Combined maths Grade 12&13 syllabus.pdf
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(2) 1.0 mwpKfk; Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. gps;isfisj; jw;fhy cyfpw;Nfw;wthW Mf;fg+u;tkhdtu;fshf khw;WtNj fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jid miltjw;F> fhyj;jpd; Njitf;F Vw;g ghlrhiyf;fy;tpj;jpl;lk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 2009 Mk; Mz;L f.ngh.j cau;juj;jpy; Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lk; mwpKfQ; nra;aj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) ,ize;j fzpjk;> 1998 Mk; Mz;by; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rpkl;lk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik> kjpg;gPL vd;gd Kd;du; NghJkhd msT - cs;slf;fg;glhikapdhNyNa Kd;dUs;s ghlj;jpl;lk; jpUj;jpaikf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. jw;NghJs;s ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ. cs;slf;f ikakhff; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lkhf khw;WtNj ,j;jpl;lkhFk;. 2007Mk; Mz;by; juq;fs; 6> 10 ,Yk;> 2008 Mk; Mz;by; juq;fs; 7> 11 ,Yk; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;J> mk;khztu;fs; juk; 12 ,w;F 2009 Mz;L tUk;NghJ f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) tFg;Gf;fspy; Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij njhlUtjw;fhf ,k;khw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 6-11 ,y; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fs; juk; -12 ,y; ,ize;j fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; NghJ vjpu;fhyj; Njitf;fhd jpwd;fs;> nra;Kiw mDgtq;fs; vd;gtw;iw toq;FKfkhf Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cau;juj;ijg; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak;> ,ize;j fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fs;> ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fspD}lhf vy;yhj; Nju;r;rpfisAk; mila Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. khztu;fs; ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis milaj; Njitahd cs;slf;fk; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sJ.. 1.
(3) xt;nthU Nju;r;rpapd; fPOk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis miltjd; %yk;> khztu;fs; Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpapid mile;J nfhs;syhk;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSf;Fj; Njitahd ghlNtisfSk;> kjpg;gPL gw;wpAk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg; Nju; r;r Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl gl;L s;s J.p Ntisfs; .. Gjpa ghlj;jpl;l mwpKfk; gw;wp ,q;F $wg;gl;Ls;stw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Vw;fdNt ,ize;j fzpjj;jpd; mwpKfj;jpy; $wpapUe;j gpd;tUk; tplaq;fSk; typjhdjhFk;.. • • • • •. f.ngh.j (rhjhuzjuk;)> f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) vd;gtw;wpw;fpilNaahd ntspiaf; FWfpajhf;Ftjw;F> nghwpapay; JiwapYk;> fzpj tpQ;Qhdj; JiwapYk; ghlnewpfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd fzpj mwpit toq;Ftjw;F> njhopDl;g %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpg; ghlnewpfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd fzpj mwpit toq;Ftjw;F tu;j;jfj; Jiwapy; kj;jpaju NtiyfSf;fhd mtrpakhd fzpj mwpit toq;Ftjw;F csr; nraw;ghLfSf;F rkkhf gy;NtW Nju;r;rpfis miltjw;F topfhl;lTk;> vt;thW mtw;iw tho;ehspy; tpUj;jpailar; nra;a KbAk; vd;gijf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk;.. 2.
(4) 2.0. ghlj;jpll ; j;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;. (i) Nju; fzpjj; tpiaj; njhlUtjw; fhd mbg;gilf; fzpjj; jpwd; fk; is toq;Fjy;. r;rp jpy; cau;fy;Nju; r;rp kl; lq;fs;. tpl a cs;s lf;f (ii). fzpjg; gpurpdq;fSf;F jPu;T fhz;gjw;Fupa jpwd;fSf;fhd mDgtq;fis toq;Fjy;.. (iii). fzpjj;jpy; epahapj;jiy my;yJ ju;f;fuPjpahd rpe;jidia tpUj;jpailar; nra;jy;.. (iv). fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjw;fhd Mtiyj; J}z;Ljy;.. ghl Ntisfs; .. fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpj mwpit tpUj;jp nra;tJ kl;Lkd;wp> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; fzpj mwpitg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; gz;Grhu; tpUj;jpia tsu;g;gjw;Fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. Nju;r;rpkl;l ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;>. • • • • •. fUj;Js;s fz;lwpjy; KiwahdJ> khztu; ikaf;fw;wYf;F topfhl;Lk;. khztupd; kl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g Nju;r;rpfis toq;Fk;. Mrpupaupd; ,yf;Ffs; kpfTk; Fwpg;ghdjhf mikAk;. xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk;> khztupd; epiyia ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; Njitahd gpd;D}l;liy toq;f KbAk;. toikahd fw;gpj;jy; KiwfspypUe;J tpyfp> Mrpupau; khztu;fsplj;J cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;igr; nra;aKbAk;.. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy;> jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;fspy;> ,d;iwa NjitfSf;F Vw;wthW gy;NtW epiyikfisj; njhlu;GgLj;jp Gjpa fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfis Mrpupau; tFg;giwfspy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy; khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtjhy;> khztu;fspd; milT kl;lq;fis kjpg;gpLtJ. Mrpupau;fl;F ,yFthdjhFk;. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; ,ize;j fzpjj;jpd; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwf;F kpfTk; cgNahfkhdjhFk;. 3.
(5) fw;gpjj ; y; njhlnuhOq;Fk; ghlNtisAk; Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. Nju;r;rp kl;lk;. tpla cs;slf;fk; juk; - 12. jiyg;G. ghl Ntisfs; .. ghlNtis. jtiz 1 ,ize;j fzpjk; - I. 1.1> 1.2 2.1> 2.2 15 26.1> 26.2> 26.3 ... 16.1> 16.2> 16.3 ... 18. nka;naz;fs; rhu;Gfs; Nfhz mstPL nrt;tfj; njf;fhl;Lj; njhFjp tl;lr; rhu;Gfs; ird;> Nfhird; tpjp .... 04 08 03 05 12 04. jpupNfhz fzpj ru;t rkd;ghLfs; gy;Y}Wg;gpfs; ... tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs; ... Rl;b> klf;if tpjpfs; vy;iyfs;. 12 08 05 04 18. fhtpfs; Jzpf;if Gs;spnahd;wpy; jhf;Fk; xU jstpirj; njhFjp. 11. ,ize;j fzpjk; - I. 17.1> 17.2> 17.3> 17.4 4.1> 4.2> 4.3 5 6.1 22.1> 22.2> 22.3> 22.4> 22.5> 22.6 ,ize;j fzpjk; - II. 1.1> 1.2> 1.3. 1.4> ... 2.1> 2.2> 2.3. 4. 16.
(6) Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju; r;rp Nju; ,ize; j fzpjk; - rI;rp kl;lq;fs;.. jiyg;G. ghlNtis. jtiz - IItpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 11.1> 11.2 3.1> 3.2 7 19 20. mbg;gilr; rkdpypfSk;> rkdpypfspd; jPu;TfSk; ,Ugbr; rhu;GfSk; rkd;ghLfSk; mLf;Ff;Fwpr;rhu;Gfs; jpupNfhz fzpj rkd;ghLfspd; jPu;Tfs; Neu;khW jpupNfhz fzpjr; rhu;Gfs;. 08 30 03 04 06. tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpy; jhf;Fk; xUjs tpirj; njhFjp Neu;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;. 28 25. ,ize;j fzpjk; - II. 2.4> 2.5> 2.6> 2.7 3.1> 3.2. 3.3. jtiz 1II ,ize;j fzpjk; - I. 23.1> 23.2> 23.3> 23.4 23.5> 23.6 24.1> 24.2> 24.3> 24.4 9. ngWjpfs;. 23. ngWjpapd; gpuNahfq;fs; fzpjj; njhFj;jwpKiw. 17 05. njhlu;G ,af;fk; vwpak; epa+w;wdpd; ,af;ftpjpfs; cuha;T %l;ba Nfhy;fs; rl;lg;gly;. 28 08 15 10 10 10. ,ize;j fzpjk; - II. 3.4> 3.5> 3.6> 3.7 3.8 3.9 2.8 2.9 2.10. 5.
(7) juk; - 13 Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. Nju;r;rp kl;lk;. jiyg;G. ghlNtis. ,ize;j fzpjk; - I. 11.3 27.1> 27.2> 27.3> 27.4> 27.5 28.1> 28.2> 28.3> 28.4> 28.5> 28.6> 28.7>28.8 29. kl;L rk;ge;jkhd rkdpypfs; Neu;NfhL. 06 21. tl;lk; $k;G. 25 06. Ntiy> rf;jp> tY ePl;ly; ce;jk;> fzj;jhf;F tl;l ,af;fk;. 15 23 18. ,ize;j fzpjk; - II. 3.10> 3.11 3.12> 3.13 3.14> 3.15. jtiz 2 ,ize;j fzpjk; - I. 25.1> 25.2> 25.3> 25.4> 25.5> 25.6> 25.7> 25.8 8.1. 8.2> 8.3 21.1> 21.2> 21.3> 21.4. njhifaPL. 29. tupir khw;wKk;> Nru;khdKk; njhlu;. 15 20. 6.
(8) Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp. jiyg;G Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ,ize;j fzpjk; - II. 4.1> 4.2> 4.3> 4.4> 4.5 2.11> 2.12> 2.13> 2.14> 2.15. ghlNtis ghl Ntisfs; .. epfo;jfT jpzpT ikak;. 28 18. jtiz 3 ,ize;j fzpjk; - I. 10.1> 10.2 14.1> 14.2> 14.3> 14.4> 14.5 12.1> 12.2> 12.3> 12.4 13.1. <UWg;G tpupT rpf;fnyz;fs; jhaq;fs; JzpNfhit. 12 14 13 08. vspik ,ir ,af;fk; Gs;sptpgutpay;. 18 29. ,ize;j fzpjk; - II. 3.16> 3.17> 3.18 5.1> 5.10. 7.
(9) 3.0 ghlj;jpll ; k; ,ize;j fzpjk; - I Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 1. nka;naz;fspd; njhiliag; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. 2. xU khwpapyhd rhu;Gfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. 1.1 nka;naz;fspd; • njhilia tifg;gLj;Jthu;. •. vz;njhFjpapd; tuyhW uPjpahd tpupT. vz; tiffspd; njhilf; Fwpg;gPLfs;.. 02. •. nka;naz; xd;wpd; Nfj;jpu fzpj tif Fwpg;G.. • •. nka;naz;fspd; jrk tifFwpg;G NrLfslq;fpa Nfhitfs;. 1.2 n k a ; n a z ; f s p d ; n j h l u ; • ghlypy; NrLfs; > jrkq; f s; • vd;gtw;iwg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.. nka;naz;fspd; jrk tifFwpg;G NrLfslq;fpa Nfhitfs;. 02. 2.1 rhu;Gfs; gw;wp Muha;thu;.. rhu;Gfs; gw;wpa cs;@zu;thd fUj;J • xUik> khwp> gukhdk; • ,uz; L khwpfSf; f pilapy; cs; s njhlu; G fisf; fhl;Lk; Nfhitfs;. • rhu;G gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk;> Ml;rp> ,izahl;rp> tpk;gk;> tPr;R> tpjp • rhu;Gf; Fwpg;gPL • xUkhwpr; rhu;Gfs;. 03. •. 8.
