SERVICE
Ru le 3 P fil e s C o mp la in t co mme n ci n g th e ci vi l a ct io n R u le 4 (a ) (1 ) P w ri te s Su mmo n s: (a ) C o u rt /Pa rt ie s (b ) D e fe n d a n t (c ) N a me /Ad d re ss o f P' s (a tto rn e y) (d ) T ime to R e sp o n d (e ) D e fa u lt Me n tio n (f ) C le rk si g n a tu re (g ) C o u rt Se a l R u le 4 (b ) G ive to C le rk to si g n a n d Se a l Se rv ice F o rm 3 : 2 1 d a ys to re sp o n d o r 6 0 if US W a ive r o f Se rv ice (6 0 d a ys) R u le 4 (c )* (1 ) Su mmo n s mu st h a ve co p y o f co mp la in t (2 ) Se rv e r is 1 8 + AN D n o t p a rt y (3 ) P ma y re q u e st (d e p u ty ) ma rs h a l o r a n a p p o in te e R u le 4 (d ) (1 ) D u ty to A vo id C o st s; N o tice a n d R e q u e st mu st : (A ) Se n d to P o r Ag e n t (B ) N a me C o u rt (C ) C o p y o f C o mp la in t; 2 co p ie s W a ive r; P re p a id R e tu rn (D ) C o n se q u e n ce s o f n o t (E ) D a te R e q u e st Se n t (F ) 3 0 (6 0 fo re ig n ) d a ys fro m Se n t t o re tu rn R u le 4 (e ) (1 ) F o llo w st a te la w o f D . C o u rt o r St a te o f Se rv ice (2 ) D e live r to : (A ) Pe rs o n a l (B ) Pe rs o n su ita b le a g e a n d d is c re tio n a t u su a l d w e llin g (C ) An Ag e n t (2 ) Mu st p a y e xp e n se o f l a te r Se rv ice (3 ) An sw e r w ith in 6 0 d a ys o f Se n t (4 ) P ro o f n o t re q u ire d R u le 4 (l ) P ro o f: (1 ) Se rv e r Af fid a vi t (3 ) F a ilu re to p ro ve d o e sn 't a ffe ct va lid ity; ca n a me n d p ro o f R u le 4 (m) If n o t se rv e d w ith in 1 2 0 d a ys o f co mp la in t; d is mi ss o r a llo w fo r time ; mu st e xt e n d if g o o d re a so n F o rm 6 W a ive r w a ive s o b je ct io n to a b se n ce o f se rv ice 6 0 d a ys u n til d e fa u lt fro m R . Se n t R u le 4 (m) 1 2 0 d a ys fro m fil in g th e co mp la in t t o se rv e o r d is mi sse d w ith o u t p re ju d ice U N L ESS g o o d re a so n to e xt e n d G re e n e v . L in d se y BL L : I n d e p ri vi n g a p e rs o n o f a d e q u a te n o tice o f p ro ce e d in g s a g a in st th e m, th e St a te d e p ri ve d th e m o f p ro p e rt y w ith o u t d u e p ro ce ss. N o ti c e m u s t b e re a s o n a b ly c a lc u la te d Su ffici e n cy o f n o tice d e p e n d s o n th e in te re st . F a ilu re to a ch ie ve p e rs o n a l se rv ice is n o t a p e rs o n fo rf e iti n g th e ir in te re st C h ild re n a n d d o o rs . T ry Ma il D u e P ro ce ss C la u se (5 th A me n d me n t): n o r sh a ll a n y St a te d e p ri ve a n y p e rs o n o f lif e , l ib e rt y, o r p ro p e rt y, wi th o u t d u e p ro ce ss o f l a w Jo n e s v. F lo w e rs P ro p e rt y is a si g n ifica n t i n te re st a n d sh o u ld ta ke e xt ra ca re *Be fo re 1 9 9 3 e xce p t u n d e r sp e ci fie d ci rcu mst a n ce s w h ich in cl u d e a su mmo n s a n d co mp la in t se rve d p u rsu a n t to th e la w o f th e St a te - w a s a d d e d to th e e n d o f 4 c2 re o rg a n izi n g th e ro le in to a w h o a n d a h o w su g g e st s th a t t h e y mo ve d a w a y fro m th e re st ri ct io n s re o rg a n izi n g th e ro le in to a w h o a n d a h o w su g g e st s th a t t h e re w a s n o re a so n to d e p a rt fro m th e p re vi o u s ru le s; th e re is n o h ist o ry to su g g e st th e re a so n th a t t h e2
