Nat Sci Reviewer

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(5) Jis an established data gathered to uncover general truths resulting from a study. It comes from the Latin word: (which means to know) and (which means knowledge) J is concerned with the gathering information solely for the sake of obtaining new knowledge. Jit is also called Is a practical application of scientific theoryand law that can be used in everyday situation. !" O#!O!$O% ?

(6) ? D D JVtudy of life D JVtudy of Plants [ JVtudy of Animals

(7) Jis the science that deals with nature, behavior and relationship between matter and energy in non-living things. D O!$& O ?

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(9) Jdeals with the changes in matter and energy, their interaction which do not involve any change in their composition. ? '

(10) Jdeals with the study of changes in matter including structure, composition and properties. ? Jis the study of Earth structure ?

(11) 'Jis the study of heavenly bodies and the universe. ? " Jdeals with the study of atmosphere, climate and weather. ? " J deals with the study of minerals. ? Jstudy of regional distribution of raw materials on the earth surface. "! O!$O ·? It gives us an idea of the nature of life and the things around us ·? It explains the different phenomena and eventually leads to discover of general truth.. c . ·? It becomes a source of intellectual enjoyment. ·? `hrough an understanding of scientific process, problem-solving and critical thinking ability of the individual is develop. ·? Vcience liberates the mind and supplants superstitious beliefs and prejudice.. " !O!$O O?

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(29) Jis an intelligent or scientific guess based on observation. Jis defined as an explanation of a phenomena or a principle based on proven hypothesis, subjected to multiple verifications conducted by researchers and scientists. ) (J is a precise and concise set of actions, universally accepted to be true. In science, the term " refers to the illustrative similitude of the steps or procedure to be taken in the conduction of an experiment. )" Jis a coherent and systematic procedure of investigation. It is a reasoning process which is used in the research for the relationships among things and processes. )" + ' . ) /$ '

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(34) Jis generalization that is accepted as true because it is supported by facts.. మ. ேȉ௠ ‫݉ܩ‬ଵ ݉ଶ ିଵ ௞ మ ǡ ‫݁ݎ݄݁ݓ‬ ‫׷‬ ‫ܩ‬ ൌ ͸Ǥ͸͸͹‫Ͳͳݔ‬ Ë ൌ ଶ ‫ݎ‬ `his formula represents the Universal Law of Gravitation and G is the universal gravitation constant..

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(39) )" $ Jis simply defined as ͞a push or pull͟. It is due to interaction between objects and force exists because of these interactions.. Jis a force due to gravity. ൌ ࢓ ȉ ࢍࢋࢇ࢚࢘ࢎ here g (earth) = gravitational acceleration on earth = 9.8 m / sec2 = 32 ft / sec2.. $ is a , quantity..

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(41) % $ 7$8Ja force that is applied to an object by another object.. $ D

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(45) Jis the binding force between nucleons.

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(48) ) % J? J the nuclear force between two protons is the same as between a neutron and a proton. J? Jthe force needed to tear a neutron from a nucleus is approximately the same regardless of the number of nucleons in the nucleus. J? Jthe force decreases rapidly with increasing distance.

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(51) JIt is a force between particles with electric charges. '

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(55) $ J is the force of two electrically charged particles exerted is force on one another. J`his force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating the charges.. ࡲࡱ ൌ . ࢑ࢗ૚ ࢗ૛ ࢘૛. `his law is known as. '+6

(56) ( ? " $ Jthe force due to the motion of the charges. ]

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(59) Jit is the force responsible for beta decay and other decay processes involving fundamental processes. V

(60) Jis an attractive force exerted on a body by a highly massive object towards itself.. c . .$ $ 7)8Jthe force exerted by the surface when an object moves across or tries to move across the surface. `here are two main type of friction force: ? ¨ $ is a force between surfaces of two bodies moving relative to one another. ? $ is the force between surfaces of two non-moving bodies relative to one another. Pointers to be remembered about coefficient of friction: J?

