How to choose fire pump and what standard is required?
- Water Supply, Suction and discharge pump, and auxiliary equipment / NFPA 20
Can you neglect the jockey pump and use two electric fire pump?
- No
What is the code used in Qatar?
- Qatar Construction Specifications (QCS)
What are the types of fire hose reel?
Class I - 65mm hose connection for Fire Department
Class II - 40mm hose connection for trained personnel and Fire Department
Class III - 40mm and 65mm hose connection for trained personnel and Fire Department
Sprinkler system:
Types - Wet Pipe Sprinkler Systems - Dry Pipe Sprinkler Systems - Deluge Sprinkler Systems - Preaction Sprinkler Systems
- Combination Dry Pipe and Preaction Sprinkler Systems
Area of coverage
Extra Hazard
Protection Area/Spacing (Pendent / Upright)
Li g h t H a za rd Pipe Schedule Hydraulically Calculated Combustible Obstructed (All)
Ordinary Hazard (All) Pipe Schedule
Distance below ceilings Unobstructed - 25.4 mm to 305 mm Obstructed - 25.4 mm to 152 mm
Distance from the wall
Minimum - 102 mm
Distance between sprinkler (A = S x L) A - Area Covered by Sprinkler
S - Distance between Sprinklers on the branch lines
4.6 m maximum for light hazard, 3.7 m for extra hazard L - Distance between branch lines
4.6 m maximum for light hazard, 3.7 m for extra hazard Light Hazard - 52000 ft2 / 4831 m2
Ordinary Hazard - 52000 ft2 / 4831 m2
a. Pipe Schedule - 25000 ft2 / 2323 m2
b. Hydraulically Calculated - 40000 ft2 / 3716 m2
c. Storage - 40000 ft2 / 3716 m2
Amax = 21 m2 (any case)
Noncombustible obstructed and unobstructed and combustible unobstructed
- 15.6 m2 / 4.6 m
Combustible with members less than
3 ft on center (All) - 12.1 m2 / 4.6 m - 12.1 m2 / 4.6m E x tr a H a za rd ( A ll) - 8.4 m2 / 3.7 m Hydraulically Calculated (p >= 0.25) - 9.3 m2 / 3.7 m Hydraulically Calculated (p < 0.25) - 12.1 m2 / 4.6 m Maximum - 1/2L
No. of Branch Lines, NB = Width of Bay / Lmax
How to test sprinkler and under what pressure
- Refer to NFPA 25, 13.8 Bar for 2 Hrs
under control of the detector (NFPA 72_2013, Ch. 21.3.5) Flash rate of visible signals
- Not more than 2 Hz nor less than 1 Hz
Time for technician or personnel to respond when alarm signals is received
- 2 hrs
Alarm signals initiated by manual fire alarm box, automatic fire detedtors, waterflow from automatic sprinkler systems, or actuation of other fire suppresion system(s) or equipment shall be treated as fire alarms. (NFPA 72_2013, Ch. 26.3.8.1.2). Digital signal
-Three types of signaling mode in fire alarm system
-Sprinkler Color Code
Ceiling Temperature Color Code Glass Bulb Color
Ordinary Uncolored or Black Orange or Red Intermediate White Yellow or Green
High Blue Blue
Extra High Red Purple Very Extra High Green Black Ultra High Orange Black Ultra High Orange Black
NFPA codes:
NFPA 10 - Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 13 - Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 14 - Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems
NFPA 15 - Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection NFPA 20 - Standard for the Installation Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection NFPA 22 - Standard for Water Tanks for Fire Protection
NFPA 24 - Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and their Appurtenances
NFPA 25 - Standard for the Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
NFPA 90A - Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems NFPA 101 - Life Safety Code (Firestop / Fire Compartment)
NFPA 204 - Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting
NFPA 2001 - Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems (FM200) Pumps for Fire Protection Systems
Q2/Q1 = N2/N1
A lobby smoke detector shall be located in the ceiling within 6.4 m of the centerline of each elevator door within the elevator bank
Temperature Classification 38 oC 66 oC 107 oC 149 oC 191 oC 246 oC 329 oC H2/H1 = (N2/N1)2 Hp /Hp = (N2/N1)3
Q2/Q1 = N2/N1
Jockey Pump Cut in - 10 psi below system pressure
Electric Fire Pump Cut in - 5 psi below Jockey Pump cut in
Diesel Pump Cut in - 10 psi below Electric Fire Pump cut in
Frequency of Testing Audible and Visual (Fire Alarm Control Unit Trouble Signals) as per NFPA 72
- Annually