Rule 8 (d)(1):
Allegations must be
simple, concise,
and direct; no
technical form
required
Rule 8(e): Pleadings
must be construed so as
to do justice
Leatherman
Courts not allowed to use
heightened pleading
requirement (immunity)
Rule 8(a) Claim for
Relief Must Contain
(1) short and plain
statement of grounds for
jurisdiction unless not
needed
(2) short and plain
statement
showing
that
the pleader is entitled to
relief
(3) demand for the relief
sought
Form 11
for
guidance
on
Complaint
Bell Atlantic Corp v. Twombly
"requires more than labels
and conclusions, and a
formulaic recitation of the
elements of a cause of action
will not do"
Must "nudge their claims
across the line from
conceivable to plausible";
decently likely;
avoid discovery $$;
Ft. Note 3: Some factual
allegation for "fair notice" and
"grounds" (from
Conley
) to
meet 8a2 "showing"; but not
in
detail
Ft. Note 6: Judicial discovery
manage't fails; FRCP hollow
rules here; arbiter cannot
know/missing info always
12(b)(6):
Failure to State a claim
upon which relief can be
granted
Conley v. Gibson
"The accepted rule that a
complaint should not be
dismissed for failure to state
a claim unless it appears
beyond doubt that the plaintiff
can prove no set of facts in
support of his claim which
would entitle him to relief"
"…that will give D
fair notice
of what P's claim is and the
grounds
upon which it rests"
Swierkiewicz v. Sorema
"Must accept as true all of the
factual allegations contained
in the complaint"
Y: Not enough to just say "is
liable without giving any hint
about a theory of
cognizability"
Papasan v. Allain
"on a motion to dismiss,
courts "are not bound to
accept as true a legal
conclusion couched as a
factual allegation""
EXCEPTION: 9(b)
Must state with particularity
the circumstances
constituting fraud or mistake;
Malice, intent, knowledge,
conditions of mind may be
alleged generally
Ashcroft v. Iqbal
Not Just Antitrust
Interpretation of Rule 8
which by Rule 1 "governs
the pleading standard 'in
all civil actions and
proceedings in US district
courts'"
Is it conclusory?
"While legal conclusions
can provide the framework
of a complaint, they must
be supported by factual
allegations. When there
are well-pleaded factual
allegations, a court should
assume their veracity and
then determine whether
that plausibly give rise to
an entitlement to relief."
Is it specific?
"claim too chimerical to be
maintained"
Is it consistent?
"But given more likely
explanations, they do not
plausibly establish this
purpose"
Qualified Immunity:
Judicial created doctrine
shields from liability a
public official who is found
to have acted lawfully if his
actions are found to have
been taken in good faith
Iqbal:
"question presented by a
motion to dismiss does not
turn on the controls placed
upon the discovery process"
"basic thrust os the
qualified-immunity doctrine is to free
officials from the concerns of
litigation, including
'avoidance of disruptive
discovery.'…deficient under
Rule 8…not entitled to
discovery, cabined or
otherwise."