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(66) ' ¿ J? $ )

(67) ') /O '$ 7O8Ja force exerted by a stable object upon an object in contact with. 0

(68) $ 78Jcontact force exerted by a string, rope or wire. 2$ 7$

(69) 8Ja force exerted by a stretched or compressed string to an object attached to it. 4

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(71) 7)8Jthe force exerted upon object traveling through air. 5D $ Jthe upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or floating object. á

(72) Jis an English scientist who contributed outstanding work in many areas of science. O ( 6

(73) ( )" % ( ) 9an object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion will continue to move with the c .

(74) same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. á

(75) Jis the natural tendency of an object to resist changes in their state of motion. . ( ) 9an object will accelerate if there is net force acting to it. Ñ

(76) Jis the product of the mass and the velocity of a body. í ൌ݉ȉ‫ݒ‬ á

(77) Jis the change in momentum. / ( ) 9for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction..

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(79) .. - ( -Jis the product of the applied force ($) in the direction of motion and the displacement () through which the force acts. ൌ ࡲ ȉ ࢊ ( Jis the time rate of doing work or expanding energy. ࡲȉࢊ ൌ 2ൌ ࢚ ࢚ Jis the ability to do work, that is, it can cause motion or changes. Energy is a quantity ʹ it does not have direction. Like work, the standard metric unit of measurement for energy is the

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(81) ) % " :of a body or system is due to its motion, its position, or its internal structure. `wo kinds of mechanical energy: J? Jis the stored energy of the body due to its position or its internal structure. `here are three kinds of potential energy: J?

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(84) is the energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring. J? á

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(89) is the atomic and molecular energy of matter as a result of their bonds and interactions with each other.. c . J?

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(92) is the stored energy an object ha because of its separation from the radius earth or relative to a particular reference level. J? ¨ Jis the energy stored due to the mass and velocity of a body (waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects) in motion Ñ

(93) is due to the movement of substances and objects from one place to another. `here are different forms of motion energy: ,+ 7caused by vibrational force8 7caused by rotational motion8and

(94) `he amount of

(95) - which an object has depends upon two variables: ૚ mass (m) and the speed (v) w ൌ ૛ ࢓࢜૛

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(98) Jstates that the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy in a system is constant, if no resistance to do work. .O :is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. `his energy can be released when the nuclei are combined ( ) or split apart ( ). / :is the energy due to the movement of the electrical charges. 0 : is due to electromagnetic waves traveling as transverse wave. It includes light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. 2 ' :is the energy due to the vibration and movement of the atoms and molecules within the particles.

(99) ) % (+

(100) :are sources that can be replaced in a short period of time. `ypes of renewable sources: J? D is energy from plants and animals. It is rich in carbon and hydrogen that can be used within the natural carbon cycle. J?

(101) is the power from the sun, thus it is free and inexhaustible. Volar energy can be converted to heat energy (for heating water in the pool, homes, or buildings) and electricity. c .

(102) (using

(103) or through solar power plants). J? !

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(106) uses the force of moving water to produce electricity. J?

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(109) is the heat energy produced from the earth͛s core used for heating buildings and to generate electricity. J? !"

(110) advanced aerodynamics research has developed wind turbines that can produce electricity at a lower cost than power from polluting coal plants. Cluster of wind machines are called ! .O (+

(111) :are limited and cannot be replenished in a short period of time. `ypes of non-renewable source: J?

(112) is one of the largest sources fuel for electricity but the largest source of environmental harm. is a black brownish ʹ black sedimentary rock, combustible and compost mostly of carbons and hydrocarbons. J? is a source of energy from fossils (organic materials) of plants and animals. "

(113) is derived from processing natural gas, which is commonly used in the kitchen as fuel. J? "

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(115) !

