MCD1033 Writing &
Referencing
Why in-text referencing?
To avoid plagiarism
To keep track of all sources &
APA stylistics: Basics
Use 3rd person point of view
Eg.: The study showed that… (Correct) I found out that ……….. (Wrong)
Use active voice
Eg.: The participants responded ….. (Correct)
The participants have been asked …… (Wrong)
APA stylistics: Language
Clear: be specific
Concise: condense information
Plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives
Commonly used verbs
There are many ways to introduce your source:
Common Phrasings
Introduce quotations with signal
phrases
Example:
According to X (2008), …….
In the words of X (2008), ……..
In X’s view (2008), ……..
In-text citation: Format
Quotation
In-text format: Quotation
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic
response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive
phenomena” (p. 11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a
“delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive
Quotation: Direct quotation
Another person’s exact words are
Quotation: Direct quotation
Example:
1)
As stated in the IOC report after the 1996
games in Atlanta, “ _________________.”
2)
Direct Quotation: Punctuation
Comma before starting quotation & comma/
period before closing
Example:
In-text citation format:
Summary/ paraphrase
There are several formats:
1. Provide author’s last name and the year of publication in parenthesis after a
summary or a paraphrase
2. Include the author’s name in a signal
phrase followed by the year of publication
In-text citation format:
Summary/ paraphrase
Example:
Though feminist studies focus solely on women’s
experiences, they are collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions (Fussell, 1975).
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly
revised by Hignnet et al. (1987), Marcus (1990) and Raitt (1995) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic
In-text Citation: One Author
Reference List: Wilde, A. (1997). A good age. London: Mitchell
Beazley
In-text Citation:
The theory was first introduced in 1993 (Wilde, 1997)
Or
Wilde (1997) claimed that the theory was introduced
In-text Citation: Two Author
Use “and” in between authors name in sentence Use “&” in parenthesis
Eg.:
According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate (1997), “it is no longer true to claim that women response to war” (p. 2).
In-text Citation: Two or More
Author for the same topic
Separate by a semi-colon
Eg.:
(Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008) think that advertisers are crazy thinkers.
or
In-text Citation: Three authors
In a parenthesis:
(Harklau, Siegal, and Losey, 1999)
In subsequent citations:
In-text Citation: Four authors
or more
First author name followed by “et al.”
Smith et al. (2006) maintained that …
It was maintained that …
(Smith et al., 2006)
(Rodgers et al., 1996, p. 35)
In-text Citation: Unknown
author
Use source’s full title followed by year Put title in quotation marks
Italicize title of books & reports Eg.:
According to “Indiana Joins Federal System” (2008) …
Or
In-text Citation: Organization
Mention the org. name Eg.:
The data collected by the Food and Drug Administation (2008) confirmed that …
If the org. has a well-known abbreviation, include
the abbreviation in brackets
Eg.:
In-text Citation: Personal
Comm.
Letters, e-mails, interviews, etc. include date Do not need to reference
A. P. Smith claimed that … (personal communication, November 4, 2002).
or
In-text Citation: Electronic
Sources
Same format.
Lack page numbers, locate paragraph
number/ heading
Eg.:
In-text Citation: No authors
(Merriam – Webster’s dictionary, 1993)
or
In-text Citation: Article on the
Internet with no author
The dead sea. (2001). Retrieved November 3, 2002, from
http://www.windspeed.thedeadsea.com
or
… (The dead sea, 2001)
or
In-text Citation: Article on the
Internet with author
Dawson, J. (2002). Referencing is true.
Plagiarism. Retrieved October 31, 2002, from http://studytrekk.referencing.com/plagiarism
“Plagiarism is essential” (Dawson, J., 2002) …
Quotation
Only use quotation when
1. To show authority support
2. To present a position/ argument that you want to comment on
Quotation
Quotation in an essay:
1. Must be exactly the same words/punctuations
2. Give signals – bring up the author’s name and cite in-text
Quotation
Capitalize first word of quotation
Dr. Donald Catlin, director of a
Quotation
If break quotation, only capitalize the first
word of the sentence, separate quotation parts with comma.
“The use of steroids – and other, more exotic substances such a human growth hormon (hGH) – has spread,” according to Sports Illustrated (2003), “to almost every sport, from major league baseball to college
Quotation
If decided to leave out/omit any part of
the original work, use an ellipsis (…)
Smith (1996) stated that “ … plagiarism
must be practiced in all academic
Quotation
If any changes or add explanatory, include it
in square brackets […].
Eg:.
Quotation
1. Short quotation
Smith (1996) stated that “ …
plagiarism must be practiced in all
academic work”.
2. More than 3 lines
Long quotation
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to
