 II. LISTENING & SPEAKING.................................................................................. 67 III. READING COMPREHENSION......................................................................... 68 IV. WRITING ............................................................................................................ 68 V. EXERCISES........................................................................................................ 69 REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 71. - iii -.

(5) MODULE 1 PRESENT SIMPLE I.. GRAMMAR A. THE FORM GENERAL FORM Singular/Plural Singular. Plural. Subject. first second third third third first second third. I You He She It We You They. Aux. V Do Does do do does does does do do do. 1. Positive: S + V-inf. + C Note: S : Subject V-inf. : Verb infinitive; for third person singulars added with “s” or “es” C : Complement Subject I You He She It We You They. V-inf. sit sit sits sits sits sit sit sit. C on the floor on the floor on the floor on the floor on the floor on the floor on the floor on the floor. -1-.

(6) 2. Negative: S + Aux. V + not + V-inf. + C Note: S : Subject Aux.V : Auxiliary Verb (do/does) V-inf. : Verb infinitive, same for all persons C : Complement Subject I You He She It We You They. Aux.V + not do not (don’t) do not does not(doesn’t) does not does not do not do not do not. 3. Interrogative: Note: S Wh.quest. Aux.V Vinf. C Wh.quest.. does. do. Example:. C on the floor on the floor on the floor on the floor on the floor on the floor on the floor on the floor. Wh.quest.+ Aux. V + S + V-inf. + C? : Subject : Wh-questions (Where, what, etc) : Auxiliary Verb (do/does) : Verb infinitive; same for all persons : Complement. Aux.V do. What. V-inf. sit sit sit sit sit sit sit sit. Subject I you he she it we you they. V-inf.. C?. need. to go to the party?. 1. What do I need to go to the party? Answer: You need to be well dressed and enough money.. -2-.

(7) 4. Short Answer Question form for short answer Aux. Verb Do. Subject I you he she it we you they. Does. Do. Yes/No. Yes. No. Example:. V–inf.. C?. work. in an office?. Subject I you he she it we you they I you he she it we you they. Aux.Verb do does. do. don’t doesn’t. don’t. 1. Do you work at the office? (+) Yes, I do. (-) No, I don’t. 2. Does she speak English? (+) Yes, she does. (-) No, she doesn’t.. -3-.

(8) B. VERB FORMS V1 V-inf.. V+s/es. V2 (past tense). V3 (past participle). Cook. Cooks. Cooked. Cooked. Try. Tries. Tried. Tried. Speak. Speaks. Spoke. Spoken. Buy. Buys. Bought. Bought. Put. Puts. Put. Put. C. SPECIAL USE OF “DO” “Do” is used in the positive to give emphasis to a verb. Example:. She isn’t lazy. She does try hard.. D. THE USE OF PRESENT SIMPLE No. Use. Example. 1. To express a habit. I get up at 7.30.. 2. To express a fact which is always true. Vegetarians don’t eat meat.. 3. To express a fact which is true for a long time. I live in Oxford.. E. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY They are listed according to the approximate degree of frequency that they express: Always. 100 %. Usually Often Sometimes. 50%. Not often Rarely Never. 0%. -4-.

(9) II.. III.. LISTENING. A.. Listen to David Snow who lives in the north-west of England, talking about his only daughter, Jackie, and. B.. Listen to Jackie, David Snow’s daughter, talking about her life in London.. SPEAKING & READING COMPREHENSION. 1). Answer the comprehension check. 1. Why did Jackie come to London? 2. When did she come? 3. Where is she living? 4. Who is she living with? 5. What’s she doing in London? 6. What does her boyfriend do? 7. What does she do at the weekend? 8. What does she think of living in London? 9. How often does she keep in touch? 10. What does she think of her parents?. 2). Answer the questions: “What do you think?” 1. Is Jackie’s father right to be so worried about his daughter? Was Jackie right to leave home at eighteen? 2. Use your dictionary to find out what generation gap means. Is there a generation gap between you and your parents? Between you and your children? 3. In your country, at what age : a. Can people get married? b. Can they vote? c. Can they smoke? d. Can they drive? -5-.

(10) IV.. WRITING WRITING AN INFORMAL (FRIENDLY) LETTER Parts of a friendly letter:. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5). Heading( street address, city, state, zip code, date) Salutation: Greeting; followed by a comma. Body of the Letter Complimentary close ( followed by a comma) Signature. Example of a friendly letter (1)…. Sitoluama Avenue Laguboti, Tobasa Regency North Sumatera-Indonesia 22381 (2)Dear Bob, (3)I feel quite settled now in my new school which is so new to me…………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………….. See you soon. (4)Your friend, (5)Anita. -6-.

(11) (2)Dear Mum and Dad (3)Tony and I were here today. It was really interesting. I hope you ‘re both well. I’ll phone you next Sunday as usual. (4)Lots of love (5)Jackie Now write a friendly letter to your parents! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V.. EXERCISES. 1. Making Negatives Correct the sentences 1 The sun rises in the west. The sun doesn't rise in the west. It rises in the east. 2 The Pope lives in Alaska. _____________________________________ 3 Manchester United footballers wear yellow shirts. _____________________________________ 4 Kangaroos come from Canada. _____________________________________ 5 The sun shines at night. _____________________________________ 2. Making questions. Write the questions 1 I get up at _______________. What time do you getup? 2 At the weekend I usually go to _______________. 3 The bank opens at _______________. 4 My mother comes from _______________. 5 My children go to__________ school. Which ______________________? 6 My brother works in Where ______________________? 7 My sister drives a What sort ______________________?. -7-.

(12) 3. Short answers Answer the questions about you. Use short answers 1 Do you smoke? Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 2 Do you like science fiction? 3 Do you dream a lot? 4 Do you listen to the radio? 5 Do your parents read a lot? 6 Does your teacher give you a lot of homework? 7 Does it rain a lot in your country? 4. Third person singular Write the third person singular of these verbs 1 help helps 2 watchwatches 3 want 4 go 5 carry 6 catch 7 think 8 crash 9 wash 10 read 11 do 12 fly 13 study 14 kiss 15 eat 16 have 5. Adverbs of frequency Put the words in the correct order. 1 cinema/you/to/often/go/the/do/? 2 meat/never/eat/I/because/don't/I/it/like. 3 listen/evening/the/to/parents/radio/the/my/always/in. 4 holiday/how/do/have/often/a/you/? 5 sometimes/restaurant/we/Japanese/go/a/to. 6 for/late/never/am/school/I.. -8-.

(13) MODULE 2 PAST SIMPLE I.. GRAMMAR A. THE FORM GENERAL FORM Singular/Plural Singular. Plural. first second third third third first second third. Subject I you he she it we you they. Aux. V. did. 1. Positive: S + V 2 + C Note: S : Subject V2 : Verb for past tense; all subjects use the same form C : Complement Subject I You He She It We You They. V2 saw saw saw saw saw saw saw saw. C a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite. -9-.

(14) 2. Negative: S + Aux. V + not + V-inf. + C Note: S : Subject Aux.V : Auxiliary Verb (do/does) V-inf. : Verb infinitive; same for all persons C : Complement Subject I You He She It We You They. Aux.V + not. did not (didn’t). 3. Interrogative: Note: S Wh.quest. Aux.V V-inf. C. C a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite a beautiful kite. Wh.quest.+ Aux. V + S + Vinf. + C? : Subject : Wh-questions (Where, what, etc) : Auxiliary Verb (did) : Verb infinitive; same for all persons : Complement. Wh.quest.. Aux.V. Where. did. Example:. V-inf. see see see see see see see see. Subject I you he she it we you they. V-inf.. find. 1. Where did she find the book? Answer: She found it in the drawer.. - 10 -. C?. the book?.