(116) is primarily used for transportation fuels, also for power production, heat and as feedstock for chemicals. Crude oil is a smelly yellow-to-black liquid and is usually found in underground areas called

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(118) J? } is the most widely used fuel by nuclear power plants for nuclear power plants for nuclear fission. .

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(121) ' " :the simple components/tools used in complex machines. )) :is the force applied to the machine

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(123) :is the force (friction and/or gravity) overcome by the machine.. hen a machine takes a small input force and increases the magnitude of the output force, the machine produces " , 7" 8 ! # is a common tool designed to make mechanical advantage. c . ¥ . c ! " " ' "

(124) %. , :it is the simplest machine. It is a simple log that can multiply force? and shift objects heavier than the person holding the log. Ñ

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(126) is the turning effect produced when an effort is applied to the lever to rotate about a point (fulcrum). Its formula is * 9 , '1 )) . ,

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(130) % ê? % &

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(132) the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load. ê?

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(135) the fulcrum is at one end of the lever and the load is at the other end, the effort is applied at the other. ê? ` !% &

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(137) the fulcrum is at one end of the lever and the load is at the other end, the effort is applied somewhere in between. 1 :it is consists of a wheel rigidly attached to an axle or shaft that turns the wheel.

(138) are toothed wheel and axle. Gear train is a series of intermeshing gears moving in opposite directions.

(139) ' áÑ can be computed by ࢔࢛࢓࢈ࢋ࢘࢕ࢌ࢚ࢋࢋ࢚ࢎሺࢌ࢕࢒࢒࢕࢝ࢋ࢘ሻ. ൌ. ࢔࢛࢓࢈ࢋ࢘࢕ࢌ࢚ࢋࢋ࢚ࢎሺࢊ࢘࢏࢜ࢋ࢘ሻ ' !is another example of wheel and axle. If the pinion is rotating in a fixed position, the rack moves in linear motion. :it is a wheel pivoted so that it can rotate freely about an axis through its center. (

(140) !

(141) is a first-class pulley with equal lever arms. Ñ )

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(143) is a second-class lever that offers a gain in force. D is a pulley or group of pulleys in a frame with a hook used for attaching. `

(144) and are the ropes or support. `he individual wheels in the block are

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(146) . c .

(147) :are slanted surfaces that help you doing work. :is consists of two inclined planes set base to base. (:it is a spiral inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder..

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(149) .0 % $ ' ) ' Jis the hot and cold of a body based on our sense of touch. ' ' Jis a device that measures temperature with some observable property, which varies, with temperature. ' Jis the amount of energy measured with a thermometer which represents the collectively kinetic energy of the molecules moving within the substance.

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(154) is the first recorded instrument for measuring temperature. A change in temperature of the bulb gave rise to a change in temperature in the water level in the stem. J? Ñ

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(158) the length of mercury column varies with temperature. J?

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(162) two different thin strips of metal riveted together and spiraled, the outer end anchored to the thermometer case and the inner end attached to the pointer. J? '

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(167) the electric resistance of a conductor changes with temperature J? º

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(169) measures very high temperature. '

(170) J?

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(172) is commonly used in laboratory. It has 100 equal divisions called degrees. `he melting point of water was taken 0oC under standard pressure while water boils at standard pressure was taken to be 100oC. J?

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(175) was name after Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. `he melting point of ice was. approximately 32oF while the boiling point of water is 212oF. J? ¨

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(177) J? '

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(179) is the absolute zero version of the Fahrenheit scale. . hen two substances with different temperatures are placed in thermal contact, energy flows from the hotter substance to the colder substance until they reach common temperature or equilibrium. `his energy is known as

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(185) of the substance is the sum of all the energies inside a substance, molecular kinetic energy and potential energy due to molecular forces between particles in the substance.

