Lecture # 14
TCP/IP
Computer Communication & Networks
Fall-2012
Today’s Menu
↗ Transmission Control Protocol ↗ Addressing (Port Numbers) ↗ Datagram Format
Transmission Control Protocol
Functions Performed by TCP
↗ Addressing
↗ Connection Establishment, Management and Termination
↗ Reliability and Transmission Quality Services
Transmission Control Protocol
Addressing
↗ A typical host on a TCP/IP internetwork has many different software application processes running concurrently
↗ Each generates data that it sends to either TCP or UDP, which in turn passes it to IP for transmission
↗ The question is: how do we demultiplex a sequence of IP datagrams that need to go to many different application processes?
↗ Let's consider a particular host with a single network interface bearing the IP address 10.10.10.10
↗ Normally, every datagram received by the IP layer will have this value in the IP Destination Address field
↗ Consecutive datagrams received by IP may contains a piece of a file you are downloading with your Web browser, an e-mail sent to you by your brother, and a line of text a buddy wrote in an IRC chat channel
Transmission Control Protocol
Addressing
↗ TCP and UDP port numbers are 16 bits in length, so valid port numbers can theoretically take on values from 0 to 65,535
↗ These are divided into ranges for different purposes, with certain ports reserved for particular uses
Transmission Control Protocol
The Problem: Identifying Particular Processes on a Server
↗ We fire up our Web browser, which is client software that sends requests using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
↗ We need to know the IP address (domain name) of the Web site we want to access
↗ Once we have the address, the Web browser can generate an HTTP message and send it to the Web site's IP address.
↗ This HTTP message is being sent not “just anywhere” on that IP address: it is intended for the Web server process on the site we are trying to reach
↗ The problem is: how does the Web browser (client process) know which port number has been assigned to the server process on the Web site?
Transmission Control Protocol
The Solution: Reserved Port Numbers
↗ TCP/IP reserves certain port numbers for particular applications
↗ Each common application has a specific port number that is assigned to it for use by server processes that listen for requests for that application and then respond to them
↗ In our example, the reserved port number for HTTP is 80
↗ Every Web browser just “knows” that Web sites are designed to listen for requests sent to port 80
↗ They will thus use this value in requests, to ensure the IP and TCP software on the Web browser direct these HTTP messages to the Web server software
Transmission Control Protocol
↗ For this system to work well, universal agreement on port assignments is essential
↗ For TCP/IP, it is the same authority responsible for the assignment and coordination of IP addresses, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) ↗ As we have seen, there are 65,536 port numbers that can be used for processes,
the full spectrum of TCP and UDP port numbers is divided into three ranges
↗ Well-Known Port Numbers (0 to 1,023) ↗ Registered Port Numbers (1,024 to 49,151)
Transmission Control Protocol
↗ Well-Known Port Numbers (0 to 1,023)
↗ These port numbers are used only by server processes run by system administrators or privileged users
↗ These generally correspond to processes that implement key IP applications, such as Web servers, FTP servers and the like
↗ For this reason, these are sometimes called system port numbers
↗ Registered Port Numbers (1,024 to 49,151)
↗ There are many applications that need to use TCP/IP but are not specified in RFCs, or are not so universally used
↗ To ensure that these various applications do not conflict with each other, IANA uses the bulk of the overall port number range for registered port numbers
↗ Anyone who creates a viable TCP/IP server application can request to reserve one of these port numbers
↗ These port numbers are generally accessible by any user on a system and are therefore sometimes called user port numbers
↗ Private/Dynamic Port Numbers (49,152 to 65,535)
↗ These ports are neither reserved nor maintained by IANA
Transmission Control Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol
Source Port (16 bits)
↗ The port number of the process that originated the TCP segment on the source device
↗ This will normally be an client port number for a request sent by a client to a server, or a well-known/registered (server) port number for a reply from a server to a client
Destination Port (16 bits)
↗ The 16-bit port number of the process that is the ultimate intended recipient of the message on the destination device
Transmission Control Protocol
Sequence Number (32 bits)
↗ For normal transmissions, the sequence number of the first byte of data in this segment
↗ In a connection request (SYN) message, this carries the initial sequence number (ISN) of the source TCP
Acknowledgment Number (32 bits)
Transmission Control Protocol
Header Length (4 bits)
↗ Specifies the number of 32-bit words in the TCP header
↗ In other words, this value times four equals the number of bytes in the header, which must always be a multiple of four
↗ It is also called a “data offset” since it indicates by how many 32-bit words the start of the data is offset from the beginning of the TCP segment
Reserved (6 bits)
Transmission Control Protocol
Control Bits or Flags (6 bits)