(10) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 2.2 rhu;Gfspd; tiffs; gw;wp Muha;thu;.. •. •. 3.. ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. 3.1 ,Ugbr; rhu;nghd;wpd; ,ay;Gfis Muha;thu;.. • •. tpNrl rhu;Gfs; • xUikr; rhu;Gfs; • kl;Lr; rhu;Gfs; • Jz;L Jz;lhd rhu;Gfs; • Neu;khW rhu;Gfs; rhu;nghd;wpd; tiuG. 05. Vfgupkhzr; rhu;Gfs; ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfs; • xU khwpapyhd ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfs; • epiw tu;ff ; k; • gpupj;Jf; fhl;b. •. •. ,Ugbr; rhu;nghd;wpd; ,ay;Gfs; • mjp$ba ngWkhdk;> mjpFiwe;j ngWkhdk; • g+r;rpaj;jpd; ,Ug;G> ,y;yhjpUg;G MfTk;. MfTk; ,Uf;f vd;gjd; tiuG. 9. 15.
(11) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 3.2 ,Ugbr; rkd;ghnlhd;wpd; %yq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.. 4.. gy;YWg;gp ml;ru fzpjj; ijf; ifahs; thu;.. •. ,Ugbr; rkd;ghnlhd;wpd; %yq;fs; • %yq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; • %yq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif> ngUf;Fj; njhif • rkd;ghnlhd;wpd; %yq;fspd; rkr;rPu;f; Nfhitfis %yq;fshfTila rkd;ghL.. 4.1 xU khwpg; gy;YWg;gpfis Muha;thu;.. •. xUkhwpg; gy;YWg;gpr; rhu;G • gy;YWg;gpapd;gb> Ke;JWk; cWg;G> Ke;JWq;Fzfk;. 4.2 gy;YWg;gpfs; njhlu;ghd fzpjr; nra;iffisr; nra;thu;.. •. gy;YWg;gpfs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilf; fzpjr; nra;iffs; • $l;ly; • fopj; j y; • ngUf;fy; • tFj;jy; - neLk; tFj;jy; • Vfgupkhzf; Nfhitnahd; w pdhy; njhFg; G Kiw tFj; j y;. 4.3 gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;F kPjpj; Njw;wk;> fhuzpj; Njw;wk; kw;Wk; ,tw;wpd; kWjiyfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.. • • • •. 10. tFj;jy; my;Nfhupjk; kPjpj; Njw;wk; fhuzpj; Njw;wKk; mjd; kWjiyAk; gy;YWg;gpr; rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;j;jy; (ehd;fhk; gb tiu). 15. 01. 02. 05.
(12) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 5. tpfpjKW rhu;G fisg; gFjpg; ; q;fshf gpdd Ntwhf;Fthu;.. 6.. 7.. Rl;b tpjpfis Ak;> klf;if tpjpfisAk; ; hu;. cgNahfpgg mLf;Ff; Fwpr; rhu;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; Neu; khW rhu;Gfis Ak; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. •. • • •. • • • •. • 11. tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs; • Kiwikahd tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs;> Kiwikapy;yhj tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs; • tpfpjKW rhu;Gfisg; gFjpg;gpd;dq;fshf Ntwhf;fy;. gFjp NtWNtwhd Vfgupkhzf; fhuzpfspd; • ngUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ gFjp kwpje;j Vfgupkhzf; fhuzpfspd; ngUf;f • khf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ gFjp ,Ugbf;fhuzpfspd; ngUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk; • (4 njupahf;fzpaq;fs; tiu) NghJ Rl;b tpjpfs; klf;if tpjpfs; mbkhw;wk;. 05. 04. vd;gjd; fUj;J ; vd;gJ ,d; tpupT klf;ifr; rhu;G my;yJ vd;gjd; Neu;khW rhu;ghf • vd;w klf;ifr; rhu;ig tiuaWj;jy; ,k;klf;ifr;rhu;gpd; Ml;rpAk;> tPr;Rk;. ,d; ,ay;Gfs; (klf;if tpjpfSf;F cl;gL • fpd;wik) vd;gjd; tiuG. • I tiuaWj;jy;. vd MftpUf;f>. 03.
(13) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 8. njupjYf;Fk; xOq;FgLj;jYf;F khd xU fzpj khjpupahf tupir khw;wk;> Nru;khdk; vd;gtw;iw cgNahfpjj ; y;.. 8.1 vz;Ztjw;F gy;NtW Kiw fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.. 8.2 f z p j g ; g p u r p d q ; f i s j ; jPu;f;Fk; xU El;gkhf tupir khw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.. •. •. vz;Zk; Nfhl;ghL gw;wpa El;gq;fs; • kutupg;glk; • fhuzpak; ,d; nghJthd tbtk;> klq;F tbtk;. tupir khw;wq;fs; • tiutpyf;fzk; • xd;Wf;F xd;W tpj;jpahrkhd nghUl;fspypUe;J jlitf; F r nghUl; f is vLj; J g; n gWk; tupir khw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;if gLtNjhL>. vdf; Fwpg;gPL nra;ag;. ,w;fhd #j;jpuKk;.. xd; W f; n fhd; W tpj; j pahrkhd nghUl; f s; vy;yhtw;iwAk; xUkpj;J vLj;Jg; ngwg;gLk; tupir khw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;if. • kwpjuYf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; cs;s tplj;J xd;Wf;nfhd;W nghUl; f spypUe; J jlitf; F r tpj;jpahrkhd nghUl;fisf; nfhz;ljhd tupir khw;wq;fs;. nghUl;fspypUe;J r nghUl; • vy;yhk; tpj;jpahrkw;w fspd; tupir khw;wk;. • xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpj;jpahrkhd nghUl;fs; ahtw;iw Ak; nfhz;L Mf;Fk; rf;fu (tl;l) tupirkhw;wq;fs;. •. 12. 02. 06.
(14) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 8.3 fzpjg; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;Fk; • xU El;gkhf Nru;khdj;ij cgNahfpg;ghu;.. Nru;khdq;fs; • tiutpyf; f zk; • tupirkhw;wj;jpw;Fk; Nru;khdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL • xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpj;jpahrkhd nghUl;fspypUe;J jlitf;F. nghUl; f s; tP j khd Nru;. khdq;fs;. •. vd;w Fwpg;gPLk;. 07. ,w;fhd #j;jpuKk;.. • vd;w njhlu;Gfs;. 9.. Neu; KOntz; fSf;fhd fzpjj;njhFj; jwpTf; Nfhl; ghl;il> KbT fis epWT tjw;fhd xU Kiwahf cgNahfpgg ; hu;.. •. tupirkhw; w q; f s; > Nru; k hdq; f s; vd; g tw; w pd; vspa gpuNahfq;fs;.. •. fzpjj; n jhFj; j wpT • Nfhl;ghL • vspa gpuNahfq;fs;. 13. 05.
(15) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 10. Neu; KOntz; Rl;bAldhd <UWg;G tpupit gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. 10.1 Neu; KOntz; Rl;bf;fhd <UWg;G tpuptpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfisg; gw;wp gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. • • • •. 10.2 <UWg;G tpuptpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis Muha;thu;.. • •. 11. nka;naz;fSldhd rkdpyp 11.1 rkdpypfs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil • KbGfisg; ngWthu;. fisf; nfhz; l gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F cupa Njw;wq;fis cgNahfpgg ; hu;.. 14. Neu; KOntz; Rl;bAldhd <UWg;Gj; Njw;wk;. • Njw;wj;ij epWty; - Neub epWtYk; fzpj njhFj;jwp Kiw epWtYk;. <UWg; G f; F zfq; f s; > <UWg; G f; N fhitapd; tpuptpd; Fzfq;fs;. <UWg;G tpuptpd; ,ay;Gfs; • tpuptpYs;s cWg;Gf;fspd; vz;zpf;if> nghJ cWg;G <UWg;G tpuptpd; gpuNahfk;.. <UWg; G tpuptpd; <UWg; G f; Fzfq; f Sf; f pilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;. tpuptpd; kpfg;ngupa FzfKk;> kpfg;ngupa cWg;Gk;.. nka;naz;fSldhd rkdpypfs; • nka;naz; Nfhl;bd; kPJ rkdpypfisf; Fwpj;jy;. • Mapilf; Fwpg;gPL %yk; rkdpypfisf; fhl;Ljy;. • Kj;Jkp tpjp • Mapilfs; • rkdpypfspy; mbg;gil KbTfs;. 06. 02.
(16) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 11.2 vspa ml;rufzpjr; rhu;Gfisf; nfhz;l rkdpypg; gpurpdq;fis Muha;thu;.. •. vspa ml;rufzpjr; rhu;Gfisf; nfhz;l rkdpypfs; • Vfgupkhzr; rhu;GfSldhd> ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfs; tpfpjKW rhu;GfSldhd rkdpypfisf; ifahSjy;. • Nkw;$wg;gl;l rkdpypfspd; jPu;Tfisf; fhz;ghu;.. 11.3 kl;Lr;rhu;Gfisf; nfhz;l rkdpypfSldhd gpurpdq; fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.. •. kl;Lf;fSldhd rkdpypfs; • nka;naz;nzhd;wpd; kl;Lk; mjd; jdpg; ngWkhdKk; • kl;Lf;fSldhd vspa rkdpypfisf; ifahSjy;. • ml; r ufzpj KiwahfTk; > tiuG KiwahfTk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rkdpypfspd; jPu;Tfisf; fhzy;.. •. tiutpyf;fzKk;> Fwpg;gPLk; • epiu> epuy;> %yfq;fs; • tupir • epiuj; jhak;> epuy; jhak;> rJuj; jhak; ,uz;L jhaq;fspd; rkk; jhaq;fspd; $l;ly; • $l;lYf;fhd xUg;ghL • g+r;rpaj; jhak; • $l;ly; tpjpfs;> $l;ly; milj;jJ> guptu;j;jidahdJ> Nru;j;jpahdJ. 12. jhaq;fis 12.1 jhaq;fs; njhlu;ghd ml;rufzpjj; mbg;gilf;Nfhl;ghLfis njhFjpnahd;wh tpgupg;ghu;. ff; ifahs;;thu;.. • •. 15. 02. 04.
(17) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. •. •. xU vz;zpahftpUf;f vd;gjd; fUj;J • $l;lypd; Nky; vz;zpg; ngUf;fk; guk;gy; tpjpf;F cl;gl;lJ. jhaq;fspd; ngUf;fk; • ngUf;fYf;fhd xUg;ghL • ngUf;fypd; tiutpyf;fzk; • ngUf;fy; tpjpfs;> ngUf;fy; milj;jJ> guptu;j;jid my; y hjJ> Nru; j ; j pahdJ. (,tw; w pd; epWty; f s; Njitapy;iy). 12.2 rJuj; jhaq;fSld; njhlu; ghd tpNrl tiffis tpsf; Fthu;.. •. rJuj; jhaq;fs; • ru;t rkd;ghl;Lj; jhak; • %iytpl;lj; jhak; • rkr;rPu;j; jhak; • Xuhar; rkr;rPu;j; jhak; • Kf;Nfhzj; jhak; (Nky; Kf; Nfhzj; jhak;> fPo; Kf;Nfhzj; jhak;). 12.3 jhankhd; w pd; epiykhw; W > Neu;khiw tpgupg;ghu;.. • •. jhankhd;wpd; epiykhw;W jhankhd;wpd; Neu;khW • jhankhd;wpd; • tpNrltif. 16. jhak;. 06. 02.