Iqbal" "Excuses a party from pleading discriminatory intent
under an elevated pleading standard" as in the context of
fraud and mistake before it. Not "license to evade the less
rigid-though still operative- strictures of Rule 8"
Bivens; Iq
"There is supervisory
liability" with public officials
Gillespie and Dioguardi
ANSWER
Ha d d le ; 1 2 (b )(6 ) De mu rr e r F a ilu re to st a te a cl a im u p o n w h ich re lie f ca n b e g ra n te d ; [ w ro n g fu l fi ri n g ]; e ve n if tru e ... R u le 5 5 (a ): F a ilu re to p le a d o r d e fe n d sh o w n b y a ffid a vi t o r o th e rw ise is d e fa u lt ju d g e me n t D u p lic ity R u le 8 (d )(2 ) Pa rt y ma y se t o u t t w o o r mo re st a te me n ts o f a cl a im o r d e fe n se a lte rn a tive ly o r h yp o th e tica lly; p le a d in g su ffici e n t if a n y su ffici e n t R u le 8 (d )(3 ) A s ma n y cl a ims o r d e fe n se s a n d ma y b e in co n si st e n t Pr e -A n s w e r Mo ti o n R u le 1 2 (b ) An sw e r a sse rt e d in th e re sp o n si ve p le a d in g ; t h e se th ru mo tio n (1 ) S MJ & (2 ) PJ (3 ) Imp ro p e r ve n u e (4 ) in su ffici e n t p ro ce ss 4a (5 )i n su ffici e n t se rv ice 4e2b (6 ) F a ilu re to st a te cl a im. .. Mu st b e ma d e b e fo re p le a d in g is re q u ire d ; i f n o t re q u ire d ma y a sse rt a t t ri a l [ H a mi lto n v . At la s T u rn e r, In c] R u le 1 2 (e ): D efi n ite R a re ; mo re d efin ite st a te me n t o f a p le a d in g ; u su a lly w ill u se 1 2 (b )(6 ); b e fo re re sp o n si ve p a n d d e ta ils; if n o re sp o n se in 1 4 d a ys ma y st ri ke issu e R u le 1 2 (f ) S tr ik e In su ffici e n t, re d u n d a n t, imma te ri a l, imp e rt in e n t, sca n d a lo u s (1 ) o n co u rt 's o w n (2 ) o n mo tio n b e fo re re sp o n se o r if n o re sp o n se a llo w e d , 2 1 d a ys a fte r p le a d in g se rv e d R u le 1 2 (g ) Jo in in g (1 ) R ig h t t o Jo in mo tio n s in Ru le 1 2 (2 ) E x c e p t i n 1 2 h 2 &3 ; p a rt y th a t ma ke s a mo tio n u n d e r th is ru le mu st n o t ma ke a n o th e r mo tio n u n d e r it ra isi n g a d e fe n se o r o b je ct io n th a t W A S A V A IL A B L E to th e p a rt y b e fo re b u t o mi tte d R u le 1 2 (h ) W a ivi n g (1 ) W a ive s 1 2 b 2 -5 (A ) 1 2 g 2 (B ) F a ilin g to : (i ) ma ke mo tio n u n d e r 1 2 (i i) In cl u d e it in re sp o n se b y 1 5 a 1 (2 ) 1 2 b 6 ; Jo in 1 9 b ; st a te le g a l d e fe n se ma y b e ra ise d : (A ) a n y p le a d in g p e r 7 a (B ) R u le 1 2 c: Jo Pl e a d (C ) a t t ri a l (3 ) Mu st d is mi ss if S MJ R u le 1 2 (c ) J o n Pl e a d in g s Af te r p le a d in g cl o se d (c o mp la in t a n d a n sw e r) b u t e a rl y e n o u g h n o t t o d e la y tri a l An s w e r D e n ia l (T ra ve rs e ) C o n fe ssi o n a n d A vo id a n ce (A ffirm a tive D e fe n se s Ru le 1 1 Sa n c ti o n s *Se e C h a rt R u le 1 2 (d ) If 1 2 b 6 o r 1 2 c mo tio n in cl u d e s ma tte rs o u tsi d e th e p le a d in g s; tre a t i t a s a mo tio n fo r su mma ry ju d g me n t u n d e r R u le 5 6 ; G ive p a rt ie s time g a th e r ma te ri a ls R u le 1 2 (a ) T ime (1 ) U n le ss st a tu te o r ru le : (A ) D mu st se rv e a n sw e r: (i ) w /in 2 1 d a ys a fte r se rv ice o f su mmo n s o r co mp la in t (i i) W a ive d u n d e r 4 (d ): 6 0 d a ys a fte r w a ive r se n t o r 9 0 o u tsi d e U SA (B ) Pa rt y mu st se rv e a n sw e r to co u n te r/ c ro ss cl a im w /in 2 1 d a ys a fte r se rv ice o f sa id p le a d in g (C ) se rv e re p ly to a n sw e r w ith in 2 1 d a ys a fte r se rv ice o f o rd e r to re p ly u n le ss co u rt sp e ci fie s R u le 1 2 (a )(2 ) U S g e ts 6 0 d a ys fo r co mp la in t, co u n te r, c ro ss cl a im a fte r se rv ice o n U S a tto rn e y R u le 1 2 (a )(3 ) U S o ffice r/ e mp lo ye e sa me a s a b o ve b u t se rv ice o n th e la te st R u