Frequency of Engine-Driven Generator as per NFPA 72
- Monthly
Frequency of Testing of Heat Detectors as per NFPA 72
- Annually
Frequency of Testing of Smoke Detectors as per NFPA 72
- Annually
Frequency of Testing Initiating Devices, Supervisory as per NFPA 72
- Annually
Frequency of Testing Mechanical, Electrosonic, or Pressure-Type Waterflow Device as per NFPA 72
- Semiannual
Visual Inspection of Audible and Visible Appliances
- Semiannual
Frequency of Visual Inspection of Supervisory Signal Devices as per NFPA 72
- Quarterly
Frequency of Visual inspection of Waterflow Devices as per NFPA 72
- Quarterly
Frequency of Visual inspection of Smoke Detector as per NFPA 72
- Semiannual
Frequency of Visual inspection of Heat Detectors as per NFPA 72
- Semiannual
Frequency of Visual inspection of Duct Detectors, Manual Fire Alarm Box as per NFPA 72
- Semiannual
What is a closed system
Closed System (Thermodynamics) - No mass may be transferred in or out of the system boundaries. The system always contains the same amount of matter, but heat and work can be exchanged across the boundary of the system.
Isolated System (Thermodynamics) - Mass and energy remains constant within the system, and no energy or mass transfer takes place across the boundary.
Open System (Thermodynamics) - Matter may flow in and out of some segments of the system boundaries
Closed System (Classical Mechanics) - A physical system which does not exchnage any matter on its surroundings, and and is not subject to any force whose source is external to the system
H2/H1 = (N2/N1)2 Hp
What is the specific speed of a gas turbine
- Speed of turbine at max efficiency depends on head and flow N - Specific Speed
n - RPM
P - Output power, HP H - Head of water in, ft
What is a differential gear used for?
- Allow different tires to rotate on different speeds in a curved path
- The differential gearing allows the outer drive wheel to rotate faster than the inner drive wheel during a turn.
This is necessary when the vehicle turns, making the wheel that is travelling around the outside of the turning curve roll farther and faster than the other.
What is 1 Ton of refrigeration?
- The heat of fusion absorbed by melting 1 short ton (0.893 long ton; 0.907 t) of pure ice at 0 °C (32 °F) in 24 hours. 1 Short Ton = 2000 lbs / 907.18 kg
1 Long Ton = 2240 lbs / 1016.05 kg 1 Metric Ton = 2204.62 lbs / 1000 kg
What is smoke test used for in HVAC?
- HVAC duct leakage testing
What is a deviation from specification is called?
- Defect
Deviation from Specification - Is a planned on unplanned departure from the approved instruction which is observed during the process or before the process.
Out of Specification - Should a material, product, or service fail to meet one or more of the applicable specifications.
- Is the result which is observed after the analysis in deviation from specification which does not comes within the specified limit.
What is risk management strategy?
- Mitigation
resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.
Risk - defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives, whether positive or negative
What is the last estimate appears in a project?
- Bid estimate
ESTIMATE CLASS NAME PURPOSE
Class 5 Order of Magnitude Screening or Feasibility 0% to 2%
N = nP 1/2
H5/4
- Is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of
PROJECT DEFINATION LEVEL
Class 4 Intermediate 1% to 15% Class 3 Preliminary 10% to 40% Class 2 Substantive Control or Bid/Tender 30% to 70% Class 1 Definitive 50% to 100%
What is not a characteristics of a project?
Project - is a temporary endeavor designed to produce a unique product, service or result with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about beneficial change or added value.
- Is defined as a collaborative enterprise, involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim.
A thermal equilibrium changes from on state to another state. What is it called?
- Process
Thermal Equilibrium - When two physical systems are brought into a connection that does not allow transfer of matter between them, and does not allow transfer of energy as work between them, still it can happen that energy is transferred spontaneously between them, so that each changes state.
