Abstract—DNA computing is a form of computing which uses
DNA, biochemistry and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. DNA computing, or, more generally, Bio-molecular computing is a fast developing interdisciplinary area. Research and development in this area concerns theory, experiments, and applications of DNA computing. The term "molectronics" has sometimes been used, but this term had already been used for an earlier technology, a then-unsuccessful rival of the first integrated circuits this term has also been used more generally, for molecular-scale technology. This research creates a DNA based XOR encryption method, the proposed encryption algorithm focuses on achieving following objectives
Keywords: Network Security, DNA cryptography, Private key crypto-system.
I. INTRODUCTION
DNA cryptography is a new branch of cryptography utilizes DNA as an informational and computational carrier with the aid of molecular techniques. It is relatively a new field which emerged after the disclosure of computational ability of DNA. DNA cryptography gains attention due to the vast storage capacity of DNA[1], which is the basic computational tool of this field. One gram of DNA is known to store about 10 8 tear-bytes. This surpasses the storage capacity of any electrical, optical or magnetic storage medium.
DNA is being proposed to use for many computational purposes.
For example Bearish. Demonstrated a tile system that takes input and produces output using DNA. The method is now also used to solve many NP-complete and other problems. Such as Rothemund.
Showed that DNA can also be used to compute XOR function which is an essential part of cryptosystems [2]. It is a very potential field of research, as work which has been done in this field suggests that it can put many challenges to the modern cryptosystems. By utilizing DNA cryptography, several methods have been designed to break many modern algorithms like Data Encryption Standard (DES) RSA and Number Theory Research Unit (NTRU).
The research of DNA cryptosystem is still in its early stage. Thus, the scope of doing research on this new field is multi-dimensional.
Work needs to be done from theory to realization, as both of the dimensions yet to be matured. Recent development showed that some key technologies in DNA research, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), DNA synthesis, and DNA digital coding,
have only been developed. Traditional cryptographic systems have long legacy and are built on a strong mathematical and theoretical
basis. Traditional security systems like RSA, DES or NTRU are also found in real time operations. So, an important perception needs to be developed that the DNA cryptography is not to negate the tradition, but to create a bridge between existing and new technology [4]. The power of DNA computing will strengthen the existing security system by opening up a new possibility of a hybrid cryptographic system.
This paper gives a simple comparison between traditional and DNA cryptographic methods. It gives an insight to the benefits which can be achieved with the help of DNA cryptography and discusses the techniques which are currently used in this field. It also stresses on the need that both the traditional and DNA cryptographic techniques should be merged in a way that resulting cryptographic systems can enjoy the benefits from both the fields [3]. It also points out some loop holes in this field and discusses that this field needs further research to gain the stage of realization.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section gives background knowledge which is required to understand DNA cryptography and an insight is given to the field of cryptography, DNA and DNA cryptography. In this section, a typical cryptographic scenario is also explained, which is used in later sections. Section 3 discusses the techniques which are used in DNA cryptography. What has been done and what still needs to be done will be discussed in Section 6. Finally, conclusion is drawn in Section 7.
The Internet is a ubiquitous and affordable communications network suited for e-commerce and medical image communications. Security has become a major issue as data communication channels can be intruded by intruders during transmission. Though, different methods have been proposed and used to protect the transmission of data from illegal and unauthorized access, code breakers have come up with various methods to crack them. DNA based Cryptography brings forward a new hope for unbreakable algorithms. This paper outlines an encryption scheme with DNA technology and JPEG Zigzag Coding for Secure Transmission of Images.
Based on their research work, they concludes that the DNA based encryption helps in the secure transmission of such confidential images [1]
With the growth of technological advancements, the threats dealt by a user grow exponentially. Hence security has become a critical issue in data storage and transmission. As traditional cryptographic systems are now vulnerable to attacks, the concept of using DNA Cryptography has been identified as a possible technology that brings forward a new hope for unbreakable algorithms.
Secure Data Encryption using DNA Based Cryptographic Scheme
1
Seema Rani,
2Udai Shankar,
3Vikas Srivastava
1
M.Tech Scholar
,2,3Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science UPTU Lucknow
1
[email protected],
2[email protected],
3
[email protected]
This paper analyzes the different approaches on DNA based Cryptography [15] As XML becomes a standard for disseminating data on the internet, applications disseminating XML data on the internet are rapidly increasing, so flow of XML data on the internet could breach the privacy of data providers unless access to the disseminated XML data is carefully controlled. The methods using encryption have been proposed for such access control .DNA Cryptography is a new born cryptographic field emerged with the research of DNA Computing. The vast parallelism, exceptional energy efficiency and extraordinary information inherent in DNA molecules are being explored for computing, data storage and cryptography.