le 1 2 (a )(4 ) Ef fe ct s o f Mo tio n U n le ss co u rt se ts time : (A ) co u rt d e n ie s o r p o st p o n e s to tri a l: re sp o n si ve p le a d in g se rv e d w /in 1 4 d a ys a fte r n o tice o f co u rt a ct io n (B ) Mo re d efin ite g ra n te d ; 1 4 d a ys a fte r n e w st a te me n t se rv e d R u le 1 2 (i ) 1 2 b 1 -7 AN D 1 2 c mo tio n mu st b e h e a rd /d e ci d e d b e fo re tri a l u n le ss co u rt d e fe rs R u le 8 (b ) D e fe n se s Ad mi ssi o n D e n ia l (1 ) R e sp o n d to p le a d in g , mu st : (A ) sh o rt a n d p la in te rm s d e fe n se to e a ch cl a im (B ) a d mi t o r d e n y a lle g a tio n s (2 ) D e n ia l mu st fa irl y re sp o n d to su b st a n ce o f a lle g a tio n (3 ) In te n d to d e n y e ve ry th in g in c. ju ri s. ma y u se g e n e ra l d e n ia l; if n o t: d e n y sp e ci fic a lle g a tio n s o r d e n y a ll e xce p t t h o se a d mi tte d (4 ) in te n d s in g o o d fa ith to d e n y o n ly p a rt o f a n a lle g a tio n , mu st a d mi t t h e p a rt th a t i s tru e a n d d e n y th e re st (5 ) L a cki n g in fo rma tio n o r kn o w le d g e mu st st a te so a n d h a s e ffe ct o f d e n ia l (6 ) if re sp o n si ve p le a d in g re q u ire d , a n y a lle g a tio n n o t d e n ie d is a d mi tte d o th e r th a n d a ma g e s a mo u n t; if re sp o n si ve p le a d in g n o t re q u ire d , a lle g a tio n is co n si d e re d d e n ie d o r a vo id e d R u le 8 (c ) Af firm a tive D e fe n se s (1 ) re sp o n d in g to p le a d in g , mu st a ffirm a tive ly st a te a n y a ffirm a tive o r a vo id a n ce d e fe n se (2 ) mi st a ke s d e fe n se a s co u n te rc la im o r co u n te r a s d e fe n se , co u rt , i f ju st ice re q u ire s, tre a t p le a d in g a s th o u g h co rre ct d e si g n a tio n a n d ma y imp o se te rm s fo r d o in g so Z ie lin ski v . Ph ila d e lp h ia Pi e rs , In c. Eq u ita b le E s to p p e l 8 b 3 : No w u p d a te d so th a t g e n e ra l d e n ia l ca n 't b e u se d fo r sp e ci fic d e n ia l G re a t ca n d id a te fo r Ru le 1 5 Sa me In su ra n ce C o . SEE A Q U A SL ID E Ru le 7 (a ) Pl e a d in g s a llo w e d : (1 ) co mp la in t (2 ) a n sw e r to co mp la in t n a n sw e r to a co u n te rc la im s ig n a te d a s a co u n te rc la im (re q u ire d to a n sw e r cc) ) a n sw e r to a c ro sscl a im (5 ) 3 rd p a rt y co mp la in t ) a n sw e r to 3 rd p a rt y co mp . ) re p ly to a n sw e r if co u rt o rd e rs ) Mo tio n s & o th e r p a p e rs ) re q u e st s fo r co u rt o rd e r ) b e in w ri tin g u n le ss d u ri n g h e a ri n g o r tri a l p a rt icu la r g ro u n d s fo r o rd e r (C ) st a te re lie f so u g h t4
AMENDMENTS
Rule 15 Amended and
Supplemental Pleadings
Rule 15(a) Amendments
before trial
(1) Amending as a Matter
of Course (pleading) once
within:
(A) 21 days after serving it
(B) if pleading requires
responsive pleading, 21
days after serving RP or
21 days after service of
motion under 12b,e,f,
whichever earlier
15(a)(2) Other
Amendments: opposing
party's written consent or
court's leave. "freely give
leave when justice so
requires"
15(a)(3) Time to Respond
Unless court says, any
required response to
amended pleading must be
made within the time
remaining to respond to
the original pleading or
within 14 days after service
of the amended pleading,
whichever is later
Rule 15(b) Amendments
During Trial
(1)
Based on an
objection at Trial
; party
objects that evidence is not
within the issues raised in
the pleadings, court may
permit pleadings to be
amended. Court should
freely permit an
amendment when doing so
will aid in presenting the
merits and the objecting
party fails to satisfy the
court that the evidence
would prejudice that
party's action or defense
on the merits. The court
may grant a continuance to
enable the objecting party
to meet the evidence.