(15) 4. Short Answer Question form for short answer Aux. V. Subject I you he she it we you they. Did. Yes/No. Yes. No. Example:. V–inf.. C?. forget. to post the mail?. Subject I you he she it we you they I you he she it we you they. Aux.V. did. didn’t. 1. Did you forget to post the mail? (+) Yes, I did. (-) No, I didn’t. 2. Did he bring my order? (+) Yes, he did. (-) No, he didn’t.. - 11 -.

(16) B. VERB FORMS V1 V-inf.. V2. V3. V+s/es. Begin. Begins. Began. Begun. Beat. Beats. Beat. Beaten. Eat. Eats. Ate. Eaten. Burn. Burns. Burnt/burned Burnt/burned. Break. Breaks. Broke. Broken. C. THE USE OF PAST SIMPLE No. Use. Example. 1. To express a finished action in the past. We played tennis last Sunday.. 2. To express actions which follow each other in a story. James came into the room. He took off his coat and sat down on the bed. Suddenly …. 3. To express an action at a specific time. He died in 1985. 4. To express an action which is now finished. I finished writing the document at 9.00 this morning.. D. TIME EXPRESSIONS night Last. Saturday week month year. Yesterday. morning afternoon evening. - 12 -.

(17) Ago. I went to the states ten years ago. I visited the country two weeks ago.. In. The twentieth century 1924 The evening Winter September. On. 10 October Christmas Day Saturday Sunday evening. At. Seven o’clock weekends. Notes for Verbs: 1) A lot of very common verbs are irregular in the past simple form. 2) The spelling of regular verbs: a. The normal rule is add – ed to the base form of the verb. Work - worked b. When verbs end in – e, just add – d Bake - baked c. In verbs of one syllable, with one written vowel + one written consonant, the consonant is doubled. Stop - stopped d. In most two syllabled verbs, the consonant is doubled if the stress is on the second syllable. Prefer - Preferred Admit - Admitted But: enter – entered Visit – visited e. Verbs that end in a consonant + y changed to – ied Carry – carried Bury – buried. - 13 -.

(18) II.. LISTENING Listen to the interview about Ian Fleming.. III.. SPEAKING Retell the story of “The man with the golden gun” below!. When James Bond got back to his hotel room it was midnight. His windows were closed and the air-conditioning was on. Bond switched it off and opened the windows. His heart was still thumping in his chest. He breathed in the air with relief, then had a shower and went to bed. At 3.30 he was dreaming, not very peacefully, of the three black-coated men with red eyes and angry white teeth, when suddenly he woke up. He listened. There was a noise. It was coming from the window. Someone was moving behind the curtains. James Bond took his gun from under his pillow, got quietly out of bed, and crept slowly along the wall towards the window. Someone was breathing behind the curtains. Bond pulled them back with one quick movement. Golden hair shone silver in the moonlight. `Mary Goodnight!' Bond cursed. `What the hell are you doing here?' `Quick, James! Help me in!' she whispered urgently. Bond put down his gun and tried to pull her through the open window. At the last moment her foot caught in the curtain and the window banged shut with a noise like a gunshot. Bond cursed again. Mary Goodnight whispered, `I'm terribly sorry, James!'. - 14 -.

(19) Sh- Sh!' said Bond, and quickly led her across the room to the bathroom. He turned on the light and the shower. They sat down on the side of the bath. Bond asked again. `What the hell are you doing here' What's the matter?' James, I was so worried. A "Most Immediate" message came from HQ this evening. A top KGB man- using the name Hendricks, is staying at this hotel. I knew you were looking for him, but he knows you are here. He's looking for you!' I know,' said Bond. 'That man's here all right. So is a gunman called Scaramanga. Mary, did HQ say If Hendricks has got a description of me?' No, he hasn't. You were just described as secret agent James Bond.' Thanks, Mary. Now I must get you out of here. Don't worry about me, just tell HQ that you gave me the message, OK?' 'OK, James.' She stood up and looked into his eyes: `Please take care, James.' 'Sure, sure.' Bond turned off the shower and opened the bathroom door. 'Now, come on.' A voice came from the darkness of the bedroom: This is not your lucky day, Mr Bond. Come here both of you. Put your hands behind your necks!' Scaramanga walked to the door and turned on the lights. His golden gun was pointing directly at James Bond.. IV.. READING COMPREHENSION. Answer questions about Ian Fleming ! 1. When was Ian Fleming born? 2. How was he different from his brothers? 3. Where did he go in 1930? 4. Why didn’t he join the Foreign Office? 5. Was he working as a journalist when the Second World War started? 6. Which countries did he visit during the war? 7. What kind of lifestyle did he have? 8. Was he a healthy man? 9. What three important things happened in Jamaica in 1952? 10. When did he die? How old was he? 11. The following numbers are in the interview. What do they refer to? Nine sixty fourteen forty million. - 15 -.

(20) V.. WRITING Write a short biography.. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. VI.. EXERCISES. 1. Making Negatives Correct the sentences. 1. Shakespeare wrote stories. Shakespeare didn’t write stories. He wrote plays. 2. Christopher Columbus discovered India. ______________________________. 3. Beethoven came from France. ______________________________. 4. Leonardo da Vinci lived in Mexico. ______________________________. 5. The Americans landed on the moon in the 19th century. ______________________________. 6. The Buddha came from Australia. ______________________________. 2. Making questions Write the questions. 1 I went to the States in 1998. When did you go to the States? 2 I went to _________for my last holiday. Where ____________________________? 3 We stayed in _________. Where_____________________________? 4 We stayed there for weeks. How long _____________________________? 5 We hadweather. Did _________ good weather? 6 We traveled round by_________. How _____________________________? 7 We hadfood. Did _____________________________good food? 3. Past Simple forms Write the Past Simple form of these verbs. Work know wash make smile travel rob clap stop use feel like plan send. - 16 -. save help.

(21) MODULE 3 PRESENT CONTINUOUS (FUTURE ARRANGEMENT) I.. GRAMMAR A. THE FORM GENERAL FORM Singular/Plural. Subject. TO BE Is. Singular. Plural. first second third third third first second third. I you he she it we you they. Am. Are. am are is is is. V-ing are are are. 1. Positive: S + + to be + V-ing + C Note: S : Subject To be : is/am/are V-ing : Verb in continuous form; same for all persons C : Complement Subject I You He She It We You They. To be am are is is is are are are. V-ing drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking. - 17 -. C a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk.

(22) 2. Negative: S + to be + not + V-ing + C Note: S : Subject To be : is/am/are V-ing : Verb in continuous form; same for all persons C : Complement Subject I You He She It We You They. To be + not am not are not (aren’t) is not (isn’t) is not is not are not are not are not. 3. Interrogative: Note: S Wh.quest To be V-ing C Wh.quest.. Why. Example:. V-ing drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking drinking. C a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk a glass of milk. Wh.quest.+ to be + S + V-ing + C? : Subject : Wh-questions (Where, what, etc) : is/am/are : Verb in continuous form; same for all persons : Complement. To be am are is is is are are are. Subject I you he she it we you they. V-ing. crying. C?. so loud?. 1. Why are you crying so loud? Answer: Because I lost my only one puppy.. - 18 -.