In this paper, we briefly introduce the biological background of DNA cryptography and the principle of DNA computing, summarize the progress of DNA cryptographic research and several key problems, discuss the trend of DNA cryptography, and propose a novel encryption algorithm is devised based on number conversion, DNA digital coding, and use of enzymes, which can effectively prevent attack on xml file and provide excellent security.
Based upon their research work they conclude that DNA in connection to cryptography is a fast developing interdisciplinary area. The Proposed method adds some artificial features to make the resulting cipher texts difficult to break. The theoretical analysis shows that this method is powerful against certain attacks, especially against flooding and men-in-middle attacks. The future of this area looks very promising, seeing as DNA is a medium for ultra-compact information storage [16]
Recent research has focused on DNA as a medium for ultra scale computation and for ultm-compact information storage, Unlike wing the conventional electronic means to encode data, we propose a novel design of DNA-based, molecular Cryptography design in this paper. Due to the random nature of DNA, we can make our cryptography in principle unbreakable. Carbon nano tube-based message transformation, and DNA-based cryptosystem an proposed. To demonstrate the performance, we present an interesting example lo encode and decode images wing the proposed scheme.
An author concludes that DNA and RNA are appealing media for data storage due to very large amounts of data that can be stored in compact volume. They far exceed the storage capacities of conventional electronic, magnetic and optical media. In this paper, they present a novel DNA-based cryptography technique that takes advantage of the massive parallel processing capabilities of biomolecular computation. They secretly assemble a library of onetime pads in the form of DNA strands. Then, a modulo-2 addition method is employed for encryption whereby a large number of short message sequences can be encrypted using onetime pads. They also present an interesting example of encrypting/decrypting a two-dimensional image.[5]
II. DNA CRYPTOGRAPHY PROBLEM DOMAIN
In human body to transform the genetic inform from one part to another part nucleic acids are present. There are two type of nucleic acid DNA and RNA which code for all type of instructions needed for the cell to perform different function [5]. The DNA Stands for Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid. DNA is the molecule that contains the genetic code of organism. DNA is material that governs Genetic similarity of looks, nature in human and animals
III.COMPARISONSBETWEENDEFFERENT CRYPTOGRAPHYTECHNIQUE
DES is the old "data encryption standard" from the seventies. Its key size is too short for proper security (56 effective bits; this can be brute-forced, as has been demonstrated more than ten years ago).[6] Also, DES uses 64-bit blocks, which raises some potential issues when encrypting several gigabytes of data with the same key (a gigabyte is not that big nowadays).
3DES is a trick to reuse DES implementations, by cascading three instances of DES (with distinct keys). 3DES is believed to be secure up to at least
"2 112 " security (which is quite a lot, and quite far in the realm of "not breakable with today's technology"). But it is slow, especially in software (DES was designed for efficient hardware implementation, but it sucks in software; and 3DES sucks three times as much).
Blowfish is a block cipher proposed by Bruce Schneider, and deployed in some software[7].
Blowfish can use huge keys and is believed secure, except with regards to its block size, which is 64 bits, just like DES and 3DES. Blowfish is efficient in software, at least on some software platforms (it uses key dependent lookup tables; hence performance depends on how the platform handles memory and caches).
AES is the successor of DES as standard symmetric encryption algorithm for US federal organizations (and as standard for pretty much everybody else, too). AES accepts keys of 128, 192 or 256 bits (128 bits is already very unbreakable), uses 128-bit blocks (so no issue there), and is efficient in both software and hardware. It was selected through an open competition involving hundreds of cryptographers during several years. Basically, you cannot have better than that
Advantages of DNA Cryptography
DNA chains have a very large scale of parallelism, and its computing speed could reach 1 billion times per second.
The DNA molecule - as a carrier of data - has a large capacity. It seems that one trillion bits of binary data can be stored in one cubic decimeter of a DNA solution.
A DNA molecular computer has low power consumption, only equal to one-billionth of a traditional computer.
IV. PROPOSED WORK
DNA Cryptography is based on biological problems: in theory, the DNA computer will not only has the same computing power as a modern computer but will also have a potency and function which traditional computers cannot match. First, DNA chains have a very large scale of parallelism, and its computing speed could reach 1 billion times per second; second, the DNA molecule - as a carrier of data - has a large capacity. It seems that one trillion bits of binary data can be stored in one cubic decimeter of a DNA solution; third, a DNA molecular computer has low power consumption, only equal to one-billionth of a traditional computer.