(18) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 12.4 xUq; f ik rkd; g hLfspd; jPuT ; fisg; ngWtjw;F jhaq; fisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.. •. •. 13. gpurpdq; f isj; jPug ; g ; jw;fhd xU fzpj khjpupahf JzpNfhitfisf; ifahs;thu;.. 13.1 JzpNfhitnahd;wpd; ,ay;G fis tpgupg;ghu;.. • • •. 14. rpff ; nyz; njhFjpiag; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. 14.1 vz; njhFjpia tpupTgLj; Jthu;.. • • • •. 17. jhaq; f is cgNahfpj; J ,uz; L khwpfSldhd Vfgupkhz rkd;ghl;Lr; Nrhbiaj; jPu;g;ghu;. • rkd;ghLfspd; tiuGfs; • Kbtpyp vz;zpf;ifahd jPu;Tfs; fhzg;gly; jhaq;fis cgNahfpjJ ; %d;W khwpfSldhd Vfgupkhz xUq;fik rkd;ghLfisj; jPuj;jy;.. tiutpyf;fzk;> JzpNfhitfspd; gz;Gfis tha;g;Gg; ghu;j;jYk;> fzpj;jy;fSk;. ,U khwpfisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfisj; jPug ; g ; jw;F JzpNfhitfisg; gad;gLj;jy;. JzpNfhitfspd; gz;Gfis tha;g;Gg; ghu;j;jYk;> fzpj;jy;fSk;.. fw;gid myFk;> fw;gid vz;fSk; rpf;fnyz;iz mwpKfQ; nra;jy; rpf;fnyz;nzhd;wpd; nka;g;gFjp> fw;gidg; gFjp ,U rpf;fnyz;fspd; rkk;. 06. 08. 01.
(19) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 14.2 rpf;fnyz; njhlu;ghd ml;ru fzpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.. •. rpf;fnyz;fspy; ml;rufzpjr; nra;iffs;. 14.3 rpf; f nyz; f spd; $l; l iy Mfd; tupg;glk; %yk; Nfj;jpu fzpj uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.. • •. Mfd; tupg;glj;ij mwpKfQ;nra;jy; Mfd; tupg;glj;jpy; rpf;fnyz;izf; Nfj;jpufzpj Kiwapy; tif Fwpj;jy; MfTk; vd;gJ rpf;fnyz;zhfTkpUf;f> > vd;gtw;iw Nfj;jpufzpj Kiwapy; tif Fwpj;jy;.. • •. MfTk;. vd;gd. 02. rpf;fnyz;fshfTkpUf;f vd;w rpf;fnyz;zpd; Nfj;jpufzpj Kiwahd tifFwpg;G. • •. 18. 01. ,d; Nfj;jpufzpj. tiff;Fwpg;G.
(20) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 14.4 rpf; f nyz; f spd; ngUf; f y; > tFj;jy; vd;gtw;iw Mfd; tupg;glk; %yk; tpgupg;ghu;.. • •. rpf;fnyz;nzhd;wpd; kl;Lk;> tPr;rKk; (tPrYk;) vd;gtw;wpd; kl;Lk;> tPrr ; Kk;. 05 •. vd;gtw;wpd; Nfj;jpu fzpj mikg;G ,w;fhd mikg;G. •. •. vd;gJ J}a rpf;fnyz;zhftpUg;gjw;F Ntz;ba Nfj;jpufzpj epge;jidfs;.. 14.5 k h W k ; G s ; s p n a h d ; w p d ; xOf; f pd; rpf; f nyz; rkd; ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.. •. MftpUf;f>. •. MftpUf;f>. •. MftpUf;f>. •. MftpUf;f>. • 19. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd xOf;Ffisf; Fwpf;Fk; njf;fhl;bd; rkd;ghLfs;. 04.
(21) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 15. Nfhz mstPL fSld; ,ize;j njhlu;Gfisg; ngWtjd; %yk; gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;ghu;.. 16. tl;lr; rhu;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.. 16.1 tl;lr;rhu;Gfis ml;rufzpj Kiwapy; tpgupg;ghu;. 16.2. •. Nfhz mstPLfs; • Nfhzj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jYk;> Fwptof;Fk; • ghif> Miuad; mwpKfk; • tl;l tpy;ypd; ePsk; • Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsT. •. tl;lr;rhu;Gfs; (jpupNfhzfzpjr; rhu;Gfs;) • ahNjDnkhU Nfhzj;jpw;fhd MW tl;lr;rhu;Gfis Ak; tiuaWj;jy;> Ml;rp> tPr;R. •. Nghd;w Nfhzq;fSf;fhd tl;lr;. vd;gJ $u;q;Nfhzk; vdpd;> vd;gJ xw;iw vz;zhf tpUf;f. vd;w. 03 03. rhu;Gfspd; (jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fspd;) ngWkhdq;fs;.. Nfhzj;jpd; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fisAk;> epiwnaz; zhftpUf;f. 03. 04. vd;w. Nfhzj;jpd; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fisAk; ,d; jpup Nfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fshfg; ngWthu;.. Nghd;w Nfhzq;fspd; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fis ,d; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fshf vOjy;.. 20.
(22) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 16.3 tl;lr; rhu;Gfspd; elj; ijfis tiuG %yk; tpgupg;ghu;.. • • •. tl;lr; rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfSk;> Mtu;j;jd ,ay;Gk;. 05. tl;lr; rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfs;. vd;gtw;wpd; nghJj; jPu;Tfs; 17. jppupNfhz fzpj ru;t rkd;ghL fisf; ifahs;thu;.. 04 • 17.1 jpupNfhz fzpjf; Nfhitfisr; RUf;Ftjw;F igjfurpd; ru;t rkd;ghLfis cgNahfpg;ghu;. 17.2 $l;ly;> fopj;jy; #j;jpuq; fis cgNahfpj;J jpupNfhz fzpjg; gpurpdq; fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.. igjfurpd; ru;t rkd;ghLfs;. 02 •. jpupNfhz fzpj $l;ly;> fopj;jy; #j;jpuq;fs;. 03 •. 17.3 ngUf;fy; #j;jpuq;fis cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;fisj;. 21. jpupNfhz fzpj ngUf;fy; #j;jpuq;fs;.
(23) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. jPu;g;ghu;. 17.4 ,ul;ilf;Nfhz> Kk;ikf; Nfhz> miuf; Nfhzr; #j;jpuq;fis cgNahfpj;J jpupNfhz fzpjg; gpurpdq;fisj;;jPu;g;ghu;. 18. jpupNfhz fzpjg; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F ird;#j;jpuk;> Nfhird; #j;jpuk; vd;gtw;iw cgNahfpgg ; hu;.. 19. jpupNfhz fzpjr; rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.. •. ,ul;ilf;Nfhz> Kk;ikf;Nfhz> miuf;Nfhzr; #j;jpuq;fs;. 03. • •. ird; #j;jpuk; Nfhird; #j;jpuk;. 04. •. jpupNfhz fzpj rkd;ghLfis cgNahfpj;J jPuf ; f ; f;$ba rkd;ghLfs;.. 22. 04.
(24) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 20. Neu;khW jpupNfhz fzpjr; rhu;Gfis cgNahfpjJ ; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;. 21. njhlu;fisf; $l;bg; ngwg; gLk; NgWfis tpgupg;ghu;.. •. Neu;khW jpupNfhz fzpjr; rhu;Gfs; • tiutpyf;fzk; • ru;t rkd;ghLfis epWTjy;.. • •. $l;Lj;njhif $l;ly; njhlu;> ngUf;fy; njhlu;. •. njhlu;fs;. 21.2 $l; l y; ngUf; f y; njhlu; fis tpgupg;ghu;.. •. $l;ly; - ngUf;fy;. 21.3 Neu; KOntz;fspd; ngUf; fq; f is cWg; G f; f shf; nfhz;l njhlu;fisf; $l;Lthu;. 21.4 gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad; gLj;jp njhlu;fisf; $l;Lthu;.. •. 21.1 mbg; g ilj; tpgupg;ghu;.. njhlu; f is. njhlu;fs;. 06. 04. 02. vd;gdTk; mtw;wpd; gpuNahfq;fSk;. 03 •. • •. 23. njhlu;fspd; $l;ly; • tpj;jpahr Kiw • gFjpg;gpd;d Kiw • fzpjj; njhFj;jwpT Kiw • njhlupfs; xUq;fy; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU Kbtpyp cWg;Gf;fspd; $l;Lj; njhif. 10.
(25) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 22. rhu;nghd;wpd; vy;iyiaj; Jzpthu;.. 02 22.1 r h u ; n g h d ; w p d ; tpgupg;ghu;.. vy;iyia •. 22.2 vy; i yfs; gw; w pa Njw; w q; • fis cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq; • fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.. 22.3 gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;F. •. vy;iy gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd fUj;J vy;iy gw;wpa KbTfs;; rhu;Gfspd; $l;lypd;> tpj;jpahrj;jpd;> ngUf;fj;jpd;> <tpd; vy;iyfs;.. ,d; epWtYk;> gpuNahfKk;. •. ,q;F n - tpfpjKW vz;. •. rhz;lt ; pr; Njw;wk;. 03. 03. vd;w Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpg;ghu;.. 22.4 gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;F. • vd;w Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpg;ghu;.. 22.5 Kbtpyp vy;iyfis 24. 03.
(26) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. ,d; epWtYk;> gpuNahfKk; tpgupg;ghu;.. 03 •. Kbtpyp vy;iyfs; (fpil> epiyf;Fj;J mZF NfhLfs; cl;gl). 22.6 Kbtpypapy; vy; i yfisf; fhz;ghu;.. 04 •. 23. nghUj;jkhd Kiwfis cgNahfpjJ ; gy;NtW rhu;Gfis tifapLthu;.. 23.1 rhu;nghd;wpd; ngWjp gw;wpa • fUj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.. MFifapy; tpfpjKW rhu;Gfspd; vy;iy. 04. 23.2. •. rhu;nghd;wpd; ngWjp - Vw;wtpfpjk; - tifaPl;Lf;Fzfk; - vy;iy gw;wpa vz;zf;fUthfg; ngWjp. •. Kjw;Nfhl;ghLfspd; %yk; tifaply;@. mbg;gilj; jpupNfhz fzpj rhu;Gfspd; ngWjpfis Kjw; Nfhl;ghLfs; %yk; Jzpthu;.. 23.3 tifaP L. gw; w pa. Njw; w q;. 25. > tl;lr;.
(27) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. fisf; $wp Nahfpg;ghu;.. mjid. cg. rhu;Gfs;.. n - Neu;epiwnaz;. vd;. • • • • •. gtw; i wf; nfhz; l rhu; G fisAk; tifapLthu;.. tifaPL gw;wpa Njw;wq;fs; (epWtypd;wp) $l;ly; tpjp ngUf;fy; tpjp tFj;jy; tpjp rq;fpyp tpjp. •. ngWjpfisf; fhzy; • Neu;khW rhu;Gfs;. 23.4 N e u ; k h W. jpupNfhzfzpj. rhu;GfisAk;>. 23.5 rq;fpyp tpjpia cg Nahfpj;J cs;shu; rhu;GfisAk; gukhdr; rkd; g hLfisAk; tifapL thu;. 23.6 r h u ; G f s p d ; c a u ; t u p i r g ; ngWjpfisg; ngWthu;.. •. vd;gtw;iwf;. 05. 03. nfhz;l rhu;Gfs;. 03 • • • •. cs;shu; rhu;Gfs; gukhdr; rhu;Gfs;; gpd;dLk; tifaPL cau; tupirg; ngWjpfs;. 03. 24.1 'khw;w tPjNk" ngWjpahFk; vd tpsf;fk; $Wthu;.. •. 26. khw;w tPjq;fs;.