(23) 4. Short Answer Question form for short answer To be Am Are Is Is Is Are Are Are. Subject I you he she it we you they. Yes/No. V-ing. C?. writing. the right number?. Yes. Subject I you he she it we you they. To be am are is is is are are are. No. I you he she it we you they. am not are not (aren’t) is not (isn’t) is not is not are not are not are not. Example:. 1. Are you working at the office now? (+) Yes, I am. (-) No, I am not. 2. Is she speaking English just now? (+) Yes, she is. (-) No, she isn’t.. - 19 -.

(24) B. VERB FORMS V1 V-inf.. V-ing. V2. V3. V+s/es. Bite. Bites. Biting. Bit. Bitten. Bless. Blesses. Blessing. Blessed. Blessed. Broadcast. Broadcasts. Broadcasting Broadcast. Broadcast. Build. Builds. Building. Built. Built. Burst. Bursts. Bursting. Burst. Burst. C. THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS No. Use. Example. 1. To express an activity happening around now, but perhaps not at the moment of speaking. She is studying Math at University.. 2. To express a planned future arrangements. I am meeting Miss Brown at ten o’clock tomorrow.. Compare:. 1. I am having lunch with Bob today. She is getting married in the spring. ¾ in the first sentence: arrangement is in my diary ¾ in the second sentence: a date has been fixed and the church perhaps booked. To express an activity happening for a limited period of time around now. I normally come to work by car, but my car’s broken down, so I’m coming to work by train this week. What’s your brother doing these days?. 3. SEVERAL FORMS THAT REFER TO FUTURE TIME 1. Will. To show prediction or spontaneous intention It’ll rain tomorrow.. 2. Going to. Intention or evidence He is going to be a pilot in the air force.. 3. Present continuous. Arrangement We are getting married in the spring.. 4. Present simple. Time table in the future. - 20 -.

(25) No. Use. Example. The train leaves at 11.00. 5. Future continuous. I’ll be having dinner at 8.00.. 6. Future perfect. By the year 2000, the population of the world will have reached six billions.. D. DEGREES OF CERTAINTY ABOUT THE FUTURE We are predicting a future event and saying how probable it is. Certainty Possibility Certainty. She will She might She may She could She won’t. come tomorrow. be coming tomorrow.. - 21 -.

(26) II.. LISTENING & READING COMPREHENSION. Listen to a conversation in a Clothes shop. In pairs practice the dialogues In a clothes shop Look at the lines of some conversations in a clothes shop. Who says them, the customer or the shop assistant? Put C or A. …..Can I try it on? …..Mm, that's nice. …..Medium. …..Can I help you? …..Is it the right size? …..How much is it? …..Have you got something bigger? …..By credit card. …..This one's a bit darker. …..What size are you? …..No, thanks. I'm just looking. …..Yes, the changing rooms are over there. …..Blue. …..Yes, it feels fine. …...It's a bit too big/small/long/short. …..£19.99. …..Yes, I'm looking for a jumper. …..No, I don't like the color. …..What about this one? …..That's the last we've got, I'm afraid. …..I'll have it, please. …..I'll leave it, thanks. …..What color are you looking for? …..Thank you. …..How would you like to pay?. III.. SPEAKING & WRITING. Work in pairs. Make more conversations in a clothes shop. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. - 22 -.

(27) IV.. EXERCISES. 1. Spelling of the present participle Write the –ing form of these verbs 1. read 2. swim 3. come 4. rain 5. wear 6. think 7. shine 8. smoke 9. have 10. take 11. wait 12. get 13. stop 14. run 15. begin. reading swimming coming ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________. 2. Choosing the correct form Choose the form of the verb 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.. I go/am going to work now. I read/am reading a book about astrology. I read/ am reading lots of books every year. We go/are going to a party on Saturday. Nurses look/are looking after people in hospitals. Annie comes/is coming from Ireland. She comes/is coming for dinner this evening. I speak/am speaking four languages. Do you want/ are you wanting to go out tonight.. - 23 -.

(28) MODULE 4 PRESENT PERFECT I.. GRAMMAR A. THE FORM GENERAL FORM Singular/Plural Singular. Plural. Subject. first second third third third first second third. I you he she it we you they. Aux. Verb Has Have have have has has has have have have. 1. Positive: S + V 3 + C + Adv. Note: S : Subject V3 : Past participle; same for all persons C : Complement Adv. : Adverb Subject I You He She It We You They. Aux. V have have has has has have have have. V3 cleaned cleaned cleaned cleaned slept cleaned cleaned cleaned. - 24 -. C the window the window the window the window on the sofa the window the window the window. Adv. for 2 hours for 2 hours for 2 hours for 2 hours for 2 hours For 2 hours For 2 hours For 2 hours.

(29) 2. Negative: S + Aux. V + not + V 3 + C + Adv. Note: S : Subject Aux.V : has/have V3 : Past participle; same for all persons C : Complement Adv. : Adverb Subject I You He She It We You They. Aux.V + not have not (haven’t) have not has not (hasn’t) has not has not have not have not have not. 3. Interrogative: Note: S Wh.quest. Aux.V V3 C Wh.quest.. C the window. Adv. for 2 hours. cleaned cleaned cleaned slept cleaned cleaned cleaned. the window the window the window on the sofa the window the window the window. for 2 hours for 2 hours for 2 hours for 2 hours for 2 hours for 2 hours for 2 hours. Wh.quest.+ Aux. V + S + V 3 + C? : Subject : Wh-questions (Where, what, etc) : has/have : Past participle; same for all persons : Complement. Aux.V have has. What have. Example:. V3 cleaned. Subject I you he she it we you they. V3. got. C?. Here?. 1. What have we got here? Answer: We have got something to attach the picture on the wall.. - 25 -.

(30) 4. Short Answer Question form for short answer Aux. V. Subject I you he she it we you they. Has/ Have. Yes/No. Yes. No. Example:. V3. C?. received the email?. Subject I you he she it we you they. Aux.Verb have. I you he she it we you they. haven’t. has have. hasn’t. haven’t. 1. Have you sent the letter? (+) Yes, I have (-) No, I haven’t 2. Has she packed all her clothes? (+) Yes, she has. (-) No, she hasn’t.. - 26 -.

(31) B. VERB FORMS V1 V- inf.. V2. V3. V+s/es. Choose. Chooses. Chose. Chosen. Come. Comes. Came. Come. Cut. Cuts. Cut. Cut. Dig. Digs. Dug. Dug. Draw. Draws. Drew. Drawn. C. THE USE OF PRESENT PERFECT No. Use. Example. 1. To refer to an indefinite time in the past. He’s traveled al over the world.. 2. To express experience. Have you ever been to Australia?. Note: “ever” and “never” are common with this use 3. To express an action or state which began in the past and continuous to the present. I’ve known Alice for six years.. Note: “for’ and “since” are common with this use. 4. To express a past action with a result in the present. We are looking at the recent past action, and expressing its effect on the present. I’ve lost my wallet (I haven’t got it now).. To express unfinished past. I’ve been in my present job for six years.. D. PRESENT PERFECT >< PAST SIMPLE Present Perfect I’ve lived in Rome for six months. I still do. Past Tense I lived in London for a year. Meaning Now I live somewhere else, not in London. - 27 -.