(186) ) :most important source of heat. . :it contains heat in it. / '

(187) :Oxidation and combustion are chemical reactions that produce heat. 0 O :Can produce great amount of heat. 2$ :is usually unwanted source of heat because it may damage things. 4 :people use electricity to generate heat that can be used to operate appliances and machines. '

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(191) 3 :heat is directly proportional to the motion of the particles. /

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(195) is the heat required to change a substance from one state to another. &

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(197) * is the energy used to change liquid to vapor. &

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(199) !

(200) is energy released when water vapor condenses to form liquid droplets. &

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(202) describes both changing from solid to liquid and from liquid to solid. &

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(204) ) describes both changing from solid to gas and gas to solid.

(205) ) :is normally from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. !O#;!O. c . c .

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(207) ! is the flow of heat from a hot part of a body to a cooler part, without transfer of matter. `

(208) ! substances that transfer heat energy easily. `

(209) substances that resist heat transfer. `he ability of the substance to conduct heat is measured by

(210) ! of the substance. !O!O

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(212) is the transfer of heat from one place to another by motion of the heated substance. # !O ' !

(213) is the transfer of heat energy in the form of waves in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. `

(214) ' ! is a type electromagnetic radiation. ' ! is a form of energy transport consisting of electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light. ' '

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(216) ! is a branch of science that is concerned with the nature of heat and its conversion to other forms of energy. $

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(222) ':matter and energy may not cross the boundary. . +

(223) ':heat and matter may not cross the boundary. /

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(225) ':matter may not cross the boundary; as time goes by, it tends to be in the state of thermodynamic equilibrium. 0 !

(226) ':matter, heat and energy may cross the boundary. ' '

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(230) +

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(232) :occurs at constant pressure .

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(235) :occurs at constant temperature /

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(238) :occurs at constant volume c . 0

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(241) :occurs at constant entropy 2 +

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(243) :occurs without loss or gain of heat. !$"!#&O " [ ( ) ' '

(244) :if system A and B are in thermal equilibrium, and system B and C are in thermal equilibrium, then A and C are also thermal equilibrium. .$

(245) ( ) ' '

(246) :the increase of energy added to the system by heating, Q, minus the amount lost in the form of work done by the system in its surrounding, . / ( ) ' '

(247) :this law is about the entropy, of the system. Entropy, V, is a measure of disorder or randomness of a system. `his law is stated as follows: J? `he total entropy of any isolated thermodynamics system tends to increase over time, approaching a maximum value. J? A system operating in contact with a thermal reservoir cannot produce positive work in its surrounding ʹ LORD KELVIN J? A system operating in a cycle cannot produce a positive heat flow from a colder body to a hotter body ʹ CLAUVIUV J? `he entropy of a closed system never decreases ʹ MAX ELL͛s DEMON 0 ( ) ' '

(248) :the entropy of a system at zero absolute temperature is a well-defined constant. - It can also state as all processes cease as temperature approaches absolute zero..

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(250) / !"%;O !$" # 6

(251) ' <All matter consists of tiny particles called '

(252) <Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, subdivided or converted from one type to another. < Atoms of a particular element all have the same properties. <Atoms of different elements have different properties. < Atoms combine in a simple whole number ratio to form a combination of atoms called '

(253) c #.

(254) <A chemical change involves the joining, separation or rearrangement of atoms. '

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(256) " `he first subatomic particle was discovered by =

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(258) , the `he first model of the internal structure of the atom of the atom called the '>' An atom is a solid sphere of positively charge matter (like the pudding) with negatively charge electrons scattered throughout (like the raisins of the pudding). ) 6

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(260) ) proposed that the positively charged particles are not distributed throughout the atom but are concentrated in the tiny area in the center called

(261) `his is based on his work on ) 1 ' `he positively charged particle is called by

(262) ) % ? `he atom consists of a small heavy core called

(263) ? `he mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. ? `he nucleus is surrounded by an electron cloud. ? `he atom as a whole is electrically neutral. ='

(264) (-discovered uncharged particles called D 6

(265) '" According to Neil͛s Bohr: å? `he atom consists of stable stationary orbits where the electrons can revolve. å? `he electrons are moving particles traveling in circular orbits at increasing distance from the nucleus. O ;!$ O !O # D

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(267) :an electron has dual properties, that of a particle and a wave. De Broglie reasoned that if light waves can behave like a stream of particles (photon), then perhaps particle such as electron can possess wave properties..