(28) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 24. ngWjpfis cgNahfpjJ ; rhu;nghd;wpd; elj;ijiag; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. •. njhlypfs;> nrt;td;fs;. 24.2 n j h l y p f s ; > gbj;jpwd; fSf; F k; > ngWjpfSf; F k; ,ilapYs; s njhlu; i gf; fz;Lgpbg;ghu;.. 24.3 ngWjpfspd; %yk; jpUk; gw;Gs;spia tpgupg;ghu;.. 03 • • •. cau;Tg; Gs;sp ,opTg; Gs;sp tpgj;jpg; Gs;sp. •. tisapfspd; RtL (fpil mZFNfhLfs;> epiyf;Fj;J mZFNfhLfs; cl;gl). •. cj;jkkhf;fy; gpurpdq;fs;. •. ngWjpapd; Neu;khW nra;ifahf (rhu;nghd;wpd; ngWjp Kuzhf) njhifaPL. 24.4 ngWkjpia cgNahfpj; J tisapfspd; RtLfis tiuthu;.. 24.5 nray;Kiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ngWjpfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.. 03. 03. 03. 03 25.1 rhu; n ghd; w pd; ngWjp Kuz; gw;wpa fUj;jpd; Clhf. 27.
(29) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 25. jug;gl;l tiffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfis cgNahfpjJ ; rhu;Gfis njhifapLthu;.. njhifaPl;Lg; ca;j;jwpthu;.. NgWfis. 25.2 gpurpdq; f isj; jP u ; g ; g jw; F njhifaPL gw;wpa KbTfis cgNahfpg;ghu;. 25.3 Ez; f zpjj; j pd; mbg; g ilj; Njw; w q; f is cgNahfpj; J tiuaWj;j njhifaPnlhd;wpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfis Muha;thu;.. •. njhifaPl;L tpjpfs;. •. tiuaWj;j njhifaPLk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;. • tiuaWj;j njhifaPL gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd fUj;J • Ez;fzpjk; njhlu;ghd mbg; gilj; Njw;wk; tiuaWj;j njhifaPl;ilj; JzpAk; NghJ cgNahfpf; fg;gLk; KbGfs;. • •. njhifapLk; Kiwfs; - I • gFjpapd; tifaPl;Lf; Fzfk; njhFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; tiffs; • gFjpg;gpd;dq;fis cgNah fpj;jy;. •. njhifapLk; Kiwfs; - II • jpupNfhzfzpjr; ru;trkd;ghLfspd; gpuNahfk;. 25.4 nghUj; j khd Kiwfisj; njupTnra;J tpfpjKW rhu;G fisj; njhifapLthu;.. 25.5 jpupNfhzfzpjr; ru;t rkd;ghLfis cgNahfpj;J epak tbtq;fSf;F xLf;Ftjd; %yk; jpup Nfhz fzpjr; rhu;Gfis njhifapLthu;.. •. 25.6 njhifaPl;bd; NghJ khwpia khw;Wk; Kiwia 28. khwpf;Fg; gpujpaPL nra;tjd; %yk; njhifaPL. 03. 03. 02. 05. 03.
(30) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. cgNahfpg;ghu;. •. gFjpaha;j; njhifaply;. 25.7 g F j p a h a ; j ; n j h i f a p L k ; Kiwia cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;. 25.8 njhifaPli ; lg; gpuNah fpj;J tisapfspdhy; vy;iyg; gLj;jg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpd; gug;gsitj; Jzpthu;.. 26.1 n j f ; f h l ; b d ; M s ; $ w ; W j ; jsj; j py; mike; j ,uz; L Gs;spfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; J}uj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.. 26. nrt;tfj; njf;fhl; bd; mr;Rj; njhFjp Fwpj;j vspa Nfj;jpu fzpj 26.2 ,uz;L Gs;spfisj; KbTfis njhLf;Fk; Nfhl;Lj; nghUj;jkhdthW Jz;lj;ijj; jug;gl;l cgNahfpgg ; hu; tpfpjg;gb gpupf;Fk; Gs;spapd;. Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;ghu;.. 04. 05 •. njhifaPl;bd; gpuNahfk; • tisapnahd;wpd; fPo; milf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT • ,uz;L tisapfSf;fpilapy; milf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT. •. nrt;tfj; njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$Wfs; • nrt;tfj; njf;fhl;bd; mr;Rj; njhFjp • ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilapy; cs;s J}uk;.. •. jug; g l; l ,uz; L Gs; s pfisj; njhLf; F k; Nfhl; L j; Jz;lj;ijj; jug;gl;l tpfpjg;gb cl;Gwkhfg; gpupf;Fk; Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs;. jug; g l; l ,uz; L Gs; s pfisj; njhLf; F k; Nfhl; L j; Jz;lj;ijj; jug;gl;l tpfpjg;gb ntspg;Gwkhfg; gpupf;Fk; Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs;.. •. •. 26.3 Neu; N fhLfspdhy; vy; i yg; gLj; j g; g l; l jsTUf; f spd; 29. Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsT. 04. 01. 03.
(31) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. gug;gsTfisf; fhz;ghu;.. • 27.1 N e u ; N f h n l h d ; w p d ; ghl;ilg; ngWthu;. 27. njf;fhl;bd; Ms; $Wfspd; %yk; Neu; Nfhl;il tpgupg;ghu;.. rkd;. 27.2 jug;gl;l ,uz;L Neu; NfhLfs; ntl; L k; Gs; s papD}lhfr; nry;Yk; ahNjDnkhU Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWthu;. 27.3 jug; g l; l Neu; N fhnlhd; W rhu;ghf ,uz;L Gs;spfspd; mikTfisf; fhz;ghu;.. 27.4 ,uz;L Neu;NfhLfSf; fpil apy; mikAk; Nfhzj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.. 27.5 Gs; s pnahd; w pypUe; J Neu; Nfhnlhd;wpw;Fs;s nrq;. • •. Neu;NfhL • rha;T • gbj;jpwd; • mr;rpd; kPjhd> mr;rpd; kPjhd ntl;Lj; Jz;Lfs; • Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghLfs;. 01. 05. ,uz;L Neu;NfhLfs; ntl;Lk; Gs;sp ,U Neu;NfhLfs; ntl;Lk; Gs;spapD}lhfr; nry;Yk; Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL.. 02 •. jug;gl;l ,uz;L Gs;spfs;> jug;;gl;l Nfhnlhd;wpd; xNu gf; f j; j py; my; y J vjpu; g ; g f; f q; f spy; miktjw; F Ntz;ba epge;jid.. • •. ,uz;L Neu;NfhLfSf;fpilapy; mikAk; Nfhzk; rkhe; j uf; NfhLfspd; gbj; j pwd; f Sf; f pilapyhd njhlu;G nrq;Fj;jhd NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwd;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G. • • •. 30. Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; gukhdr; rkd;ghL Gs;spnahd;wpypUe;J Neu;Nfhl;Lf; Fs;s nrq;Fj;Jj; J}uk;. 02. 10.
(32) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 28. tl;lnkhd;wpd; njf;fhl;bd; rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWthu;.. • Fj;Jj; J}uj;ijf; nfhz;L • Neu;Nfhnlhd;Wld; njhlu;ghd tpNrl KbTfisg; ngWthu;.. Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ> Gs;spnahd; wpd; Mb tpk;gk; xd;iwnahd;W ntl;Lk; ,uz;L Neu; NfhLfSf;fpilapy; mikAk; Nfhzq;fspd; ,U$whf;fpfspd; rkd;ghLfs;. • 28.1 tl; l nkhd; w pd; njf; f hl; b d; rkd;ghl;ilg; fhz;ghu;. • •. cw;gj;jpia ikakhfTk;> jug;gl;l MiuAk; nfhz;l tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL ikak;> Miu vd;gd jug;gl;Ls;s NghJ tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL tl;lj;jpd; nghJr;rkd;ghL> mjd; Miu> mjd; ikak;. •. tl;lnkhd;W rhu;ghf Gs;spnahd;wpd; mikT. 10. 02 28.2 tl;lnkhd;W rhu;ghf Gs;spnahd;wpd; mikit tpgupg;ghu;.. 01. • 28.3 tl; l nkhd; W Fwpj; J Neu; Nfhnlhd;wpd; mikit tpgupg; • ghu;.. Neu; N fhnlhd; W tl; l nkhd; i w ntl; L tjw; F > njhL tjw;F> ntl;lhkypUg;gjw;F Ntz;ba epge;jid tl; l j; j pd; kP J s; s Gs; s pnahd; w py; tl; l j; j pw; f hd njhlypapd; rkd;ghL. •. ntspg; G s; s pnahd; w pypUe; J tl; l j; j pw; F tiuAk; njhlypfspd; ePsKk; mtw;wpd; rkd;ghLfSk;. njhLif. 28.4 ntspg; G s; s pnahd; w pypUe; J. 31. 03.
(33) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. ehzpd; rkd;ghL. tl;lj;jpw;F tiuAk; njhlypfs;> njhL ehz; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;. 28.5. 04 •. tl; l nkhd; W k; > Neu; N fhnlhd; W k; ntl; L k; Gs; s p fspD}lhfr; nry;Yk; tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL. •. ,uz;L tl;lq;fspd; mikTfs; • ,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ntl;Ljy; • ,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ntl;lhjpUj;jy; • ,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ntspg; G wkhfj; njhly; • ,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwn ahd;W c l ; G w k h f j ; njhly; • xU tl;lj;jpd; cl;Gwj;Nj kw;iwa tl;lk; mikjy; ,uz;L tl;lq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W cl;Gwkhfj; njhly; xU tl;lj;jpd; cl;Gwj;Nj kw;iwa tl;lk; mikjy; ntl;Lk; ,U tl;lq;fSf;fpilNaahd Nfhzk; nghJj; njhlypfs;. vd;w rkd;ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.. 28.6 ,uz;L tl;lq;fspd; mikT fis tpgupg;ghu;.. • • • •. 28.7. vd;w ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.. rkd;. • • 32. ,uz; L tl; l q; f s; xd; i wnahd; W ntl; L k; Gs; s p fspD}lhfr; nry;Yk; tl;lj;jpd; rkd;ghL nghJehzpd; rkd;ghL. 03. 10.
(34) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 02. 29. $k;GUf;fis tpgupg;ghu;. 29.1 $k; G Uf; f spd; epakr; r kd; ghLfisg; ngWthu;.. •. gutisT> ePs;tisak;> mjpgutisT vd;gtw;wpd; epak tbtq;fs;.. 06. 33.
(35) ,ize;j fzpjk; - II Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 1.. fhtp ml;ru fzpjj;ijf; ifahs;thu;.. • • • •. • • • • • • • •. • •. •. 34. vz;zpf; fzpaj;ijAk; vz;zpiaAk; mwpKfk; nra;jy;. fhtpf; fzpaj;ijAk;> fhtpiaAk; mwpKfQ; nra;jy;. fhtpapd; gUkDk;> jpirAk; fhtpf; Fwpg;gPL • ml;ru fzpj Kiwahf • Nfj;jpu fzpj Kiwahf • #dpaf;fhtp fhtp xd;wpd; gUkDk; (kl;L) mjd; Fwpg;gPLk; ,uz;L fhtpfspd; rkk; $l;lYf;fhd Kf;Nfhz tpjp fhtp xd;iw vz;zpahy; ngUf;Fjy; Gwkhw;Wf; fhtpfs; ,uz;L fhtpfspd; tpj;jpahrj;ijf; $l;lyhff; fhl;Ljy;. myFf; fhtp rkhe;juf; fhtpfs; • ,uz;L fhtpfs; rkhe;jukhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd epge;jid fs; %d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fhtpfspd; $l;ly; fhtpnahd;iw ahNjDk; ,U jpirfspy; gpupj;jYk;> xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L jpirfspy; gpupj; jYk;.. 03. fhtp tpjpfs;. 01.