The main objective of this research work is to create a DNA based XOR encryption method, the proposed encryption algorithm focuses on achieving following objectives:
1. Make an encoding conversion algorithm for the encrypted plaintext; transfer the ASCII code which corresponds to the plaintext character into n-bit binary code;
2. Use the n-bit pseudo-random number sequence which is produced by the chaotic system to conduct XOR with the plaintext’s binary sequences. All of these sequences are 0, 1 sequences. Obtain the binary sequences after treatment;
3. Obtain the DNA chain by using the digital coding rules of DNA to transfer these binary sequences into a DNA base sequence. The Strands of Mitochondria DNA are used in our process.
4. Explicating that which is converted into binary code;
5. The DNA decryption process will use the DNA encoding rule pre-treatment the binary code for chaos;
6. Bringing Key into the chaotic system to produce the chaotic pseudo-random number sequence;
7. Operating the sequence and the plaintext sequence corresponding to the binary by XOR so as obtain the processed encrypted binary sequence.
A).ENCRYPTIONPROCESS
The message sender is also called the encrypted: after completing the key design it begins to encrypt the plaintext and makes a cipher text as shown in figure 5.1.
1. Explicating that which is converted into binary code;
2. Using the DNA encoding rule pre-treatment the binary code for chaos;
3. Bringing Key B into the chaotic system to produce the chaotic pseudo-random number sequence;
4. Operating the sequence and the plaintext sequence corresponding to the binary by XOR so as obtain the processed binary sequence.
If the encrypted wants to encrypt the plaintext, he/she first needs to transform the plaintext by using the code rules.
Next, he/she obtains the DNA sequence with its base sequence represented a special meaning and he/she then uses the biotechnology and - according to DNA sequences - artificially synthesizes the DNA chain as the target DNA.
After this, he/she can design the appropriate primers as the key[8]. When the sender has the key, he/she loads them onto the target DNA for its strand and end according to the sequence synthesis primers of the primer. On this basis, we use DNA technology to cut and splice, and implant this DNA to a long DNA chain. Finally, he/she adds an interfered DNA chain, namely the common DNA chain.
The sequence of these chains does not contain any meaningful information. Next, the sequence was transformed into a DNA base sequence according to DNA coding. The coding rules are 0123/CTAG [9]. Afterwards, select the stand-n-primer from which is obtained in the previous primer sequence step, added to the front of the sequence. The cipher text sequence propagated successfully.
The ASCII text is first Transformed into Encrypted DNA Sequence using Key with the help of XOR Swap Algorithm
1. Mitochondria DNA is imported and with the help of pseudo random number, closely resembling DNA sequence is generated.
2. Encrypted Base Sequences are then compared with mitochondria DNA using nucleotide density function for application of Encrypted message or DNA Sequence.
B).DCRYPTIONPROCESS
First, the cracker has to get Key using key information that is obtained from safe prior sources and then carry out PCR amplification. For the second step, the DNA to be amplified will be selected by using electrophorus and these DNA have the information we need. For the third step, through the sequencing of the DNA chain, we can draw the corresponding DNA sequence. For the fourth step, the DNA sequence was restored to a binary sequence by the DNA encoding.
For the fifth step, the binary sequences are spliced together, and we can get a sequence that is a clear binary sequence after the sequence of the pre-treated. For the sixth step - the building of the chaotic system - we bring the parameters of Key B into the chaotic system [11].
After these operations, we can obtain a binary sequence corresponding to the plaintext. For the seventh step, through transcending and the restoration of the character data, we can get plaintext.
C).KEYSPACE
The size of the key space is very important for the security of the encryption system. A good cryptographic algorithm should have enough key space to ensure its safety. The traditional encryption schemes of the PCR amplification technology of encrypted DNA witnesses a problem where it does not have enough key space [12]. As such, we present three ways for improving the security problem of the system.
1. Using a method for combining PCR technology and chaos technology.
2. If we do not know the correct primers, we cannot start PCR amplification and, at the same, we cannot obtain the DNA which has the plaintext information. This is the feature of encryption system we described above and on security issues this method will be more stronger than others.
3. This encryption system is a common encryption system for the combination of DNA code and chaotic encryption. Here, we use a chaotic system to pre-treat the plaintext.
This encryption system has the three above features and it can adjust to the size of the entire key space dynamically, and especially to the key of the adjusted DNA code.