(32) E. THE USE OF CERTAIN ADVERBS “YET, JUST, and ALREADY” ¾ I haven’t done it yet .(but I am going to) ¾ He hasn’t got up yet, and it’s 11.00! ..... “yet” is used in questions and negative sentences ¾ I have just done it. (a short time before now) ¾ She has just past her driving test. (a very short time before) ¾ Thanks a lot but I’ve already had lunch. (sometime before now) II.. LISTENING. Here is an interview with Harold Thomas, who after 40 years of a full working life and 30 years as managing director of his own company, is now retired. Listen to the interview carefully. III.. SPEAKING. 1. What do you think? Do you agree with Harold Thomas that work gives direction and discipline to one's life? If you disagree, say why. 2. What do you look forward to doing when you have retired? Or would you prefer to carry on working? IV.. READING COMPREHENSION. Comprehension check/ language work. 1. What are some of the things he has started doing since his retirement? He's... 2. What does he particularly like about the golf club? 3. Why is he brown? 4. Which countries has he been to? Which of these questions is correct? • How long was he retired? • How long has he been retired? • How long is he retired? • How long was he married? • How long has he been married? • How long is he married? 6. What's the answer to these questions? 7. When did he begin to get in touch with his relatives?. - 28 -.

(33) V.. WRITING. Writing an informal letters Compare the lay-out of this informal letter with the formal letter on page 7. In what ways is it similar? and in what ways different? Think of: − the address − the date − the salutation − the organization of the letter: introduction/body/conclusion 1 What is the main reason for this letter? to apologize? to invite? to accept an invitation? to give news? Underline with a solid line the part of the letter that is the main reason for writing. 2 An informal letter can sound like spoken English. Underline with a broken line ----------------the parts that sound like someone speaking rather than writing. 3 Box the verbs in the Past Simple that give news. 4 Circle like this ( _ ) the verbs that give future plans. 5 There are several ways of ending an informal letter. With love, /Best wishes, /Regards, 6 Some useful phrases: a. Beginning the letter It was lovely to hear from you. I was pleased to hear that .. . Thank you for your letter. I was sorry to hear that .. . I'm sorry I haven't written before, but .. . This is just a note to say .. . b. Giving general news I'm having a lovely time in .. . I'm... I've been very busy recently. Last week I . . . and next week I'm going to .. . c. Ending the letter I ' m looking forward to seeing you ... l to hearing from you .. . (I'm looking' is informal; ' I look' is formal). - 29 -.

(34) Give my regards to your mother. Write to me soon. I hope to hear from you soon. Write and tell me when you ... / where you .. . 7 There are contractions in an informal letter: I'll/I'd/I'm/He's/She's/We've/etc. Now write a letter to a friend accepting an invitation to a party. Give details of your travel arrangements (you're arriving by train) and ask if you can stay the night. Give some of your news. Example of an informal letter: 14, Arol Road London N.W.6. 12 t h Feb, 1986 Dear Jane, Thank you for your letter. It was lovely to hear from you and yes, I’d really like to come and stay next weekend. You know how much I love spending weekends in the contrary after working all week in the city. I’ll catch the usual train on Friday evening. Do you remember Hany? Well, I met him at the party the other day. He’s fine, busy as always. We went to the theatre together and saw an amusing play by Stoppard. Anyway, I’ll give you more of my news when I see you. Must rush now because I’m going to see Jack’s new flat this evening. I’m really looking forwad to the weekend. Give my best wishes to Peter and the children. Love, Pat. …………………………………………………………………………………………………... - 30 -.

(35) VI.. EXERCISES. 1. Using the Present Perfect Complete the text with a verb from the box in the Present Perfect. travel. meet. hunt. have. ride. see. live. be (*4). do. My grandfather is 96 years old, and he (1). a long and interesting life. He (2) a lot, especially in the Far East. He (3) the Taj Mahal in India, and the Pyramids in Egypt. He (4) lions in Africa, and (5) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a camel across the Sahara Desert. He says that the most beautiful place he (6) ______ to is Kathmandu in Nepal. He (7) __ the Queen on several occasions. In 1959 he was a soldier in New Zealand when she came to visit, and in 1972 he went to a garden party at Buckingham Palace.. He (8) ____ ____ married twice. His first wife died when she was 32. He met his second wife while he was travelling round France by bike. He and his wife, Eleanor, (9) _______married for 50 years, and they (10)_______i n the same cottage in the country since they got married. He says that he (11) _ never ________ill in his life. The secret of good health, according to my grandfather, is exercise. He goes swimming every day. He (12) ____________this since he was a boy. He also has a glass of whisky every night! Perhaps that his secret!. 2. Short answers Answer the questions about `My grandfather' in exercise 1 and about you. Use short answers. 1 Has your grandfather been married for a long time? Yes, he has. 2 Has he ever met the Queen? 3 Has he often been ill? 4 Have he and his wife lived in their house for a long time? 5 Has he had an interesting life? 6 Have you ever been to Mexico? 7 Have you ever tried Chinese food? 8 Has your teacher ever been angry with you? 9 Have you ever forgotten to do your homework?. - 31 -.

(36) MODULE 5 PAST CONTINUOUS I.. GRAMMAR A. THE FORM GENERAL FORM Singular/Plural Singular. Plural. Subject. first second third third third first second third. I you he she it we you they. Aux. V was were was was was were were were. V-ing. 1. Positive: S +to be (past) + V-ing + C Note: S : Subject To be : was/were V-ing : Verb in continuous form; same for all persons C : Complement Subject I You He She It We You They. To be was were was was was were were were. V-ing writing writing writing writing hitting writing writing writing. - 32 -. C a poem a poem a poem a poem a ball a poem a poem a poem.

(37) 2. Negative: S + to be (past) + not + V-ing + C Note: S : Subject To be : was/were V-ing : Verb in continuous form; same for all persons C : Complement Subject I You He She It We You They. To be + not was not (wasn’t) were not was not(doesn’t) was not was not were not were not were not. 3. Interrogative: Note: Wh.quest. S To be V-ing C Wh.quest.. What. Example:. V-ing writing writing writing writing hitting writing writing writing. C a poem a poem a poem a poem a ball a poem a poem a poem. Wh.quest.+ to be (past) + S + V-ing + C? : Wh question (what, where, etc) : Subject : was/were : Verb in continuous form; same for all persons : Complement. To be was were was was was were were were. Subject I you he she it we you they. V-ing. C?. trying. to prove?. 1. What were you trying to prove? Answer: I was trying to prove that he was the murder.. - 33 -.

(38) 4. Short Answer Question form for short answer To be Was Were. Subject I you he she it we you they. Was. Were. Yes/No. Yes. No. Example:. V-ing. C?. doing. the right thing?. Subject I you he she it we you they. To be was were. I you he she it we you they. wasn’t weren’t. was. were. wasn’t. weren’t. 1. Were you working at the office when I phoned you last night? (+) Yes, I was. (-) No, I wasn’t. 2. Was she studying when we came to her house yesterday? (+) Yes, she was. (-) No, she wasn’t. - 34 -.