(36) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 1.3 gpurpdq;fisj; jPuf;Fk; xU cj;jpahfj; jhdf;fhtpfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.. •. jhdf; f htp. •. vd;w njf;fhl;bd; mr;Rj; njhFjpiaf; Fwpj;J jhdf;fhtpfs; (. 1.4 fhtpapd; kP J tiuaWf; fg;gl;l xU fzpjr; nra;if ahf vz; z pg; ngUf; f k; > fhtpg;ngUf;fk; vd;gtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.. • • • • •. myFf; fhtpfspd; mwpKfk;). vz; z pg; ngUf; f k; > fhtpg; n gUf; f k; vd; g tw; w pd; tiutpyf;fzk; vz;zpg; ngUf;fj;jpd; gz;Gfs; ,U g+r;rpakw;w fhtpfs;> nrq;Fj;jhf ,Ug;gjw;F epge;jid fhtp ,d; jpirapyhd $W vz;zpg; ngUf;fj;jpd; tpjpfs; • guptu;j;jid tpjp • guk;gy; tpjp. 35. 03.
(37) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 2. rkepiyj; jd;ik> rkepiy aw;w jd;ik vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;Js;sthW tho;fi ; fapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw; fhf xUjs tpirj; njhFjpia tptuzk; nra;thu;.. ;. 2.1 , u z ; L t p i r a p d ; % y k ; • Jzpf; i f xd; w py; Vw; g Lk; • • jhf;fj;ij tpgupg;ghu;. • • • • • •. Jzpf;if gw;wpa vz;zf;fU tpir gw;wpa vz;zf;fU tpirapd; gupkhzKk; myFk; (jdp myF> GtpaPu;g;gyF) tpirfspd; tiffs; tpirfspd; tpisAs; ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAs; tpir ,izfu tpjp ,uz;L tpirfspd; rkepiy tpirg; gpupg;G • jug;gl;l ,uz;L jpirfspy; • xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L jpirfspy;. 2.2 x U j s t p i r j ; n j h F j p • xd; w pd; %yk; Jzpf; i f xd;wpy; Vw;gLk; jhf; fj;ij • tpgupg;ghu;.. xUjs tpirj; njhFjpia xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L jpirfspy; gpupj;jy;. xUjs tpirj; njhFjpapd; tpisAs; fhzy; • tpirg; gpupg;gpd; %yk; • tiugpd; %yk; rkdpiyf;fhd epge;jidfs; fhtpf;$l;ly; my;yJ ck;> ck tpirg; gy;Nfhzpiag; g+u;j;jpahf;fy;. • • •. 36. 04. 06.
(38) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 2.3 Fwpg;gpl;l xU tifahf> xU jsj;jpy; jhf;Fk; %d;W tpir fspd; fPo; Jzpf;if xd;wpd; rkepiyia tpgupg;ghu;.. • • •. 2.4 tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpd; kPJ jhf; F k; tpirfspd; tpis Ais tpgupg;ghu;.. •. •. •. 37. ahNjDk; ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAshdJ %d;whtJ tpirf;Fg; gUkdpy; rkdhfTk; vjpu;jj ; pirapYk; ,Uf;Fk;. tpir Kf;Nfhzp tpjpAk; mjd; kWjiyAk; (epWty; cl;gl) ,yhkpapd; Njw;wk;. tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpd; kPJ jhf;Fk; xUjs tpirfs; • tpiwg;ghd cliy ,dq;fhzy; • tpir CLflj;jg;gLjd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL • tpirnahd;wpd; ngau;itAk;> Row;rpiaAk; tpsf;fy; • Gs; s pnahd; W gw; w p> tpirnahd; w pd; jpUg; g j; i j tiuaWj;jy;. • jpUg;gj;jpd; ngsjpff; fUj;J • Gs; s pnahd; W gw; w p> tpirnahd; w pd; jpUg; g j; j pd; gUkDk;> Nghf;Fk; • jpUg;gj;jpd; gupkhzKk;> myFk; • jpUg;gj;jpd; Nfj;jpufzpj tpsf;fk; xUjs tpirj; n jhFjpnahd; w pd; jsj; j pYs; s Gs; s p nahd;W gw;wp tpirfspd; jpUg;gq;fspd; ml;ru fzpjf; $l;Lj;njhif tpirfspd; jpUg;gk; gw;wpa nghJf; Nfhl;ghL. 06. 04.
(39) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 2.5 tpiwg;ghd clnyhd;wpd; kPJ jhf;Fk; ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAis tpgupg;ghu;.. •. • • • •. 2.6 xUjs tpirj;njhFjp xd; iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. •. •. 38. ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAs; • ,uz;L tpirfSk; rkhe;juky;yhj NghJ • ,uz;L tpirfSk; rkhe;jukhf cs;s NghJ • epfu;e;j tpirfs; • epfuhj tpirfs; • ,uz;L tpirfspd; rkepiy • ,izapd; tiutpyf;fzk; • ,izapd; jpUg;gj;jpd; gUkDk;> Nghf;Fk; ,iznahd;wpd; jpUg;gk;> jpUg;gk; vLf;fg;gLk; Gs;spiar; rhuhjJ vd;gJ xUjs ,izfs; ,uz;bd; rktd;ik ,uz;L ,izfspd; rkepiy xUjs ,izapd; Nru;f;if. jug;gl;l Gs;spnahd;wpy; jhf;Fk; jdptpirnahd;W> ,d; n dhU Gs; s pnahd; w pD}lhfj; jhf; F k; rkkhd tpirnahd;Wf;Fk; ,iznahd;Wf;Fk; rkdhFk;. ,iznahd;Wk;> mt;tpizapd; jsj;jpy; jhf;Fk; tpir xd;Wk; mNj jsj;jpy; jhf;Fk; gUkd;> jpir vd;gtw;wpy; Kd;ida tpirf;Fr; rkdhd jdptpirf;F xLf;fg; gLk;.. 04.
(40) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. •. xUjs tpirj;njhFjp xd;W mNj jsj;jpy; cs;s vNjr;irg; Gs;spnahd;wpy; jhf;Fk; mNj jsj;jpYs;s vd;w tpirf;Fk;. • • •. vd;w ,izf;Fk; xLf;. fg;gLk;. xUjs tpirj;njhFjp xd;wpd; tpisAspd; gUkd;> jpir> jhf;ff; Nfhl;bd; mikT xUjs tpirj;njhFjpfs; ,uz;bd; rktd;ik xUjs tpirj;njhFjp xd;W. (i) j d p t p i r n a h d ; w h f x L q ; F t j w ; F N t z ; b a epge;jid. >. (ii) ,izahf xUq;Ftjw;F Ntz;ba epge;jid. (iii) rkepiyahtjw;F Ntz;ba epge;jid. 39. 10.
(41) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 2.7 Fwpg; g pl; l xU tifahf> tpiwg; g hd clnyhd; w pd; kPJ jhf;Fk; xUjs %d;W tpirfspd; rkepiyia tpgupg;ghu;.. •. 2.8 rkepiyapd; kPJ cuha; tpd; jhf; f j; i j mjd; ,ay; G fspd; %yk; Muha;thu;.. • • • • • • •. cuha;T tpirAk; mjd; ,ay;G fSk; xg;gkhd> fulhd jsq;fis ,dq;fhzy; cuha;tpd; ed;ikfSk;> jPikfSk; vy;iy cuha;T tpir cuha;T tpjpfs; cuha;Tf; Fzfj;jpd; tiutpyf; fzk; cuha;Tf; Nfhzk;. 2.9 xg;gkhd %l;Lf;fspd; kPJ jhf; F k; kWjhf; f q; f isj; Jzptjw;F xUjs tpirj; njhFjpfs; gw; w pa Nfhl; ghLfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.. • •. vspa %l;L tiffs; RahjPd %l;bw;Fk;> tpiwg;ghd %l;bw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s NtWghL xg;gkhd %l;nlhd;wpy; Nfhy;fspd; kPJ jhf;Fk; tpirfs;. • • • • •. •. 40. tpirfs; xUGs; s papy; re; j pf; f Ntz; L k; my; y J rkhe;jukhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tpir Kf;Nfhzp tpjpAk;> kWjiyAk; yhkpapd; Njw;wk; Nfhjhd; tpjp Nfj;jpu fzpjg; gz;Gfs; ,U nrq; F j; j hd jpirfspy; gpupj; j y; vd; g tw; w pd; gpuNahfk;. 10. 10. 10.
(42) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 2.10 xg;gkhf %l;lg;gl;l ,Nyrhd • Nfhy; f spdhyhd rl; l g; g l • nyhd; w pd; Nfhy; f spYs; s jifg;Gf;fisj; Jzpthu;. • •. ,Nyrhd Nfhy;fspdhyhd rl;lg;gliy ,dq;fhz;ghu;. rl;lg;glypd; xt;nthU %l;bdJk; rkepiyf;F Ntz;ba epge;jidfs;. Nghtpd; Fwpg;gPL> jifg;G tpirfspd; gUkd;fisf; fzpj;jy;.. 2.11 tiutpyf;fzj;ij cgNahfpj;J rkr;rPuhd> rPuhd jpz;kq;fspd; jpzpT ikaj;ijj; Jzptjw;F gy;NtW El;gq;fisg; gad; gLj;Jthu;.. xU NfhL gw;wpr; rkr;rPuhd js clnyhd;wpd; jpzpT ikak; • rPuhd nky;ypa Nfhy; xd;wpd; • rPuhd nrt;tf tbthd mlnuhd;wpd; • rPuhdtl;l tbthd tisankhd;wpd; • rPuhd tl;l tbthd jl;nlhd;wpd; jsnkhd;W gw;wpr; rkr;rPuhd jpz;knkhd;wpd; jpzpT ikak; • rPuhd jpz;k (my;yJ nghs;) cUis xd;wpd; • rPuhd nghl; (my;yJ jpz;kf;) Nfhsk; xd;wpd; js mlnuhd;iw> xt;nthU rpW %yfj;jpdJk; jpzpT ikaKk; xNu Neu; N fhl; b d; kP J mikAkhW rpW %yfq;fshf Ntwhf;f KbAnkdpd;> mlupd; jpzpT ikaKk; mNj Neu;Nfhl;bd; kPJ mikAk; vd;gijg; gpuNahfpj;J jpzpTikak; fhzy;.. •. •. •. 41. 10.