D).PSEUOCODE
Encryption Process
Input plaintext Pi and Keyi
Initialize pseudo random number r With Keyi
For char c in plaintext Pi
Pi[c]= Replace char with Codonlist End;
Codonlist=Pi
Randomize Codonlist using Random No r and Keyi
Apply XOR Swap to Randomized Codonlist
Return swapped Codonlist
Explanation: Encryption process takes plaintext (as according to user) and keys that user wants. Then initialize any pseudo random number with key. After that run For loop for every character in plaintext and replace each character with original colonist (i.e DNA strands
“A”,”T”,”C”,G”). Then randomize cordon list with the help of any random number r and key. Apply Xor Swap over randomize colonist for receiving encrypted message.
Decryption Process
Input DNA Sequence Di and Keyi
Initialize pseudo random number r With Keyi
For char c in DNA Sequence Di
Di[c]= Replace Codonlist with char
End;
Codonlist=Di
Rearrange Codonlist using Random No r and Keyi
Apply XOR Swap to Rearranged Codonlist
Return swapped Plaintext.
Explanation: Decryption process takes DNA sequence (which is generated by Encryption process) and key which is provided by user. Then initialize pseudo random number r with key. Run For loop for every character in DNA sequence and replace cordon list (i.e DNA strands
“A”,”T”,”C”,G”) with characters. After that rearrange cordon list with the help of random number r and key.
Apply XOR Swap over rearranged cordon list for receiving original plaintext.
V.IMPLEMENTATIONRESULT
1. When we run the DNA Crypt algorithms firstly it asks user for the key and secret message, the screen is shown below in figure 5.4.
2.If receiver (user) has entered right deciphering key (say pass in our implementation) then corresponding original message will obtain and their corresponding DNA strands will analyzed or count as shown in figure 5.7.
Figure 5.1: Analyze DNA Strands.
3. Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. The building blocks of nucleic acids, nucleotides are composed of a various bases. Nucleotide density displays the density of nucleotides A, C, G, and T in sequence. We use intensity function to show density of DNA strands as shown below in figure 5.2.
Figure 5.2: Intensity of An Encrypted Message.
4. Compared NT density of Encrypted message with mitochondria DNA, mitochondria DNA has heavy ntdesity hence the Encrypted message can be spliced over mitochondria DNA which is shown in figure 5.3.
Figure 5.3: Intensity of An Encrypted Message Splice Over Mitochondria DNA.
5. We have also shown DNA strands with help of Charts like Bar or Pie chart as shown below in figure 5.4(a) and 5.4(b).
i.
Figure 5.4(a): Bar Chart Shows DNA Strands Of An Encrypted Message
Figure 5.4(b): Pie Chart Shows DNA Strands Of An Encrypted Message.
i. DNA strands of Mitochondria DNA can be obtain from following link which is shown in figure 5.5.
Figure 5.5: Mitochondria, Complete Genome from NCBI.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Today in the age of smart cards and wearable PCs find that statement laughable. We has made huge advance in efficiency since the days of room-sized computers, yet the underlying computational framework has remain the same.
Today supercomputers still use the sequential logic, used by the mechanical dinosaur of the isolated past. Some researchers are now looking beyond these boundaries and investigate completely new media and computational models. With the growth of technical advancement, the threats deal by a user grow exponentially. Hence security has become a critical issue in data storage and transmission.
As traditional cryptographic system are now vulnerable to attack, the concept of using DNA Cryptography has been identified by a possible technology that brings and forward a new expect for unbreakable algorithms. This paper analyze the different approach on DNA based Cryptography.
As a medium with high information density, DNA was proposed for computational purpose by Adelman in 1994.
Since the several approaches have been investigated, but little attention has been made in encryption strategies. In this research work it has been shown how to molecular encryption can be performed on the basis of DNA binary strand using XOR encryption approach for encryption. This work strengthens the fact that biotechnological method can be used for cryptography. We work on XOR based different cryptographic approach for DNA binary strand. This work show how to DNA binary strand can be used for encryption and decryption. Many problems still exist in the proposed work which leaves the window for future; we can work on following aspects in the future:
1. Apply AES, or Asymmetric Methods for Encryption process.
2. Support for Unicode Input the input messages and Key phrase.
3. DNA space complexity reduction using various methods.
Today in the age of smart cards and wearable PCs find that statement laughable. We has made huge advance in efficiency since the days of room-sized computers, yet the underlying computational framework has remain the same.
Today supercomputers still use the sequential logic, used by the mechanical dinosaur of the isolated past. Some researchers are now looking beyond these boundaries and investigate completely new media and computational models. With the growth of technical advancement, the threats deal by a user grows exponentially. Hence security has become a critical issue in data storage and transmission.
As traditional cryptographic system are now vulnerable to attack, the concept of using DNA Cryptography has been identified by a possible technology that brings and forward
a new expect for unbreakable algorithms. This paper analyze the different approach on DNA based Cryptography
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