(268) ' and #,

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(270) discovered that electron could be diffracted. è is the bending of waves around small obstacles. c . ( devised a mathematical model of an atom using the wave properties of electrons and the mathematical methods known as , '

(271) `he model is called * $!;?; O;"O;"D ?''+ :this tells us how far the electron from the nucleus. . 3'?''+ :this number refers to the shape of the +7region in space where the electrons are probably found8 /" ?''+ :this number tells us the orientation of a particular orbital. 0" ?''+ :tells us two possible orientations of electrons in an atom.. !O/. "O !"!;O# O#!" @ "! ;

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(273) is the simplest of matter that contains one kind of atom. Ñ

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(275) atoms are usually bound together, this is the simplest unit of compound. (

(276) ) ' % ' . hen a metal and a non-metal combine in a chemical reaction, the resulting bond is + and the resulting compound is an ' . , '

(277) . hen two non-metals combine in a chemical reaction, the bond formed is known as , + and the compound is called , ' " O ( -

(278) :are composed of atoms linked by continuous network of covalent bonds. è ! !

(279) are covalent-network solids. è !is bonded to four other carbon atoms. `his interconnected three-dimensional array of strong carbon-carbon single bonds contributes to diamond͛s unusual hardness.

(280) is arranged in layers of interconnected hexagonal rings. !(!

(281) is one of the constituents of many minerals and gemstone. ViO2 is formed by strong,. c $.

(282) directional covalent bonds, and has a well-defined local structure. [

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(286) for the structure of ViO2 shows that the ͞tetrahedra͟ formed by the ViO4 groups must touch each other at their corners to form network structure, but can do at widely varying angles. "! ; D. O#;D

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(289) are molecules composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, or plane. *BUCKYBALL is spherical fullerenes. *BUCKMINV`ERFULLERENCE is the smallest buckyball and it is also called C60. ) )

(290) are cylindrical carbon molecule with length-to-diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000. `he discovery of carbon nanotubes was credited to á# in 1991.. !O//" O$!" !O

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(292) is material transformation from a beginning mass to a resulting substance. ) ( +

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(294) ' % ¶? ¶? ¶? ¶? ¶?. Change in color of the substance Evolution of gas Absorption Release of heat Formation of precipitate.

(295) $ is a way to describe what goes on in a chemical reaction, the actual change in a substance. Ex.. º(! is a process wherein a substance gives off their electrons. º(!*

(296) Vubstances which tend to gain electrons. '

(297) !

(298) Vubstances which tend to lose electrons. !"!""!O#!@" !O !"D;!O ) ) Jis a redox chemical reaction that involves the reaction of the substance with atmospheric oxygen when it is ignited. á

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(300) ) Jproduces carbon (as soot) and carbon compounds, like carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide CO2. Burning of plastic, like PVC, produces substances like

(301) !!( or simply !( è( are carcinogenic, and directly correlated with an increase in the likelihood of attaining cancer. "

(302)

(303) when burn in an open air produces organic pollutants like carbon monoxide, PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), carbon black, and styrene monomer, which are harmful and carcinogenic substances. !!!O is breaking down of essential properties in a material due to chemical reactions with its surroundings.. ࢍࡺࡻ૜ ሺࢇࢗሻ ൅ ࡺࢇ࡯࢒ሺࢇࢗሻ ՜ ࢍ࡯࢒ሺ ሻ ൅ ࡺࢇࡺࡻ૜ ሺࢇࢗሻ. `he pointing to the right indicates the direction of the reaction. `he substances to the left of the arrow are '

(304) `he materials to the right of the arrow are ! '

(305) ! %(!