(43) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. •. 2.12 tiutpyf;fzk;> njhifaPL vd;gdtw;iw cgNahfpj;J vspa Nfj;jpufzpj cly; fspd; jpzpT ikaj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.. • •. •. •. 2.13 jpzpT ikaKk; <u;it ika Kk; nghUe;Jtij vLj;Jf; nfhz; L $l; L cly; f spd; > vQ;rpa cly;fspd; jpzpT ikaj;ij (<u;it ikaj;ijf;) fhz;ghu;.. • • • •. 42. • rPuhd Kf;Nfhzp mlnuhd;wpd; • rPuhd ,izfu mlnuhd;wpd; xt;nthU rpW %yfj;jpdJk; jpzpTikaKk; xNu jsj;jpd; kPJ mikAk; vdpd;> clypd; jpzpTikaKk; mNj jsj;jpd; kPJ mikAk; vd;gijg; gpuNahfpj;J jpzpT ikak; fhzy;. • rPuhd nghl;$k;gpd;. 10. njhlu;r;rpahd> rkr;rPuhd> rPuhd cly;fspd; jpzpT ikak; rpW %yfq;fshfg; gpupg;gjd; %yk; • rPuhd tl;ltpy; • rPuhd Miur;rpiw rPuhd> rkr;rPuhd cly;fspd; jpzpT ikak; • rPuhd nghl; (my;yJ jpz;k) $k;G • rPuhd nghs; (my;yJ jpz;k) miuf; Nfhsk; jsnkhd;wpd; Row;rp. 08. <u;it ikaj;ij mwpKfQ;nra;jy; jpzpT ikaKk; <u;it ikaKk; xd;Wld; xd;W nghUe;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ rPuhd $l;Lly;fspd; jpzpT ikak; (<u;it ikak;) rPuhd vQ;rpa cly;fspd; jpzpT ikak; (<u;it ikak;). 04.
(44) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 2.14 rkepiyapy; cs;s cly; fspd; cWjpj; jd;ikiaj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;. 3.. ,af;fk; njhlu; 3.1 Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ epfOk; ghd epAw;wd; ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq khjpupia cg ;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F tiuGfis Nahfpj;J> cgNahfpg;ghu;. jsnkhd;wpy; epfOk; ,ay;ghd ,af;f tif fis tpsf; Fthu;.. • •. ,io %yk; njhq;Fk; nghUl;fspd; rkepiy jsnkhd;wpy; ehg;gj;jpy; cs;s nghUl;fspd; rkepiy cWjpg;ghL. •. mbg;gilf; fzpaq;fshd ePsk;> jpzpT> Neuk; vd;gdTk; mtw;wpd; gupkhzq;fs;> myFfs; vd;gdTk; J}uKk; mjd; gupkhzKk;> myFk; fjpAk; mjd; gupkhzKk; myFk; > ruhrupf; f jp> fzepiyf;fjp> rPuhd fjp jhd Ms;$Wfs; ,lg;ngau;r;rpAk; mjd; gupkhzKk;> myFk; NtfKk; mjd; gupkhzKk;> myFk; ruhrup Ntfk;> fzepiy Ntfk;> rPuhd Ntfk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp - Neu tiuG • ,uz;L epiyfSf;fpilapy; cs;s ruhrup Ntfk; • Gs;spnahd;wpYs;s fzepiy Ntfk; ruhrup Mu; K Lfy; > fzepiy Mu; K Lfy; > rP u hd Mu;KLfy;> rPuhd mku;KLfy; Mu;KLfypd; gupkhzKk;> myFk; Ntf - Neu tiuG ve;jnthU fzj;jpYk; Ntf - Neu tiugpd; gbj;jpwd; = fzepiy Mu;KLfy; ve;jnthU Neu MapilapYk; Neu mr;Rf;Fk; tiuGf;Fk; ,ilapy; mlf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT = me;j Neu Mapilapy; cz;lhd ,lg;ngau;r;rp gy;NtW tifr; re;ju;gg ; q;fSf;Fkhd Ntf - Neu tiuG. • • • • • • •. • • • • •. • 43. 04. 10.
(45) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 3.2 Neu;Nfhl;baf;fk; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq; f isj; jP u ; g ; g jw; F ,af;fr; rkd;ghLfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.. 3.3 Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq; Fk; Jzpf; i ffSf; fpil apyhd njhlu;gpaf;fj;ij Muha;thu;.. •. xUik Mu;KLfYldhd #j;jpuq;fisg; ngWjy;. • tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; %yk; • Ntf - Neu tiugpd; %yk;. •. xUikg; GtpaPu;g;G Mu;KLfypd; fPo; epiyf;Fj;J ,af;fk; • tiuig cgNahfpj; J > ,af; f r; rkd; g hLfis cgNahfpj;J. • • • • • •. xU gupkhz ,af;fj;jpw;fhd khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk; Neu; Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJ njhlu;gpaf;fk; njhlu;G ,lg;ngau;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL njhlu;G Ntff; Nfhl;ghL njhlu;G Mu;KLfy; Nfhl;ghL njhlu;G Mu;KLfy; xUikahf ; ,Uf;Fk; tiffspy; ,af;fr; rkd; ghLfisAk;> tiuGfisAk; gpu Nahfpj;jy;. 44. 08. 07.
(46) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 3.4 jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; xU Jzpf; i fapd; ,af; fj;ij tpgupg;;ghu;.. •. • • • • •. 3.5 jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq; Fk; xU Jzpf;if njhlu;ghf kw; W nkhU Jzpf; i fapd; ,af;fj;ijj; Jzpthu;.. • • • •. • •. 45. jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; Gs;sp nahd;wpd; njf;fhl;bd; Ms; $ WfSf; F k; > KidT Ms; $ WfSf; F k; ,il apYs;s njhlu;G cw;gj;jpg; Gs;sp Fwpj;J> ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd; jhdf;fhtpAk;> ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;fhtpAk;. jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Ntfk;> fzepiy Ntfk; Jzpf;ifnahd;wpd; Nfhz Ntfk; jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Mu;KLfy;> fzepiy Mu;KLfy;> Nfhz Mu;KLfy; Neuj;jpd; rhu;ghf jhdf;fhtp jug;gl;bUf;f> Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy; vd;gtw;iwf; fhzy;.. ,U gupkhz ,af;fnkhd;wpw;fhd khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk; ,U gupkhz ,af;fnkhd;wpw;fhd khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk; njhlu;ghf ,lg; ngau;r;rp> Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy; jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; ,uz;L nghUl;fspy; xd;W njhlu;ghf kw;iwajd; ,af;fk; njhlu;gpaf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs; • ,lg;ngau;r;rp • Ntfj; j pw; F • Mu;KLfypw;F xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; ghij xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; Ntfk;. 06. 06.
(47) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 3.4 jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; xU Jzpf; i fapd; ,af; fj;ij tpgupg;;ghu;.. •. • • • • •. 3.5 jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq; Fk; xU Jzpf;if njhlu;ghf kw; W nkhU Jzpf; i fapd; ,af;fj;ijj; Jzpthu;.. • • • •. • •. 46. jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; Gs;sp nahd;wpd; njf;fhl;bd; Ms; $ WfSf; F k; > KidT Ms; $ WfSf; F k; ,il apYs;s njhlu;G cw;gj;jpg; Gs;sp Fwpj;J> ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd; jhdf;fhtpAk;> ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;fhtpAk;. jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Ntfk;> fzepiy Ntfk; Jzpf;ifnahd;wpd; Nfhz Ntfk; jug;gl;l Neu MapilapDs; ruhrup Mu;KLfy;> fzepiy Mu;KLfy;> Nfhz Mu;KLfy; Neuj;jpd; rhu;ghf jhdf;fhtp jug;gl;bUf;f> Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy; vd;gtw;iwf; fhzy;.. ,U gupkhz ,af;fnkhd;wpw;fhd khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk; ,U gupkhz ,af;fnkhd;wpw;fhd khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk; njhlu;ghf ,lg; ngau;r;rp> Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy; jsnkhd;wpd; kPJ ,aq;Fk; ,uz;L nghUl;fspy; xd;W njhlu;ghf kw;iwajd; ,af;fk; njhlu;gpaf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs; • ,lg;ngau;r;rp • Ntfj; j pw; F • Mu;KLfypw;F xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; ghij xU nghUs; njhlu;ghf ,d;DnkhU nghUspd; Ntfk;. 06. 06.
(48) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 3.9 rlj;Jtr; rl;lnkhd;W njhlu;ghf epfOk; ,af;f nkhd;iw tpgupg;gjw;fhf epAw;wdpd; tpjpfisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.. •. • xNu fpiltPr;irj; jUk; ,uz;L vwpaw; Nfhzq;fs; cz;L vd;gJ • mjp$ba fpil tPr;R vwpapy; ghijapd; rkd;ghL. • • • • •. epAw;wdpd; KjyhtJ ,af;f tpjp tpir gw;wpa vz;zf;fU jpzpT> ce;jk; vd;gd gw;wpa vz;zf;fU rlj;Jt khl;Nlw;Wr; rl;lk; epAw; w dpd; ,uz; l htJ ,af; f tpjp> ,af; f tpaypd;. • • • • •. 47. mbg;gilr; rkd;ghL tpiria msf;Fk; jdp myFk;> GtpaPu;g;gyFk; epiw> jpzpT vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; cs;s NtWghL epAw;wdpd; %d;whtJ ,af;ftpjp epAw;wdpd; tpjpfspd; gpuNahfk; (xUik tpirapd; fPo; kl;Lk;) nky;ypa ePsh ,iofshy; ,izf;fg;gl;l / njhLif apypUf;Fk; cly;fspd; ,af;fk;. 08. 15.
(49) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 3.10 nghwpKiwr; rf;jpia tptuzk; nra;thu;.. •. • •. • •. • • •. •. • 48. Ntiy gw;wpa fUj;J • khwh tpirnahd; w pdhy; nra; a g; g Lk; Ntiyapd; tiutpyf;fzk; • Ntiyapd; gupkhzKk;> myFk; rf;jp gw;wpa fUj;J • rf;jpapd; gupkhzKk;> myFk; nghwpKiwr; rf;jpapd; xU tifahf ,af;fr; rf;jp • ,af;fr; rf;jpapd; tiutpyf;fzk; • ,af;fr; rf;jpf;fhd Nfhit • ,af;fr; rf;jpf;fhd Ntiy rf;jpr; rkd;ghL tpua tpir (Dissipative force), fhg;G epiy tpir nghwpKiwr; rf;jpapd; xU tifahf mOj;jr; rf;jp • mOj;jr; rf;jpapd; tiutpyf;fzk; • GtpaPu;g;G mOj;jr; rf;jpapd; tiu tpyf;fzk; • mOj;jr; rf;jpf;fhd Nfhit mOj;jr; rf;jpf;fhd Ntiy rf;jpr; rkd;ghL <u;;f;fg;gl;l ,ioapd; kPs;jd;ik mOj;jr; rf;jpf;fhd Nfhit tpir xd; w pdhy; nghUnshd; w pd; kP J GtpaP u ; g ; G f; F vjpuhfr; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy> mOj;jr; rf;jpf;F rkd; vd;gJ Jzpf;ifnahd;wpd; kPJ GtpaPu;g;G tpirf;F vjpuhfr; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy mj;Jzpf;ifapd; ,af;fg; ghij iar; rhuhjJ vd;gJ nghwpKiwr; rf;jpf; fhg;Gg; Nfhl;ghLk; mjd; gpuNahfKk;. 08.
(50) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 3.11 cupa re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; tYtpd; • gad;ghl;il mwpe;J gpurpdq; • • fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.. tY gw;wpa fUj;J tYtpd; gupkhzKk;> myFk; tYtpd; epak myfpd; (cthw;W) tiutpyf;fzk;. •. cQw;Wk; tpir (Tractive force). •. (khwh cQw; W k; tpir Ntfk; ) vd; w rkd;ghl;ilg; ngwYk;> mjd; gpuNahfKk;.. 3.12 fzj;jhf;nfhd;wpd; tpisit • tptuzk; nra;thu;.. khwh tpirnahd;wpd; fzj;jhf;fhdJ tpirapdJk; mJ jhf;Fk; Neuj;jpdJk; ngUf;fk; vdTk;> ce;j khw;wk; vdTk; tiuaWf; f g; g Lk; vd; g JTk; > ,t; t iutpyf; fzq; f s; ,uz; L k; xd; W f; n fhd; W rktYthdit vd;gJTk;. fzj;jhf;fpd; gupkhzKk; myFk; fzj;jhf;if xU fhtpahf tiuaWj;jy;. Vfgupkhz ce;jf; fhg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL fzj;jhf;fpd; njhopw;ghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; ,af;fr;rf;jp el;lk;. • • • •. 49. 07. 08.