(39) B. VERB FORMS V1 V-inf.. V-ing. V2. V3. V+s/es. Know. Knows. Knowing. Knew. Known. Keep. Keeps. Keeping. Kept. Kept. Grind. Grinds. Grinding. Ground. Ground. Grow. Grows. Growing. Grew. Grown. Give. Gives. Giving. Gave. Given. C. THE USE OF PAST CONTINUOUS No 1. Use. Example. To express an activity in progress at a time in the past. I phoned you at four, but there was no reply. What were you doing?. 2. To express a past activity happening over a period of time. What were you doing at 9.00 last night? Answer: I was watching TV. (I started watching TV before 9.00 and continued after 9.00). 3. To describe a situation in the past, as with all continuous tenses, there is the idea of duration and activity, and the activity is seen in progress. When I arrived, she was making some coffee.. 4. To describe a situation or activity. Jan looked lovely. She was wearing her green velvet gown. Her eyes were shining in the light of the candles that were burning nearby.. 5. To express the future in the past. Maria was in a hurry. She was catching the midnight boat to Venice, and did not want to be late. She got into her car and drove as fast as she could to the docks.. - 35 -.

(40) D. PAST CONTINUOUS >< PAST SIMPLE Past Continuous I was doing my homework at 7.00 last night.. Past Simple I did my homework last night.. Meaning I was in the middle of the activity. I started and finished. The moon was shining through the window, James Bond came into the room and sat down on the bed Meaning In stories, the past continuous is often used to describe the scene. The past Simple tells the action E. TIME EXPRESSIONS See the time expressions used in Past Simple II.. LISTENING. Pre-listening task: Dictionary work III.. SPEAKING. Find out the meaning and pronunciation of the following words: disastrous to be sick a charter flight a maniac to have a row to hitchhike a vineyard to freeze a war to get a lift You can hear all these words in the following listening text. Before you listen, discuss in pairs what you think the story could be about. The title is A Disastrous Holiday. - 36 -.

(41) Listening for a gist. There are five disasters listed in the story. While you listen, makes notes on each one. Discussion In pairs, make a list of as much vocabulary to do with holidays as you can think of. For example: To book a holiday/to pack/to cancel a flight/to check in Talk about a disastrous holiday of yours These questions will help you: 1 When was it? 2 Who were you with? 3 What went wrong? 4 How did it happen? 5 What happened next? 6 What happened in the end? IV.. READING COMPREHENSION Comprehension check Are these statements true or false? Put T (True) or F (False) in the box. 1 The holiday was disastrous because John and Susan argued all the time. 2 Italy was their second choice for a holiday. 3 They missed the flight because they arrived late at the airport. 4 Their friend Peter helped them after they missed the flight. 5 They tried to book another flight. 6 They started hitching in the early morning. 7 It took a long time to get a lift.. - 37 -.

(42) 8 9 V.. They were happy after meeting a man who owned a vineyard. Susan was sick in someone's car. WRITING. Linking words Put one of the following linking words into each gap. There are twelve linking words - two aren't used! while/during/when/before/and/ after/because/but/although/so/ until/ because of 1 Mrs Padley wanted a small birthday party,__________40people arrived. her parents died, she went to live in a convent. 2 ___________ 3 ____________her youth she saw little of the outside world. 4 She had seen very few men __________leaving the convent. 5 _____________ She left the nuns__________she wanted to go to London. 6 She worked as a maid__________she first came to London. 7 She met her husband__________she was working as an air-raid warden. 8 ____________she is 103, she still does a lot of work in the house. 9 She likes to be independent, __________she does as much as she can for herself. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… VI.. EXERCISES 1. Complete the following sentences with a word from the box. Careful! Sometimes no word is necessary. I arrived home at six o’clock last night. ago. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.. last. in. on. when at. for. I was born in Africa _____ 1970. My parents moved back to England ______ three years. We lived in Bristol ______ three years. I left college three years ______. I found a flat on my own ______ last year. I usually go home ______ the weekend. I didn’t usually go home ______ the weekend. They arrived ______ three o’clock ______ the afternoon.. - 38 -.

(43) 9. ______ Saturday evening we went out to a concert. 10. ______ we got home we listened to some music. 11. We got up late ______ Sunday morning. 12. ______ the afternoon we went for a walk. 13. I bought a car a few weeks ______. 14. I had an accident ______ last night. 15. It happened ______ seven o’clock ______ the evening. 16. I took my car to the garage ______ this morning. 17. It will be ready ______ two weeks. 2. Forming the Past Continuous Yesterday you went to a party. This is what you saw when you arrived. Make sentences in the Past Continuous. When I arrived at the party … 1. Jenny/ talk/ to Mick Annie was talking to Mick. 2. Annie and Pete/ dance 3. Sarah and Bill/ sit/ on the sofa. 4. Katie/ choose/ a CD. 5. Max/ drink/ champagne. 6. Beth and Dave/ eat/ crisp. 7. Justin/ show/ Lucinda a photograph. 8. Harry/ smoke/ a cigar. 9. James/ tell/ a joke.. - 39 -.

(44) MODULE 6 SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL – GOING TO) & FIRST CONDITIONAL – ZERO CONDITIONAL I.. GRAMMAR A. SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL – GOING TO) 1). WILL THE USE of “WILL”. No. Use. Example. 1. To express a future intention or decision made at the moment of speaking. I’ll have a steak, please.. 2. To express a future fact. The speaker think “this action is sure to happen sometime in the future”. Liverpool will win the cup.. 3. To express willingness. Will you help me please?. 4. To express a future prediction. I think it’ll rain tomorrow.. Note: It is unimportant to understand the difference between “will” as a modal verb, which expresses concepts, such as willingness, intention, etc,… and “will” as an auxiliary of the future, where, like all auxiliaries, it only shows tense and has no intrinsic meaning at all. “Will” for prediction making signifies “this is a future tense”. It is also called the “future as fact” or the “neutral future” example: One day I’ll die. You’ll fall off if you’re not careful. He’ll be dead before he’s 30. I’ll be 26 next Tuesday. 5. To express a promise, a threat, or a decision. - 40 -. I’ll bring you the book tomorrow. (a promise) If you do that again, I’ll kill you. (a threat) We’ll go back home at 8.00. (a decision).

(45) 2). GOING TO THE USE “GOING TO”. No. Use. Example. 1. To express a person’s decisions, plans and intentions. She is going to be a ballet dancer when she grows up.. 2. To express a future fact, in which we can see now that something is sure to happen in the future (there is some evidence now). Careful! That glass is going to fall! Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain.. Exception: With the VERBS “to go” and “to come”, we usually use the Present Continuous for future plans. Examples: We’re going to Paris next week. Joe and Tim are coming for lunch tomorrow.. B. GOING TO >< WILL No 1. Going to. Will. I’m going to make a chicken casserole for dinner.. What should I cook for dinner? Er… I know! I will make chicken casserole! That’s a good idea.. Meaning I decided this morning and bought everything for it.. I decided at the moment of speaking.. 2. To express a future fact. The speaker think “this action is sure to happen sometime in the future”. Liverpool will win the cup.. 3. To express willingness. Will you help me please?. 4. To express a future prediction. I think it’ll rain tomorrow.. - 41 -.

(46) C. THE FORM GENERAL FORM Singular/Plural Singular. Plural. first second third third third first second third. Subject I you he she it we you they. V-inf.. Will. 1. Positive: S + will + Vinf. + C Note: S : Subject Vinf. : Verb infinitive; same for all persons C : Complement 1. WILL Subject I You He She It We You They. will. V-inf. fight fight fight fight eat fight fight fight. - 42 -. C the enemy the enemy the enemy the enemy the cake the enemy the enemy the enemy. come.