↗ URG: (Urgent Bit) When set to 1, indicates that the priority data transfer has been invoked for this segment and that the urgent pointer field is valid
↗ ACK: (Acknowledgment Bit) When set to 1, indicates that this segment is carrying an acknowledgment and the value of the acknowledgment number field is valid and carrying the next sequence expected from the destination of this segment ↗ PSH: (Push Bit) The sender of this segment is using the TCP push feature,
requesting that the data in this segment be immediately pushed to the application on the receiving device
↗ RST: (Reset Bit) The sender has encountered a problem and wants to reset the connection
↗ SYN: (Synchronize Bit) This segment is a request to synchronize sequence numbers and establish a connection; the sequence number field contains the initial sequence number of the sender of the segment
Transmission Control Protocol
Window (16 bits)
↗ Indicates the number of octets of data the sender of this segment is willing to accept from the receiver at one time
↗ This normally corresponds to the current size of the buffer allocated to accept data for this connection
↗ This field is, in other words, the current receive window size for the device sending this segment, which is also the send window for the recipient of the segment
Checksum (16 bits)
↗ A checksum for data integrity protection, computed over the entire TCP datagram
Transmission Control Protocol
Urgent Pointer (16 bits)
↗ Used in conjunction with the URG control bit for priority data transfer ↗ This field contains the sequence number of the last byte of urgent data
Options and Padding (Variable)
↗ TCP includes a generic mechanism for including one or more sets of optional data in a TCP segment
↗ If the Options field is not a multiple of 32 bits in length, enough zeroes are added to pad the header so it is a multiple of 32 bits
Data (Variable)
User Datagram Protocol
↗ UDP is simple and fast
↗ It serves as an interface between application processes running at the higher layers and the internetworking capabilities of IP
↗ UDP is a fast protocol specifically because it doesn't have all the bells and whistles of TCP
↗ This makes it suitable for use by some applications because this is exactly what they want from a transport layer protocol.
↗ It takes their data and quickly shuffles it down to the IP layer with a minimum of fuss
User Datagram Protocol
What UDP Does Not
As a transport protocol, some of the most important things UDP does not do include the following:
↗ UDP does not establish connections before sending data; It just packages it and off it goes
↗ UDP does not provide acknowledgments to show that data was received ↗ UDP does not provide any guarantees that its messages will arrive
↗ UDP does not detect lost messages and retransmit them
↗ UDP does not ensure that data is received in the same order that they were sent ↗ UDP does not provide any mechanism to manage the flow of data between
User Datagram Protocol
Datagram format
User Datagram Protocol
Source Port (16 bits)
↗ The 16-bit port number of the process that originated the UDP message on the source device
↗ This will normally be an client port number for a request sent by a client to a server, or a well-known/registered (server) port number for a reply from a server to a client
Destination Port (16 bits)
↗ The 16-bit port number of the process that is the ultimate intended recipient of the message on the destination device
User Datagram Protocol
Length (16 bits)
The length of the entire UDP datagram, including both header and Data fields
Checksum (16 bits)
An optional checksum computed over the entire UDP datagram
Data (variable)
Summary Comparison of UDP & TCP
UDP
General Description
Simple, high-speed, low-functionality “wrapper” that interfaces applications to the network layer and does little else
Protocol Connection Setup
Connectionless; data is sent without setup
Data Interface To Application
Message-based; data is sent in discrete packages by the application
Reliability and Acknowledgments
Unreliable, best-effort delivery without acknowledgments
TCP
General Description
Full-featured protocol that allows applications to send data reliably without worrying about network layer issues
Protocol Connection Setup
Connection-oriented; connection must be established prior to transmission
Data Interface To Application
Stream-based; data is sent by the application with no particular structure
Reliability and Acknowledgments
Summary Comparison of UDP & TCP
UDP
Retransmissions
Not performed; Application must detect lost data and retransmit if needed
Features Provided to Manage Flow of Data None Overhead Very low Transmission Speed Very high TCP Retransmissions
Delivery of all data is managed, and lost data is retransmitted automatically
Features Provided to Manage Flow of Data Flow control using sliding windows; window size adjustment heuristics; congestion avoidance algorithms
Overhead
Low, but higher than UDP
Transmission Speed
Summary Comparison of UDP & TCP
UDP
Types of Applications That Use The Protocol Applications where data delivery speed matters more than completeness, where small amounts of data are sent; or where multicast/ broadcast are used
Well-Known Applications and Protocols
Multimedia applications, DNS, BOOTP, DHCP, TFTP, SNMP, RIP
TCP
Types of Applications That Use The Protocol Most protocols and applications sending data that must be received reliably, including most file and message transfer protocols
Well-Known Applications and Protocols