(51) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 3.13 Neub kPs;jd;ik nkhj;jiy • tptuzk; nra;tjw;F epAw;w • dpd; kPsikT tpjpiag; • gpuNahfpg;ghu;. • • •. 3.14 epiyf; F j; J tl; l ,af; f j; • ijg; gad; $bajhf mikj; Jf; nfhs;tjw;F cupa Nfhl; • ghLfis Muha;thu;. • • •. •. 50. epAw;wdpd; kPsikT tpjp kPsikTf; Fzfk; epiw kPsikT tif MFk;NghJ rf;jp ehl;lk; Vw;gLk; xg; g khd kP s ikTf; Nfhzq; f Sf; F ,ilapyhd nkhj;jy; xg; g khd kP s ikTf; Nfhsnkhd; W f; F k; xg; g khd jsnkhd;Wf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; nrt;td; nkhj;jy;.. tl;lj;jpd; topNa ,aq;Fk; nghUspd; NfhzNtfk;. 15. >. vd;gJ Nfhz Mu;KLfy; tl;lj;jpd; topNa ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd; Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy; tl;lj;jpd; topNa rPuhd fjpAld; ,aq;Fk; Jzpf;if xd;wpd; Ntfk;> Mu;KLfy; tl;l ,af;fj;ijg; NgZtjw;F Ntz;ba xU epge;jid> ikaNehf;fpa tpir vd;gJ xg;gkhd fpilj;jsk; xd;wpd; kPJs;s epiyj;j Gs;spf;F ,izf; fg;gl;l ,Nyrhd ,ionahd;wpd; kWKidf;F ,izf;fg;gl;l Jzpf;if xd;wpd; ,af;fk; $k;G Cry;. 10.
(52) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 3.15 epiyf;Fj;J tl;l ,af; fj;jpd; elj;ijapy; jhf; fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzp nahd; w hf Muk; g f; fjp iaf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;thu;.. • • • • •. •. 3.16 nghUj;jkhd fzpj khjpup fis cgNahfpj;J vspik apirapaf;fk; ,ir ,af; fnkhd; i wg; gFg; g ha; T nra;thu;.. • • • • • • • •. 51. epiyf;Fj;J tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; rf;jpf; fhg;G tpjpiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;. epiyf; F j; J tl; l ,af; f j; j py; vd; g ijg; gad;gLj;jy;. xg;gkhd Nfhsnkhd;wpd; ntsp Nkw;gug;gpy; ,af;fk; xg;gkhd nghl;Nfhsnkhd;wpd; cs; Nkw;gug;gpd; ,af;fk; epiyj;j Gs;spnahd;Wld; xU Kid ,izf;fg;gl;l ,ionahd;wpd; kWKidapy; njhq;ftplg;gl;l Jzpf;if nahd;wpd; epiyf;Fj;J ,af;fk; epiyj;j epiyf;Fj;J tisankhd;wpy; Nfhu;f;fg;gl;Ls;s Jzpf;ifapd; ,af;fk; vspikapirapaf; f nkhd; i w tiuaWj; j Yk; mjd; ikaKk; rpwg;gpay;Gr; rkd;ghLk; mjd; nghJj; jPu;Tk; Ntfk;> ,lg;ngau;r;rpapd; xU rhu;G Mf tPr;rKk; miyT fhyKk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp> Neuj;jpd; xU rhu;ghf tPr;rk;> Neuj;jpd; xU rhu;G Mf vspikapirapaf;fj;ij> rPuhd tl;l ,af;fnkhd;wpd; %yk; tpsf;Fthu;. Neuk; fhzy;.. 10. 06.
(53) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 4.0 vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid xd;wpd; epfo;r;rp fis tpsf;F tjw;F fzpj khjpupfisf; gad;gLj;Jthu;.. 3.17 fpilf;Nfhnlhd;wpd; topNa eilngWk; vspa ,ir ,af; fnkhd;wpd; jd;ikia mjd; rpwg;gpay;GfspD}lhf tpgupg; ghu;.. •. 3.18 epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhnlhd;wpd; topNa epfOk; vspa ,ir ,af;fj;jpd; jd;ikia mjd; rpwg;gpay;GfspD}lhf tpgupg;ghu;.. •. 4.1 v O k h w ; W g ; g u p N r h j i d xd;wpd; epfo;r;rpfis tpsf; Fthu;.. • • •. •. •. •. 52. Cf;fpd; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,io nahd;wpd; ,Oit> tpy;nyhd;wpd; ,Oit my;yJ cijg;G vd;gtw;iwf; fhzy;. kPsj ; d;ik tpirfspd; fPo; kl;Lk; cs;s Jzpfi ; f xd;wpd; fpilahd vspa ,ir ,af;fk;.. Jzpf;ifnahd;W kPs;jd;ik tpirapd; fPOk;> mjdJ epiwapd; fPOk; epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhnlhd;wpd; topNa epfo;j;Jk; vspa ,ir ,af;fk;. vspa ,ir ,af;fk;> GtpaPu;g;gpd; fPo; RahjPd ,af;fk; Mfpa ,U tif ,af;fq;fspdJk; Nru;f;if.. epfo;jfT gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd fUj;J. vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjidapd; tiu tpyf;fzk;. khjpupntsp> khjpupg;Gs;sp vd;gtw;iw tiuaWj;jy;. • KbTs;s khjpup ntsp • Kbtpy;yh khjpup ntsp epfo;r;rpfs; • tiutpyf;fzk; • vspa epfo;r;rp • #dpa epfo;r;rp • cWjp epfo;r;rp. 06. 06.
(54) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. • • • • • • • 4.2 vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid njhlu; ghd gpurpdq; f isj; jP u ; g ; gjw;F> epfo;jfTfs; njhlu; ghd khjpupfis cgNahfpg; ghu;.. • • • •. epug;G epfo;r;rp $l;L epfo;r;rp ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd; xd;wpg;G ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd; ,ilntl;L jk;Ks; GwePf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs; rk Neu;jfTs;s NgWfs; epfo;r;rp ntsp. 04. epfo;jfT gw;wpa gz;ila tiutpyf;fzk; • ,t;tiutpyf;fzj;jpYs;s FiwghLfs; gupNrhjid Kiw epfo;jfT gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk; • ,t;tiutpyf;fzj;jpYs;s FiwghLfs; epfo;jfT gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd tiutpyf;fzk; • ,t;tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd Njw;wq;fs;> epWtYld;. 04 vdpd;. 53.
(55) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 4.3 jug;gl;l epge;jidapd; fPo; xU vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid apd; epfo;r;rp xd;wpd; epfo; jfitj; Jzptjw;F epge; jid epfo;jfT gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit cgNahfpg; ghu;.. • •. epge;jid epfo;jftpd; tiutpyf;fzk; epge;jid epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd Njw;wk; epWtYld;. 08. vdpd;. •. epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd ngUf;fy; tpjp MftpUf;f. 54.
(56) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 4.4 v O k h w ; W g ; g u p N r h j i d xd; w pd; ,uz; L my; y J ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l epfo;r;rp fspd; rhuhikiaj; Jzp tjw;F epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd khjpupfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.. 4.5 re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F Vw;wthW Ngrpd; Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpg;ghu;.. • •. ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd; rhuhik %d;W epfo;r;rpfspd; rhuhik. • •. khjpupntspapd; gpupg;G nkhj;j epfo;jfT gw;wpa Njw;wk;> epWtYld;. •. Ngrpd; Njw;wk;> epWtYld;. 06. 06. 55.
(57) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 5.1 Gs;sp tpguq;fspd; 5.0 jPuk ; hdpfF ; k; jpwid Nkk; jd;ikia tpsf;Fthu;. gLj;jpf; nfhs; tjw;F tpQQ ; hd Kiw khjpupfis cgNahfpgg ; hu;. 5.2 jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs; tjw;fhfj; ifahs;thu;.. juTfisf;. 5.3 juTfisAk; jfty; f is Ak; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.. 5.4 juTfisAk; jfty; f is Ak; ml;ltizg; gLj;Jthu;.. • •. Gs;sptpguq;fs; vd;why; ahJ? Gs;sptpguq;fspd; jd;ik • tptuzg; Gs;sptpguq;fs; • mDkhdg; Gs;sptpguq;fs;. • • • •. juTfSk; jfty;fSk; gupNrhjidfSk; juTfSk; gupNrhjidfs; juTfspd; tiffs; • gpd;dfj; juTfs; • njhlu; juTfs; • jfty;fs; • juTfSf;Fk; jfty;fSf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s nghUz;ik. •. •. 56. 01. 01. juTfis tifg;gLj;jy; • nghUl;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk; nra;if xd;whf juTfis tifg;gLj;jy; • juTfis tifg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fk; • juTfis tifg;gLj;Jk; mbg;gil. 01. juTfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jk; El;gq;fs; • kPbwd; ml;ltiz xd;iw mikj;jy; • $l;lkhf;fg;glhj kPbwd; guk;gy; • $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l kPbwd; guk;gy;. 01.
(58) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 5.5 juTfisAk; jfty; fisAk; tupg;glq;fs; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.. • • • • • •. tiuG ryhif tiuG tl;l tiuG tiyAU tiuak; Nfhl;L tiuG ngl;b tiuG. 5.6 ika ehl; l mstP L fSs; xd;whf ,ilia tpgupg;ghu;.. • •. kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; $l;lypil epiwNaw;wpa ,il. 5.7 rhu; mikT mstPl;Lg; ngW khdq;fs; %yk; kPbwd; guk; giy tpgupg;ghu;.. • • • •. Mfhuk; ,ilak; fhyizfs; rjkizfs;. 5.8 kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;W njhlu; ghd KbTfis vLg;gjw;Fk; nghUj; j khd ika ehl; l mstPLfisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.. •. ikaehl;l mstPLfspd; rhu; mstPLfs;. 57. 04. 03. 04. 02.
(59) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs; .. 5.9 tpyfypd; msitfisg; ghtpj; J guk; g nyhd; w pd; tpyfiy tpgupg;ghu;.. • • •. guk;gy; njhlu;ghd mstPLfs; guk;gy; njhlu;ghd mstPLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; guk;gy; mstPl;L tiffs; • tPr;R • miuf;fhyizapil tPr;R • ,il tpyfy; • epak tpyfy; • khww;wpwd; • $l;L ,il • $l;L epaktpyfy; • Gs;sp. 5.10 Xuha mstP L fspd; %yk; guk;gnyhd;wpd; tbtj;ijj; Jzpthu;.. •. Xuha mstPLfs; • gpardpd; Xuha mstPLfs;. 58. 02. 02.