(47) 2. GOING TO Subject I You He She It We You They. To be am are is. going to. are. V-inf. fight fight fight fight eat fight fight fight. C the enemy the enemy the enemy the enemy the cake the enemy the enemy the enemy. 2. Negative: S + will + not + V-inf. + C Note: S : Subject V-inf. : Verb infinitive, same for all persons C : Complement 1. WILL Subject I You He She It We You They. will not (wont). V-inf. fight fight fight fight eat fight fight fight. C the enemy the enemy the enemy the enemy the cake the enemy the enemy the enemy. 2. GOING TO Subject I You He She It We You They. To be am are is not. going to. are. - 43 -. V-inf. fight fight fight fight eat fight fight fight. C the enemy the enemy the enemy the enemy the cake the enemy the enemy the enemy.

(48) 3. Interrogative: Note: S Wh.quest. V-inf. C. Wh.quest.+ will + S + V-inf. + C? : Subject : Wh-questions (Where, what, etc) : Verb infinitive; same for all persons : Complement. 1. WILL Wh.quest.. will. Where. Subject I you he she it we you they. V-inf.. C?. go. after finishing the project?. 2. GOING TO Wh.quest.. To be am are is. Where. are. Example:. 1] 2) 3) 4). Subject I you he she it we you they. going to. V-inf.. C. go. after finishing the project?. Where will I sit? – Where am I going to sit? Where will she sit? – Where is she going to sit? What will they do? – What are they going to do? What will she cook? – What is she going to cook?. - 44 -.

(49) 4. Short Answer Question form for short answer 2. GOING TO. 1. WILL. Will. Subject I you he she it we you they. To be Am Are V-inf?. 1. WILL Yes/No. Yes. No. Subject I you he she it we you they. 2. GOING TO Subject I you he she it we you they I you he she it we you they. Yes/No. will. won’t No. - 45 -. Subject I you he she it we you they I you he she it we you they. To be am are. are am not are not (aren’t) is not (isn’t) are not (aren’t).

(50) Example:. 1. Will. : Will you work at the office tomorrow? (+) Yes, I will. (-) No, I won’t. Going to : Are you going to work at the office tomorrow? (+) Yes, I am (-) No, I am not. 2. Will. : Will she speak English at the meeting? (+) Yes, she will. (-) No, she won’t. Going to : Is she going to speak English at the meeting? (+) Yes, she is (-) No, she is not. D. VERB FORMS V1. V2. V3. V-inf.. V+s/es. Bend. Bends. Bent. Bent. Feel. Feels. Felt. Felt. Feed. Feeds. Fed. Fed. Forbid. Forbids. Forbade. Forbidden. Forgive. Forgives. Forgave. Forgiven. E. FIRST CONDITIONAL – ZERO CONDITIONAL E.1.. FIRST CONDITIONAL. FORM : If + Present Simple, Simple future Or If + Present Simple, S + will + Vinf. POSITIVE If Simple present Subject Will V-inf. If I work hard I will pass my exam. NEGATIVE If Simple present Subject Won’t V-inf. If Simple Subject Will V-inf. present(negative) If I forget to bring my school fee, the teacher won’t let me study in the class room. If I don’t see you by nine, I will go to the theatre alone.. - 46 -.

(51) QUESTION Subject V-inf.. What. Will. If. Simple present?. Where. What will you do if you don’t go to university? Will Subject V-inf. If. Simple present?. Where will you have lunch if your mother doesn’t cook? SHORT ANSWER Will Subject Winf. If Simple Present Will you go to university if you pass the exam? Yes, I will No, I won’t Note: The condition clause (if…) can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. ¾ I’ll pass my exams if I work hard. ¾ If I work hard, I will pass my exams.. THE USE “FIRST CONDITIONAL” No 1. Use. Example. To express a possible condition and a probable result in the future. If my cheque comes, I’ll buy us all a meal.. Note: “If” can be replaced by “unless” or “in case” ¬ Unless I hear from you, I’ll come at 8.00. ¬ I’ll take my umbrella in case it rains. unless = if not in case = if by any chance “will” can be replaced by another modal verb in the result case ¬ If you find my money Æ I can buy you an ice cream. Æ You should give it back to me. “will” can be replaced by imperative ¬ If you like good food, eat at Brown’s restaurant. “will” can be replaced by another future tense ¬ If it doesn’t rain, I’m going to play tennis. “the present simple” can be replaced by the present perfect in the conditional clause ¬ If you’ve finished this exercise, you can do the next one.. - 47 -.

(52) E.2. ZERO CONDITIONAL. FORM : If + Present Simple, Present Simple THE USE of ZERO CONDITIONAL No 1. Use. Example. To express conditions that are always true, with automatic or habitual results. If you heat rice, it melts. Flowers die if you don’t water them.. IF means WHEN or WHENEVER. - 48 -.

(53) II.. LISTENING. Listening for specific information. Listen to this phone-in radio programme about China.. Answer the true/false questions. Are these statements about China true (T) or false (F)? a. It has a population of more than one thousand million. b. It is the largest country in the world. c. There are records of what was happening in China nearly four thousand years ago. d. It has been a Socialist Republic since 1949. e. It does not want links with the rest of the world. f. Tourists can travel freely in China. g. English is commonly spoken in China.. - 49 -.

(54) III.. READING COMPREHENSION. Comprehension check / Language work. 1 What is the first caller going to do soon? 2 What does Kate Leigh tell him about the kind of life he will have? 3 What do the Chinese like doing in the evening? 4 What does China want from the rest of the world? 5 What, according to Dr Scott, are the two things China is trying to do? 6 What sort of a holiday will the third caller have? 7 How does Kate Leigh describe the Chinese? IV.. SPEAKING. What do you think? 1 Would you like to visit China? 2 Look at question 5 above. Do you think China will be able to do these things? 3 What sort of dishes is Chinese cooking famous for? 4 There were several other questions from callers. Can you answer these questions? • What is the climate like? • Is the Chinese language easy to learn? • Is Chinese medicine as advanced as the West’s? V.. WRITING. Writing a formal letter! Here is an example of a formal letter.. 17, Brick Street, London. S.W.1. 4th March 1985 Breakaway, 84, Clarendon Road, Colchester. . Dear Sir, I saw your advertisement for holiday cottages in the Guardian newspaper. Could you please send me a copy of your 1985 brochure, and include information such as price lists and booking arrangements? I look forward to hearing from you and thank you in advance.. Yours faithfully, John Naunton. - 50 -.

(55) 3 Some useful phrases a. Asking someone to do something Could you please ...? (Not Please could you ...) I would be (most) grateful if you could .. . b. Saying you have included another document Please find enclosed a cheque for... I enclose a stamped addressed envelope. c. Ending the letter I look forward to hearing from you soon. (I look is formal; I’m looking is informal.) I hope to hear from you soon is slightly more informal. 4 There are no contractions in a formal letter. I have not I’ve I am not I’m Write a letter in reply to this advertisement, which you saw in a magazine called Today. You also want to know about accommodation and the cost of living in London. Is there any other information you would like?. Accord School. A formal letter of enquiry 1. Notice the organization of the letter. - Paragraph 1 Introduction. − Paragraph 2 The body of the letter. − Paragraph 3 The conclusion. − Ending `Yours faithfully,' if you begin `Dear Sir,' and `Yours sincerely,' if you begin `Dear Mr Smith,'. − Your signature and your name printed clearly underneath.. The experts in English teaching in the centre of London. • General English classes • Executive classes • Social Club for a brochure contact: 20 Spanish Place London W.I. England Tel. 01 491 2598. 2. Notice that most letters in English, formal and informal, begin with `Dear ...,' If you don't know the name of the person you're writing to, begin Dear Sir, or Dear Sir or Madam, If you know the name of the person you're writing to, begin Dear Mr Brown, Dear Mrs Black, Dear Miss Jones, Dear Ms Jackson, It is becoming more frequent to address women as Ms in business letters, whether you know they are married or not.. - 51 -.

