Biology Unit 11
Mrs. McMahonKingdom Protista
A. Overview
1. eukaryotic cells: a. nucleus
b. membrane-bound organelles c. multiple, coiled strands of DNA 2. single celled or multicellular
Kingdom Protista
5. most easily defined as NOT members of any other Kingdom. Known as the “middle” kingdom.
a. there is nothing specific that defines this kingdom b. organisms are here because they don’t belong to any of the other kingdoms.
6. 3 types:
a. Animal-like ~ heterotrophic, also called protozoans
b. Plant-like ~ photosynthetic, also called algae
c. Fungus-like ~ heterotrophic, resemble fungi, also called
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
A. Overview
1. heterotrophs
2. grouped into 4 different phylums based upon how they move:
a. Sarcodines b. Ciliates
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
B. Sarcodines
1. single celled
2. protists that eat and move by using pseudopods
a. “false feet”
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
3. example – Amoeba
a. live in ponds, lakes, fresh water b. use pseudopods to move around
1. extend their cytoplasm outward and pull themselves along
c. use pseudopods to eat
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
d. have a contractile vacuole
1. controls water balance in cell and can swell
up or shrink
e. reproduce asexually by mitosis
f. can cause amebic dysentery in humans – diarrhea, upset stomach from drinking
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
C. Ciliates
1. single celled
2. protists that move and eat with cilia
a. hair-like projections that cover the entire surface of the cell
3. live in fresh water or salt water 4. example – Paramecium
a. live in freshwater ponds b. slender shaped
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
d. use their cilia to capture their food
1. move food into the oral groove on the side of the cell
2. oral groove leads to a gullet 3. forms a food vacuole
4. digests the food
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
D. Zooflagellates (Mastigophora) 1. move with a flagella
2. found in fresh water and salt water
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
4. example – Trypanosoma
a. causes African Sleeping Sickness 1. high fever and even death
b. parasite
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
E. Sporozoans
1. do not move at all on their own 2. all members are parasites
3. example – Plasmodium
Animal-like Protists ~ Protozoans
b. causes malaria – high fever, can lead to coma and death 1. infected mosquito bites human, Plasmodium enters the liver
2. parasites develop in liver and when done, enter the blood stream
3. enter the red blood cells where they reproduce, then burst open red blood cells
4. new Plasmodium cells enter a mosquito when human gets bit – completes life cycle
c. usually found in tropical areas
Plant-like Protists ~ Algae
A. Overview
1. autotrophic
2. live in moist, wet areas – all aquatic
3. have no roots, stems, leaves – why they aren’t
plants
Plant-like Protists ~ Algae
B. Phylum Euglenophyta - Euglenoids 1. single celled
2. have a large nucleus and nucleolus 3. green chloroplasts
Plant-like Protists ~ Algae
5. eyespot – mass of red pigment that directs euglena to move toward light
a. normally, euglenas ingest or engulf their food like protozoans but if there is
none,
Plant-like Protists ~ Algae
Plant-like Protists ~ Algae
C. Phylum Chrysophyta
1. diatoms, golden-brown algae 2. single celled
Plant-like Protists ~ Algae
D. Phylum Pyrrophyta
1. dinoflagellates – fire algae 2. single celled
3. red in color
Plant-like Protists ~ Algae
5. “red tide”
a. poisonous ones that produce red color in oceans
b. they release an extremely strong nerve toxin that can be lethal and kill fish
Plant-like Protists ~ Algae
Red tide is a naturally occurring, higher-than-normal concentration of the microscopic algae Gymnodinium breve. This organism produces a toxin that affects the
central nervous system of fish so that they are paralyzed and can’t breath. As a result, red tide blooms often result in dead fish washing up on Gulf beaches. When red tide
algae reproduce in dense concentrations or “blooms,” they are visible as discolored patches of ocean water,
Plant-like Protists ~ Algae
E. Phylum Chlorophyta 1. green algae
2. single celled or multicellular
Plant-like Protists ~ Algae
F. Phylum Rhodophyta
1. red algae, red seaweed 2. multicellular
Plant-like Protists ~ Algae
G. Phylum Phaetophyta 1. brown algae – kelp 2. multicellular
Fungus-like Protists ~ Molds
A. Overview
1. heterotrophic – to get food, they
decompose other organisms and absorb their nutrients
2. 3 major phyla:
a. Plasmodial slime molds b. Cellular slime molds
Fungus-like Protists ~ Molds
B. Slime Molds
1. live in cool, moist, damp, and shady areas 2. animal – like in that they engulf food
Fungus-like Protists ~ Molds
C. Water Molds and Downy Mildews 1. water molds
a. fuzzy, white growths
b. largely responsible for the potato famine that struck Ireland in the 1840s
1. about 1,000,000 people starved
Fungus-like Protists ~ Molds
2. all like moist, wet environments
3. break down dead matter and absorb nutrients
Unit 11 Part 2
Kingdom Fungi
A. Overview
1. eukaryotic cells
2. unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds and true fungi)
3. heterotrophs
4. reproduce by spores
Kingdom Fungi
6. no true tissue differentiation – no true roots, stems, or leaves
7. cell walls contain chitin – a tough polysaccharide, not cellulose like plant cells do
Kingdom Fungi
B. Structure of Fungi
1. composed of thread-like structures called hyphae
a. each hyphae is covered with a cell wall
b. the part of the fungus that feeds, grows, and
ultimately may produce a mushroom or some other kind of reproductive structure.
Kingdom Fungi
C. Nutrition in Fungi
1. all are heterotrophic – absorption, but they
lack digestive organelles so they do external digestion
a. grow their hyphae into a food source
b. secrete digestive enzymes into a soluble form c. the soluble form is then absorbed and the
Kingdom Fungi
2. most are saprobes
a. absorb its food from dead and decaying matter
b. mostly found on rotting leaves, wood, or waste
1. in the tropical rainforests, about 50% of all dead animal and plant matter is
Kingdom Fungi
3. some are parasites
a. usually grow on plants and attack important crops
Kingdom Fungi
4. some form an association with a plant
a. about 80% of land plants have fungi called mycorrhizae
1. grow in close contact with the plant’s roots 2. the fungus absorbs mineral nutrients from
the soil and passes them along to plants 3. in return, the plant provided the fungus
Kingdom Fungi
D. Reproduction in Fungi
1. some reproduce asexually a. by spores
b. tips of hyphae produce spores
c. spores are carried by wind or water
d. if spores land in a suitable environment with
Kingdom Fungi
2. others reproduce sexually
a. special structures form to make sex cells b. these sex cells join to produce sexual
spores
Kingdom Fungi
E. Types of Fungi 1. 4 Phyla
a. phylum Chytridiomycota (primitive fungi) 1. smallest and simplest group
2. aquatic
Kingdom Fungi
b. phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi)
1. yeast, morels, truffels, Penicillium
2. they all form a sac – ascus that holds their spores
c. phylum Zygomycota (bread molds)
1. common molds – primarily land dwellers d. phylum Basidiomycota (club fungi)