(60) 4.0. fw;wy; fw;gpjj ; y; Kiwik. khztu;fs; ,g;ghl newpapD}lhf vjpu;ghu;jj ; tpisitg; ngWtij ,yFthf;f gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;gpj;jy cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs;> jq;fsJ fzpjj; njhlu;ghlypy; Nkk;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; jkJ rf khztu;fSlDk; MrpupaUlDk; nghUs; tpsq;f fye;Jiuahly;> jPu;T fhzy;> tpsf;Fjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk; re;ju;g;gk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; vOj;jpy; khj;jpukd;wp tha;%yj; njhlu;ghly;> glq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;> vz;> FwpaPL> nrhw;gpuNahfq;fis cgNahfpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; njhlu;ghly; epfo;j;j Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; gy;topfspy; fw;fpwhu;fs;> khztu;fs; fl;Gyd;> nrtpgG ; yd; clw;jir mirTfs; my;yJ gy;NtW Gyd;fspD}lhff; fw;fpwhu;fs;. fw;wy; ghzp tPr;Rf;fspy; gy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. kpfg; nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F ,f;fhuzpfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; Kiwapy; fyhr;rhu r%fg; gpd;dzpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpisit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij Ma;Tfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,t;NtWghLfs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;L> gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fzpj mwpT jpwd; vd;gtw;wpd; tpUj;jpapy; rfy khztu;fSk; rktha;g;igg; ngwKbAk;. tFg;nghd;wpy; KOkhztu;fSf;Fk; fw;gpj;jy; epfOk; NghJ ngupa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfoKbAk;. khztu;fs; jkJ FOtpYs;s Vida mq;fj;jtu;fSld;> ,ilj;njhlu;GWk; NghJ rpwpa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. khztd; xUtd; ,d;ndhU khztDld; my;yJ MrpupaUld; ,ilj;njhlu;GWk; NghJ jdpegu; kl;lj;jpy; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. vdNt rfy xOq;FfSk; fzpj tFg;giwapy; jj;jkf;Fupa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.. 59.
(61) 5.0. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; epfo;r ; r ; pj; jpll ; q;fSk;. fzpjf; fw;wy; khztu;f;F fUj;Jr; nrwpe;j njhlu;Gila njhd;whfj; jpfo;tjw;F tFg;giw Ntiy Kw;whf mwpT> jpwd; tpUj;jp vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sjhf mikahJ. njhlu;ghly;> ,izg;G> epahapj;jy; (fhuzpj;jy;) gpur;rpid jPuj ; j ; y; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkNy $wg;gl;l ehd;F ,yf;FfSk; khztu;fspd; rpe;jid> elj;ijr; nraw;ghL vd;gd Nkk;glr; nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;. rhjhuz tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jYf;F mg;ghy; ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; fPo;tUk; ,izg;ghl tpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs; fw;wy; nraw;ghl;by; xt;nthU gps;isiaAk; gq;Nfw;fr; re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. mit khztu; gbg;G tl;lq;fs; fzpjf; FOf;fs; fzpjg; ghriwfs; Nghl;bfs; (Njrpa> ru;tNjr) E}y; epiya cgNahfk; tFg;giwr; Rtu; mwpf;iffs; (ntspaPLfs;) fzpj Ma;T $lk; nray; miwfs; fzpjk; rhu;e;j rupj;jpu juTfs; Nrfupj;jy; gy; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd; cgNahfk; nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; fpilf;ff;$ba trjpfl;Nfw;g Nkw;$wpa nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;j Ntz;baJ fzpj Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,r; nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;Jk; NghJ MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk; mJ njhlu;ghd ntsp Ml;fsplkpUe;Jk; epWtdq;fsplkpUe;Jk; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. mg;gbg;gl;l nraw;ghLfis xOq;fhd mbg;gilapy; xOq;FgLj;J tjw;F xt;nthU ghlrhiyAk; fzpjk; rhu;ej ; jj;jkf;Fupa nfhs;iffis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU ghlrhiyapd; gq;fspgg ; pdhYk; cUthf;fg;gl ,Uf;fpd;w KOikahd ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifapd; xU gFjpahf ,J mikAk;. fzpjk; rhu;e;j nfhs;ifia cUthf;Ftjpy; ghlrhiy gpd;tUtdtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ. mitahtd: ghlrhiyg; ngsjPfr; #oYk;> mjd; Rw;Wg;GwKk; khztu;fsJ NjitfSk; mf;fiwfSk; ghlrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila rKjhak;. Mszptsr; Nritfs;. ghlrhiyf;F tha;g;ghd epWtdq;fs; vd;gdthFk;. 60.
(62) 6.0. fzpgg ; L P k; kjpgg ; L P k;. ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; xt;nthU jtizf;Fnkd epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lk; vd;gd cs;slq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; fzpgg ; l P L ; f; fUtpfis Mf;fuPjpahfj; jahupjJ ; eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd vjpug ; hu;ff ; g;gLfpdw ; J. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ juk; 13 ,d; ,Wjpapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w Njrpa kl;lf; fzpg;gPlhd f.ngh.cau;jug; guPl;irf;FupajhfNt jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; elj;jg;gLfpd;w KjyhtJ guPl;ir 2011 Mk; tUlj;jpy; ,lk;ngwTs;sJ. ,g;guPl;irf;Fupa tpdhg;gj;jpuj;jpd; mikg;G> khjpup gw;wpa NJitahd tptuq;fs; ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; toq;fg;gLk;.. 61.
(63) Fwpg;gPLfs; gpd;tUk; fzpjf; Fwpg;gPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; 1.. njhilf; Fwpg;gPL. {x :. A-1. . . .}. %yfk; %yfkd;W x1, x2, ... vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l njhil ... MFkhWs;s vy;yh x IAk; nfhz;l njhil njhil A apYs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if #dpaj;njhil mfpyj;njhil njhil A apdJ epug;gp Neu;KO vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} KO vz;fspd; njhil Neu;. KO vz;fspd; njhil {1, 2, 3, . . . }. kl;L n KO vz;fspd; njhil tpfpjKW vz;fspd; njhil Neu; tpfpjKW vz;fspd; njhil Neu; tpfpjKW vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil nka; vz;fspd; njhil Neu; nka; vz;fspd; njhil. 62.
(64) Neu;nka; vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil n klq;Ffs; rpf;fy; vz;fspd; njhil njhilg;gpupT Kiwikj; njhilg;gpupT njhilg;gpuptd;W Kiwikj; njhilg;gpuptd;W xd;wpg;G ,ilntl;L. 2.. [a,b]. %ba Mapil. (a,b]. Mapil. [a, b). Mapil. (a, b). jpwe;j Mapil. njhlu;G R ;,dhy; y, ,w;F njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ ,w;F rktYthdJ (rktd;ikj; njhlu;Gfspy;) gytpd FwpaPLfs; = rkd; rkdd;W ru;trkd; my;yJ xUq;fpirT mz;zsthf rkd; rkTUthdJ tpfpjrkd; rpwpJ 63.
(65) rpwpJ my;yJ rkd; ngupjd;W ngupJ ngupJ my;yJ rkd; rpwpjd;W Kbtpyp md;W p cl;fpil q (p vdpd; q) p ,UKf cl;fpil q ( ,w;F rktYthdJ p my;yJ q p ck; q ck; vz;Nfhl;by; jpwe;j Mapil vz;Nfhl;by; %ba Mapil 3.. nra;iffs; a+b a-b. IAk; IAk; $l;Ljy; rf ,ypUe;J If; fopj;jy; ra vd;gtw;wpd; ngUf;fk; I. My; gpupj;jy;. vd;gtw;wpd; tpfpjk; a1 + a2 + a 3 + . . . . + an nka;naz;. ,d; Neu;tu;f;f%yk;. nka;naz;. ,d; kl;L 64. vdpd;> kl;Lk;.
(66) fhuzpak;. n!. <UWg;Gf;Fzfk;. nghUl;fspypUe;J xU Kiwapy; vLj;j 4.. nghUl;fspypUe;J rhu;Gfs; f f(x) f :A f:x. B y. gof vy;iy f (x). nghUl;fspd; tupir khw;wk;. nghUl;fis xU Kiwapy; vLg;gjw;fhd Nru;khdk;. rhu;G x ,y; rhu;G f ,d; ngWkhdk; rhu;G f ,d; fPo;> A apd; xt; n nthU %yfKk; njhil B ,y; tpk;gj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rhu;G f ,d; fPo;> %yfk; x MdJ y ,w;F glkhf;fg;gL fpwJ. rhu;G f ,d; Neu;khW f ,dJk; Nru;j;jpr;rhu;G gof ( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ x MdJ mZf f ( x ) ,d; vy;iy x ,dJ xU Vw;wk; x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; ngWjp x If; Fwpj;J y ,d;. MtJ ngWjp. 65.
(67) x If; Fwpj;J f ( x ) ,d; KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ ...n MtJ ngWjpfs; x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; tiuawhj njhifaPL x ,d; ngWkhdk; a ,w;Fk; y ,w;Fkpilapy; ,Uf;ifapy; y ,d; tiuaWj;j njhifaPL Neuj;ijf; Fwpj;J x ,d; Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk;> ... ngWjpfs; 5.. mLf;Ff; Fwpr; rhu;GfSk; klf;ifr; rhu;GfSk; ,aw;if klf;ifapd; mb x ,dJ mLf;Ff;Fwpr; rhu;G. x ,d; mb ,yhd klf;if x ,d; ,aw;if klf;if x ,d; mb 10 ,d; klf;if. 6.. tl;lr; rhu;Gfs;. tl;lr; rhu;Gfs;. Neu;khW tl;lr; rhu;Gfs;. 66.
(68) 7.. rpf;fy; vz;fs; i. -1 ,d; tu;f;f%yk;. Z. xU rpf;fy; vz;>. Re Z. Z ,d; nka;g;gFjp. Im Z. Z ,d; fw;;gidg;gFjp, I m ( x + iy) = y Z ,d; kl;L. 8.. arg Z. Z ,d; tPry;. Arg Z. Z ,d; jiyik tPry;. Z-1. Z ,d; rpf;fy; cld;Gzup. jhaq;fs; M. M jhak;. M-1. rJuj;jhak; M ,d; Neu;khW. MT. jhak; M ,d; epiykhw;W. det M. rJuj;jhak; M ,d; JzpNfhit. 67.
(69) 9.. fhtpfs; fhtp fhtp gUkdpYk; jpirapYk; jpir nfhz;l Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lk; AB My; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ fhtp ,d; jpirapy; myFf;fhtp njf;fhl;bapd; Ms;$w;Wf;fs; topNa myFf;fhtpfs; fhtp. ,d; gUkd;. fhtp AB ,d; gUkd; ,. ,d; vz;zpg; ngUf;fk;. ,. ,d; fhtpg; ngUf;fk;. vd;gtw;wpd; Kk;ik vz;zpg; ngUf;fk;. 10. epfo;jfTk; Gs;sptpgutpaYk; A , B, C. P(A) A1. Mfpad epfo;r;rpfs; epfo;r;rpfs; A apdJk; B apdJk; xd;wpg;G epfo;r;rpfs; A apdJk; B apdJk; ,ilntl;L epfo;r;rp A apd; epfo;jfT epfo;r;rp A apd; epug;gp> A my;y vd;w epfo;r;rp epfo;r;rp B epfo;e;Js;sJ vd jug;gbd;> epfo;r;rp A epfo;tjw;fhd epfo;jfT. x1, x2, . . . f1, f2 , . . .. vOkhw;W khwpfs; vOkhw;W khwpfs; ,d; ngWkhdq;fs; mtjhdpg;Gfs; mtjhdpg;Gfs; x1, x2 . . . eilngWk; kPs;jpwd;fs; 68.
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