15(b)(2)
For Issues Tried
by Consent.
When an
issue not raised by the
pleadings is tried by the
parties' express or implied
consent, it must be treated
in all respects as if raised
in the pleadings. A party
may move-at any time,
even after judgment- to
amend the pleadings to
conform them to the
evidence and to raise an
unpleaded issue. Failure to
amend does not affect the
result of the trial of that
issue.
Rule 15(c) Relation Back
of Amendments
(1)
When an Amendment
Relates Back.
An
amendment to a pleading
relates back to the date of
the original pleading when:
(A) the law that provides
the applicable statute of
limitations allows relation
back
(B) the amendment assets
a claim or defense that
arose out of the conduct,
transaction, or occurrence
set out - or attempted to be
set out - in the original
pleading
(C) the amendment
changes the
party
or the
naming of the party against
whom a claim is asserted,
if 15c1B is satisfied and if,
within the period provided
by 4m for serving the
summons and complaint,
the party be brought in by
amendment:
(i) received such
notice
of
the action that it will not be
prejudiced
in defending
on the merits
(ii) knew or should have
known that the action
would have been brought
against it, but for a
mistake concerning the
proper party's identity
Note: allows 120 days from
4m + Court awarded time
15(c)(2)
Notice to the US
When the US or it's officer
or agency is added as a
defendant by amendment,
the notice requirements of
15c1Ci and ii are met if,
during the stated period,
process was delivered or
mailed to the US attorney
or the designee, Attorney
General of US, or officer or
agency
15(d)
Supplemental
Pleadings
On motion and reasonable
notice, the court may, on
just terms, permit a party
to serve a supplemental
pleading setting out any
transaction, occurrence, or
event that happened after
the date of the pleading to
be supplemented. The
court may permit
supplementation even
thought the original
pleading is defective in
stating a claim or defense.
The court may order that
the opposing party plead to
the supplemental pleading
within a specified time.
Prejudice: Idea that at
some point the other side
has to make decisions
about how to present its
case, decisions that
become difficult if the story
it has to met continually
shifts -Yeazell
1. Opposing Party
2. Jury
Beeck v. Aquaslide N'Dive
Corp
Is there prejudice to P?
Bad faith? 3 insurance
Companies v. manager
To accept death knell
argument:
1.) Assume that D would
prevail at trial on the
factual issue of
manufacture of the slide
2.) P foreclosed from
proceeding against other
parties if they were
unsuccessful
Trial court: "[u]nder these
circumstances, the court
deems that the possible
prejudice to the P
s is an insufficient basis on
which to deny the
proposed amendment"
Prejudicial to Defendant?
Hanson v. Hunt Oil
Co.
8th Circuit says
"Prejudice must be
shown"
D and his insurance
carrier had not been
lacking in diligence
Deferential to the
trial court
Equitable Estoppel
and Fraud to
continue cx of
action
How would D
defend self in court
on falsity,
Zielinski?
Reckless
Misrepresentation
Theory: Must prove
would recovered
against
manufacturer
and collectible
1. Any lawyer would 1st?
2. Prejudice
3. legally insuf. (12b6 SoL)
4. earlier opportunities?
5. Strategy; Discovery?
GLANNON 386
12c1C
1. on notice?
2. Same conduct?
3. Should have known
against self?