(56) VI.. EXERCISES 1. People are worried about the greenhouse effect. Make sentences, using if…., …will … 1. The earth gets warmer If the earth gets warmer, the sea will get warmer. 2. The sea gets warmer 3. The ice at the North and Couth Poles melts 4. The sea level rises 5. There are floods in many parts of the world. 6. Many people lose their homes 2. Making Negative Make the sentences negative, but keep the meaning the same. You will need to change some words. 1. We’ll leave the party before 10.00. We won’t stay at the party after 10.00. 2. She’ll be late. 3. He’ll lose. 4. I’ll fail my exams. 5. She’ll tell the truth. 6. We’ll eat out. 7. We’ll walk to school. 8. I’ll go to bed early tonight. 9. I’ll accept the invitation. 10. We’ll go out at the weekend. 3. Tenses and time expressions. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense – Present Simple, going to future, or the Present Continuous. If there is no verb, use if, when, or as soon as. British explorer Robin Drake says that the first international polar expedition (1) __________ (start) next March. They (2) __________ (try) to reach the North Pole on a 65-day, 480-mile journey. (3) _________ Drake (4) __________ (succeed), he (5) __________ (be) the first man to walk to both the North and South Poles. Drake (6) __________(go) on the Icewalk Expedition with navigator Alan Winterson. (7)__________ they (8) __________(arrive) in Thule in northern Greenland, walkers from the Soviet Union, the USA, Japan, Australia, Canada, and Italy (9) __________(join) them. (10) __________they (11) __________ (get) to their base camp, Eureka, inside the Arctic Circle, they (12) __________ - 52 -.

(57) (have to) build huts to protect them from temperatures as low as minus 55 degrees Celsius. ‘We (13) __________(do) a lot of experiments to see how much pollution there is in the area,’ said Robin. ‘The results (14) __________(help) us to understand the effects of pollution on the planet, including the greenhouse effect.’ (15) __________ the weather (16) __________ (be) good enough, they (17) __________ (make) a film of the expedition. Robin said, ‘(18) __________ we(19) __________(get) back home, we (20) __________(show) it to people all over the world.’. - 53 -.

(58) MODULE 7 PAST FUTURE + SECOND CONDITIONAL. PAST FUTURE I.. GRAMMAR A. THE FORM GENERAL FORM Singular/Plural Singular. Plural. Subject. First Second Third Third Third First Second Third. I You He She It We You They. Aux. V. would. V1. 1. Positive: S + Would + V 1 + C Note: S : Subject V1 : Verb infinitive C : Complement Subject I You He She It We You They. Aux. V. V1. would. break. - 54 -. C the card the card the card the card the card the card the card the card.

(59) 2. Negative: S + would + not + V 1 + C Note: S : Subject V 1 : Verb infinitive C : Complement Subject I. Aux.V + not would not (wouldn’t) would not would not would not would not would not would not would not. You He She It We You They. 3. Interrogative: Note: S Wh.quest V1 C. C the card. break break break break break break break. the card the card the card the card the card the card the card. Wh.quest.+ would + S + V-inf. + C? : Subject : Wh-questions (Where, what, etc) : Verb infinitive : Complement. Wh.quest.. Aux.V. Where. Would. Example:. V1 break. Subject I You He She It We You They. V-inf.. sell. C?. the stolen car?. 1. Where would he sell the stolen car? Answer: He would sell it in the black market near the bridge.. - 55 -.

(60) 4. Short Answer Question form for short answer Aux. V. Subject I you he she it we you they. Would. Yes/No. Yes. No. Example:. V1. leave. Subject I you he she it we you they I you he she it we you they. C?. me for a while?. Aux.V would. wouldn’t. 1. Would you attend the party if I couldn’t come with you? (+) Yes, I would. (-) No, I wouldn’t. 2. Would she tell the truth if I gave her a lot of money? (+) Yes, she would. (-) No, she wouldn’t.. - 56 -.

(61) B. VERB FORMS V1 V- inf.. V+s/es. V2 (past tense). V3 (past participle). Sting. Stings. Stung. Stung. Take. Takes. Took. Taken. Teach. Teaches. Taught. Taught. Tear. Tears. Tore. Torn. Tell. Tells. Told. Told. SECOND CONDITIONAL FORM:. If + Past Simple, Past future Or If + Past Simple, S + would + Vinf.. What. POSITIVE Past Simple Subject Would V-inf. If I were a bird, I would fly. NEGATIVE Past Simple Subject Wouldn’t V-inf. Past Simple Subject Would V-inf. (negative) If I stopped smoking, I wouldn’t get cancer. If I didn’t like my job, I’d give it up. QUESTION Would Subject V-inf. If. Where. What would you do if you didn’t go to university? Would Subject V-inf. If. If. If If. Where would you bring the kid if you couldn’t find her mother?. - 57 -. Past Simple? Past Simple?.

(62) SHORT ANSWER Would Subject V.inf If Past Simple Would you buy me some flowers if you went to the market? Yes, I would No, I wouldn’t Note: The condition clause (if…) can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end ¾ I’d lend you some money if I won the lottery. ¾ If I passed the test, I would go abroad.. A. THE USE of “SECOND CONDITIONAL” No 1. Use. Example. To express a hypothetical condition and its probable result a. the condition is hypothetical because the speaker knows that what he or she is saying is improbable or impossible or contrary to known facts.. I’d lend Peter the money if he needed it. (Improbable- I know he has enough.) If I were a bird, I’d fly to you. (Impossible- I’m not a bird.). b. the condition can be possible in theory, but improbable in practice.. If I were the President of my country, I’d abolish taxation.. c. the condition can be an impossible speculation. If we could travel in time, I’d go back to Roman era.. d. the second conditional can express advice.. If I were you, I’d have a rest. You’d get on with people better if you were more polite.. Note: After “If”, “was” changes to “were” ¬ If I were you, I’d refuse her proposal. ¬ If he were cleverer, he’d be able to do the quiz. Alternative forms. a. If…. not can be replaced by unless ¬ I wouldn’t do it unless I loved you. b. would can be replaced by another modal verb in the result clause ¬ If I stopped smoking I could run faster. ¬ If I stopped smoking I might have more money. Do not use would in the condition clause ¬ wrong: If I would have more money…… right: If I had more money…….. - 58 -.

(63) No. Use. Example. WHICH CONDITIONAL? It is usually clear which conditional to use, but sometimes the difference depends on how the speaker sees the condition in a given situation. (usually called aspect) 1. If I lose my job, I will …..(my company is doing badly) 2. If I lost my job, I would …. (my job is secure) 3. If there is a nuclear war, we will …. (I am pessimistic) 4. If there was a nuclear war, we would …. (I am sure it won’t happen) II.. SPEAKING & WRITING. IMAGINARY FEARS. A B A B. : What would you do if you saw a ghost? : I’d run away. : Wouldn’t you talk to it? : I certainly wouldn’t.. Now work in pairs. You are going to make conversation with your partner using the following questions. What would you do if…………..? ¾ You woke up in the middle of the night and saw a burglar? ¾ You got stuck in a lift? ¾ You were given the bill in a restaurant and you realized you didn’t have any money? ¾ You were driving in your car and the brakes failed? ¾ You had a dream about a plane crash the day before you were going to fly? III.. LISTENING. People of mixed nationality. Amelia and Lionel told their stories. Listen to the two people and take notes about them under the headings below. After each one, check your notes with a partner. Amelia Nationality of parents Languages he/ she can speak Advantages Problems Life now. - 59 -. Lionel.