(306) !(

(307) is a chemical reaction that involves transfer of electrons from one substance to another. '

(308) ! is a process wherein a substance accepts electrons.. c . &!O;O !$!O% , ( . ' , ' /"1 ( ' (

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(312) + Zinc is usually used as a coating in a process called *

(313) :is exothermic and provides the energy that animals require in order to survive.. c %.

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(317) :is the process by which plants form glucose; it is the reverse of respiration.. & and Ddetergents are known as !

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(320) because the polar part of the molecule I negative ion..

(321) :it is the green pigments of the plant. " D! "%" !OO. è

(322) the process of breaking down mechanically or chemically into simpler compounds the complex compounds like carbohydrate, proteins, and fats. *

(323) are protein molecules that speed up chemical reactions. +@ ? ?

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(326) ?? ! + ? ?

(327) ? ? ! Ñ

(328) ) refers to the chemical reactions which take place in the cells and tissues which are important for the fulfillment of the vital functions of a living organism. ) is a continuous balance between the synthesis of complex compounds with the consumption of energy. ) is the breakdown of complex molecules with the release of energy. ¥ ! ! ' c '! $$# ()**+ " !"!;! #" O# !O &O# O%;$ O )

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(332) Jis the first synthetic detergent. `hese detergents were cheaper and unlike soap they did not form curd. `hey form

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(334) structure in water. &

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(336) Ja detergent wherein the branched alkyl chain was replaced with straight alkyl chain, just like soap. It decomposes overtime forming CO2, H2O, and VO42- which are all found in the environment.. c . Researchers also developed !

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(339) where the polar part is not ionic but maintains polarity because of OH or other polar groups. D O O !

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(341) (!

(342) is a colorless, rather unstable liquid usually marketed as 3% solution in water. !

(343) º Jis found in household bleach and is very strong oxidizing agent. " O# !!O

(344) and & are skin products that help the skin maintain enough moisture. * have emulsions of water and oil * Lotion has more water than oil * Cream has more oil than water * contains emulsifying agents * Vome cream have additional ingredient like !(!

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(347) J are usually lotions with additional ingredients to help absorb ultraviolet radiation.. . UV light is classified into two: ;> Jextends from wavelength of 320 nm to 400 nm ;>DJextends from 280 to 320 nm.. #!#! O O# O O è

(348) ! Jare designed to reduce body odor. ` Jan antibacterial agent that can kill bacteria and thereby eliminate the odor that produced by ammonia or hydrogen sulfide.

(349) Jreduces the amount of perspiration that sweat glands produce. It contains ''

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(351) O!@# O (! Jare substances that retard oxidation process. $!!# ## O#! !O Ñ !

(352) ÑJis a salt of nonessential amino acid, glutamic acid. It is white crystalline powder, when dissolved in water, it dissociates to sodium and glutamic acid.. ¥ -- ! (**+ . . -/0-1/2222. } unique taste of MVG. ( (is a chemical that damage and kill nerve cells. !(!

(353) it helps maintain the appearance of the fruit and prevent the fruit from rotting.

(354) !

(355) are primarily used for preserving meat products such as longanisa, tocino, sausages, ham, hotdogs, bacon and corned beef.

(356) powerful carcinogens, which combine with stomach acids and chemicals in food. ! are substances added to food and beverages to change or enhance their colors.

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(360) are also common additives in food products that we buy from supermarkets. `hey duplicate the effect of sugar or corn syrup in taste but usually have less food energy. Examples: J?

(361) ' :is an artificial, nonsaccharide sweetener and is about 200 times as sweet as sugar with no caloric value. J? :is an artificial sweetener with effectively no food energy and is about 300 times sweet as sucrose. J?

(362) :is chlorinated sugar and 600 times sweeter than sucrose.. c . c

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