(Glannon Test) Arguments against
granting leave:
1. delay in offering it
2. time to meet the claim
3. suspect strategic behavior?
Rule 20a2
allows
joinder of
D's but does
not require
SANCTION
Rule 11
Sanctions
Chaplin v. DuPont Advance
Creatively create or expand jurisprudence "may
merit dismissal, but not punishment"
Does it have a chance under existing precedent?
Is there a factual foundation? 11 Notes, Subdiv (b)
and (c) Religion, accommodation, Caucasian but
no C-discrimination, Southern Confederate is
multiracial
O'Brien v. Alexander
11b broad enough to
punish oral
misrepresentation if it has
substantial connection to
a signed document
presented to court
Rule 11(b)
(1) no improper purpose
(harass, delay, ^$)
(2) warranted by existing
law or non frivolous
argument for extending,
modifying, reversing law
or establishing new law
Earthgrains
No sanctions in 4th Circuit
when circuit precedent
contrary to other circuits
(Think Brown and Plessy)
Notes: Consider Time
(3) factual contentions
have evidentiary support
or will likely have
evidentiary support at
discovery
(4) denials of factual
contentions warranted by
evidence or reasonably
based on belief or lack of
information
Rule 55(a):
Failure to plead or defend
shown by affidavit or
otherwise is default
judgement
Haddle; 12(b)(6)
demurrer
Failure to state a claim
upon which relief can be
granted; [wrongful firing];
even if true...
Duplicity
Rule 8(d)(2)
Party may set out two or
more statements of a
claim or defense
alternatively or
hypothetically; pleading
sufficient if any sufficient
Rule 8(d)(3)
As many claims or
defenses and may be
inconsistent
Sanction: Rule 11(a)
Signature on documents
with email, address,
phone #
Notes: Sign or duplicate
Rule 11(c)(1)
After notice &
opp. to
respond
impose
sanctions;
firms jointly
responsible
Rule 11(c)(2)
Rule 11 motion made
separately and describe
conduct; served under Rule
5; w/draw if corrected w/in
21 days
Rule 11(c)(3)
[Show cause order]
Court may ask why not
in violation 11b; Notes:
No 21 day safe harbor
Rule 11(c)(4)
Limited to what
deters repetition or
comparable conduct;
nonmonetary; $court;
$movant for A.fees
and other expenses
Rule 11(c)(5)
No $$:
(A) violating
Rule11b2
(B) on it own unless
issued under 11c3
before voluntary
dismissal or
settlement by or
against the party that
is to be sanctioned
Rule 11(c)(6)
Order imposing sanction must
describe the sanctioned
conduct and explain the basis
for sanction
Rule 11(d)
Inapplicable to discovery
6
DISCOVERY
26(c)(3) Awarding Expenses Rule 37a5 applies to awarding expenses
26(b)(3) Trial Prep Materials
(A) May not discover docs and tangible things that are prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or its representative; by 26b4 discoverable if:
(i) discoverable by 26b1
(ii) SHOWS that it has substantial need for the material to prepare its case and cannot, without undue hardship, obtain their substantial equivalent by other means
(B) if court orders discovery of those materials, it must protect against disclosure of the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of litigation rep or attorney (C) Previous statement acquirable by party or other person without required showing; otherwise
37a5 Previous statement is:
(i) written statement that the person has signed or otherwise adopted or approved (ii) a contemporaneous stenographic, mechanical, electrical, or other recording - or a transcription
of it - that recites substantially verbatim the person's oral statement
26(b)(5) Claiming Privilege or Protecting Trial-prep Materials
(A) If claiming either of the two protections above; must:
(i) expressly make the claim (ii) describe the nature of the documents,
communications, or tangible things not produced or disclosed - and do so in a manner that, without revealing information
itself privileged or protected, will enable other parties to assess the claim (B) If information is found in discovery that
is subject to protection, party making the claim may notify any party that received the information of the claim and the basis for it. Must return, sequester, destroy and
all copies; must not use or disclose until claim resolved; must take reasonable steps to retrieve the information if the party disclosed it before being notified; and may
present to court under seal for determination ; must preserve until
resolved 26(a)(2)(A) Experts
disclose any witness it may use at trial
26(a)(2)(B) Disclosure accompanied by
written report 26(a)(2)(C) Witnesses without report
guidelines 26(a)(2)(D) Time (i) 90 days before trial date or
case ready for trial (ii) 30 days after the party's disclosure if solely rebutting a