(64) Comprehension Check 1. Where did their parents meet? 2. Where did they live when they were children? 3. Who has visited or lived in the countries of both their parents? 4. Why did Lionel go to Dominica? Why didn’t he stay there? 5. Why does Lionel think that he and his wife will feel comfortable in New York? 6. What might Amelia do next summer? 7. Who are they married to? IV.. READING COMPREHENSION Dreams and Reality. 1. Read about how Tanya describes her life and her dream. Fact:. Tanya, aged 7. I live in a block of flats with my Mum and little brother. My Mum works in a hospital, and so my Gran often looks after us and helps my Mum. We have a budgie and a goldfish. I go to St Paul’s school and I wear a blue and grey uniform.. Dream If I were a princess, I’d live in a palace. If I lived in a palace, I’d have servants to look after me. My Mum would be a queen, and she wouldn’t work. I wouldn’t go to school, I’d have a governess. I’d ride a white horse and I’d wear a long dress and a gold crown.. 2. Read about how Graham describes his life, and complete the sentences about his dream. Fact:. Graham, aged 9. I live in a cottage in a village near Glasgow. My Dad is unemployed and my Mum works in a pub in the city. I go to the village school. I walk to school with my friend. We often play football together. I have a cat and some chickens.. - 60 -.

(65) Dream If I …………… a prince, I …………… in a castle. I …………… in a cottage. My Dad …………… King, and my Mum …………… in a pub. A chauffeur …………… me to school. I …………… polo on a white horse. I …………… peacocks in my garden. I …………… chickens.. 3. Answer these questions about Tanya. Use short answer. If Tanya were a princess, ……… − Where would she live? In a palace. − Would her Gran look after her? No, she wouldn’t. Servants would. a. Who would be queen? b. Would her Mum work? c. Would Tanya go to school? d. Would she have any pets? e. What would she wear? Ask and answer similar questions about Graham. Example: Graham/ live/ castle? Would Graham live in a castle? Yes, he would. a. He/ live/ cottage? b. His mother/ work/ pub? c. Who/ take/ him/ school? d. What sport/ he/ play? e. He/ have/ chickens? ………………………………………………………………………………………………... V.. EXERCISES. 1. Jimmy’s dreams Jimmy is in prison. Read about his life in prison, and then complete the sentences about his dreams. Reality He is in prison. He ….. • Gets up at 5.00 • Wears a prison uniform • Has cold toast for breakfast • Works in a factory • Exercises in a yard • Watches TV every evening • Goes to bed at 9.00 - 61 -.

(66) Dream If he weren’t in prison, ……. 1.he would get up (‘d get up) at 7.30. 2.he _______________ a suit. 3.he _______________ coffee and croissants for breakfast. 4.he _______________ in an office. 5.he _______________ squash. 6.he _______________ to night clubs. 7.he _______________ at midnight.. 2. Making questions Ask questions about Jimmy in exercise 1. If Jimmy weren’t I prison, ….. 1. What time would he get up? At 7.30. 2. _________________________________________ A suit 3. _________________________________________ Coffee and croissants. 4. _________________________________________ In an office. 5. _________________________________________ To night clubs. 6. _________________________________________ At midnight. 3. Rewrite these sentences using the Second Conditional. 1. I’m not rich. I don’t live in a big house. If I were rich, I’d live in a big house. 2. He works in the evening. He has no time to play with his children. ______________________________ 3. She buys a lot of clothes. She has no money. ______________________________ 4. I haven’t got a car. I can’t give you a lift. ______________________________ 5. I go to bed late. In the morning I’m tired. ______________________________ 6. She hasn’t got a watch. She’s always late. ______________________________. - 62 -.

(67) MODULE 8 PASSIVE VOICE I.. GRAMMAR A. THE FORM GENERAL FORM. Subject + to be + past participle ¾ The passive of an active is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. ¾ The subject of the active verb becomes the agent of the passive verb. ¾ The agent is very often not mentioned, but when it is mentioned it is preceded by ‘by’ and placed at the end of the clause. ¾ But very often ‘by’ and the agent are omitted in passive sentences. This might be because: o The agent is unknown: My flat was burgled yesterday. o The agent is unimportant: The Bridge was built in 1876. o It is understood who the agent is: He was fined $ 100 for speeding. ¾ Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive.. B. ACTIVE TENSES AND THEIR PASSIVE EQUIVALENTS TENSE/VERB FORM. Simple Present. ACTIVE VOICE. Keeps. PASSIVE VOICE. Is kept. Example: He keeps the book. → The book is kept by him. I keep the books. → The books are kept by me. Present Continuous. Is keeping. Is being kept. Example: He is keeping the book. → The book is being kept by him. I am keeping the book. → The book is being kept by me. Simple Past. Kept. Was kept. Example: He kept the book.. → The book was kept by him. I kept the books. → The books were kept by me. Past Continuous Was keeping Was being kept. - 63 -.

(68) TENSE/VERB FORM. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. Example: He was keeping the book. → The book was being kept by him. I was keeping the book. → The book was being kept by me. Present Perfect. Has kept. Has been kept. Example: He has kept the book.. → The book has been kept by him. I have kept the books. → The books have been kept by me. Past Perfect. Had kept. Had been kept. Example: He had kept the book. → The book had been kept by him. I had kept the book.→ The book had been kept by me. Future. Will keep. Will be kept. Example: He will keep the book.. → The book will be kept by him. I will keep the books. → The books will be kept by me. Conditional. Would keep. Would be kept. Example: He would keep the book. → The book would be kept by him. I would keep the books. → The books would be kept by me. Perfect Conditional. Would have kept. Would have been kept. Example: He would have kept the book. → The book would have been kept by him. I would have kept the books. → The books would have been kept by me.. Note: Tobe used for subject in passive is in accordance with the object of the active sentence. Example: Active Passive John buys three books. → Three books are bought by John. O S. - 64 -.

(69) Active Her attitude shocked me. Subject: her attitude Verb: shocked (Past Simple) Object: me. Passive I was shocked by her attitude. Subject: I Verb: was shocked (Past Simple) Object: her attitude. They built this house in 1486. Subject: they Verb: built (past simple) Object: this house Adverb: in 1486. This house was built in 1486. Subject: this house Verb: was built (past simple) Object: they (omitted) Adverb: in 1486. C. THE USE of “PASSIVE” No. Use. Example. 1. When it is not necessary to mention the doer of the action as it is obvious who he is/was/will be. The rubbish hasn’t been collected.. 2. When we don’t know, or don’t know exactly, or have forgotten who did the action. The minister was murdered.. 3. When we are more interested in the action than the person who does it. The house next door has been bought. (by a Mr. Jones). D. VERBS WITH 2 OBJECTS. Frequently used verbs: give, send, show, lend. When these verbs are used in the passive, there are two possibilities Most often the person becomes the subject of the passive verb.. Active She gave her sister the car.. Passive Her sister was given the car. The car was given to her sister.. - 65 -.

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