26(a)(2)(B or C)
26(b)(4) Trial Prep Experts
(A) May depose expert that will testify, 26a2B requires a report then must receive it before depose (B) Read Rule; Protects drafts of the 26b3A&B and
26a2
(C) Same as above but for attorney and experts; unless: (i) relates to compensation for study or testimony
(ii) identify facts or data that the party's attorney provided and that the expert considered in forming the
opinions to be expressed
(iii) identify assumptions that the party's attorney provided and expert relied on in forming the opinions to
be expressed
(D) Not permitted to interrogate or depose for facts or opinions by experts hired strictly in anticipation of litigation or to prepare for trial and who is not expected
to be called as a witness; but may if: (i) 35b
(ii) showing exceptional circumstances where the party is unable to get similar information (E) Payment; unless manifest injustice, court requires:
(i) pay the expert a reasonable fee for time spent in responding to discovery under 26b4A&D (ii) for 26b4D; pay the other party a fair portion of the fees and expenses it reasonably incurred in obtaining
the experts Facts/Opinion 26(a)(3) Pretrial
(A) Unless solely impch; provide to party and file (i)witnesses and those might
call if needed (ii) designation of the deposition witnesses transcript
or stenograph (iii) ID docs and exhibits will
offer and might offer (B) due 30 days before trial; 14 days to raise objections [check
rule!] 26(b) Scope and Limits
26(b)(1) In General "any non privileged matter that is
relevant to any party's claim or defense" Including existence of tangibles
Court may order discovery "for good cause"
26(b)(2) Limitations Frequency/ Extent
(A) Court can alter limits of # dep, inter, length of dep, and
request (B) Electronic need not be revealed by reason of "undue
burden or cost" Must SHOW this; can still order (C) Court must limit freq or
extent of discovery if determines: (i) "unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or can be obtained from other source that is more convenient, less burdensome, or
less expensive" (ii) party seeking discovery has had ample opportunity to obtain
the information (iii) burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit (needs of case, $$ in controversy, parties resources, importance of the issues, importance of discovery)
26(a)(1)(A) Initial Disc. "Without awaiting a discovery
request, provide to the other parties" (i) Parties w/discover info
unless solely impch. (ii) copy or desc. by category
and location of docs, electronic…SI (iii) damages computation (iv) insurance agreements
26(a)(1)(B) Proceedings Exempt from Initial Disclosure [List in Rules]
26(a)(1)(C) At or within 14 days after 26f
conference unless court or objection 26(a)(1)(D) Joined or Served party after 26f
has 30 days to disclose 26(a)(1)(E) Disclose based on "information then reasonably available to it."
26(a)(4) All disclosures under Rule 26(a) disclosed in writing,
signed, and served.
26(c) Protective Orders
(1) Party or any person from whom discovery is sought may move for a protective order in the court where the action is pending- or for deposition in the district where the deposition will be taken; motion
must include certification that the movant has in good faith conferred or attempted to confer with affected parties in an effort to resolve without court
action; court may issue order to protect from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or
undue burden or expense for: 26(c)
(A) forbidding the disclosure or discovery
(B) specifying terms, including time and place, for disclosure or discovery (C) prescribing discovery method other than the one selected by party
seeking
(D) forbidding inquiry into certain matters, or limiting the scope of disclose/ discover to certain matters
(E) designating the persons who may be present while discovery conducted (F) requiring that a deposition be sealed and opened on on court order
(G)requiring that a trade secret or other confidential development, or commercial information not be revealed or be revealed in a specific way (H) requiring that the prties simultaneously file specified docs or information
in sealed envelopes, to be opened as directed 26(c)(2) Ordering Discovery
If a motion for a productive order is wholly or partly denied, the court may, on just terms, order that any party or person provide or
permit discovery
Hickman v. Taylor (work prod) NO 26b3 then
"Mutual knowledge of all the relevant facts gathered by both parties is essential to proper litigation"; "Contravenes the public policy underlying the orderly prosecution and defense of legal claims"