- Two systems are said to be in the relation of thermal equilibrium if they are linked by a wall permeable only to heat, and do not change over time.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - states that if two separate thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then all three are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Molar Specific Heat of an ideal gas depends on?
- Pressure
Molar Heat Capacity - Is the heat capacity per unit amount (SI unit: mole) of a pure substance and the specific heat capacity, often simply called specific heat.
- For liquids and gases, it is important to know the pressure to which given heat-capacity data refer - The specific heat capacities of substances comprising molecules (as distinct from monatomic gases) are not fixed constants and vary somewhat depending on temperature.
What is morse test is used for?
- Determining power of individual cylinder of an IC engine
Definition of fire resistance material
- Material designed to resist burning and withstand heat
If a metal is heated, what happens to its strength and ductility?
- Strength is reduced and ductility increased
If insulation of pipe is increased, what happens to conduction and convection?
- Both conduction and convection comes down
Concept Study or Feasibility Budget, Authorization, or Control Check Estimate or Bid/Tender - J mol.oK
Specific HeatSubstances
CPwater - 4.185 J at 15oC, 101.325 kpa
Thermal Conductivity - is the property of a material to conduct heat. It is evaluated primarily in terms of Fourier's Law
for heat conduction.
- Low thermal conductivity is equivalent to high insulating capability (R-value).
Definition of Bernoulli's equation
- This states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remain constant
- Derived from the principle of conservation of energy - Derived directly from Newton's 2nd law
Definition of Buoyancy
- is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.
Definition of Equilibrium
- When all the forces that act upon an object are balanced.
Type of pump selection for high volume low head application
- Axial flow pumps
Radial Flow Pumps - Operate at much higher pressure and lower flow rates than axial and mixed-flow pumps
Mixed-Flow Pumps - Operate at higher pressures than axial-flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial-flow pumps.
Velocity Pumps - Centrifugal / Radial-Flow / Axial-Flow / Mixed-Flow/ Eductor-Jet Pump
What is a manometer is used for?
- Is an instrument that uses a column of liquid to measure pressure. h - Fuid height in a liquid column Pa - Applied pressure
Po - Reference Pressure
Sustainability development refers to
- Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- Development with minimum impact to environment, recycling and minimizing wastage.
Definition of Newtonian fluids
- An element of a flowing fluid or gas will suffer forces from the surrounding fluid, including viscous stress force that cause it to gradually deform over time.
- If the viscous stresses that arise from its flow, at every point, are proportional to the local strain rate - the rate of change of change of its deformation over time.
Which law of thermodynamics define entropy?
- Third Law of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law - If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equiblibrium wih each other
First Law - Because energy is conserved, the internal energy of a system changes as heat flows in or out of it Q1/Q2 = N1/N2 Q1/Q2 = (D1/D2)3 H1/H2 = (N1/N2)2 H 1/H2 = (D1/D2)2 HP1/HP2 = (N1/N2)3 HP 1/HP2 = (D1/D2)5 h = Pa - Po gp
- The change in the internal energy of a closed system is equal to the amount of heat supplied to the system, minus the amount work done by the on its surroundings.
Second Law - The entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because isolated systems alaways evolve toward thermodynamic equilibrium, a state with maximum entropy.
Third Law - The entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero as the temperature approaches zero.
Entropy - A measure of the unavailable energy in a closed thermodynamic system that is also usually considered to be a measure of the system's disorder, that is a property of the system's state, and that varies directly with any reversible change in heat in the system and inversely with the temperature of the system.
- the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system
What is the ideal location of an exhibition and convention center?
-
What is Neutron Moderator used for in a Nuclear Reactor?
- Is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, thereby turning them into thermal neutrons capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction involving uranium-235.
NFPA code reference for a Car Park Ventilation
- NFPA 88A
Car Park Ventilation
The sum of angles of six sided polygon
Acceptable reasons for stopping a project
-An ethical question, what would you do if you find out after completing the project that something was not done as per specified?
-Frequency of flashes of Fire Alarm Notification Appliances as per NFPA 72
- 1 to 2 hz
Voice Appliances
Re-inforced concrete used in the building structure
-Fast cooling effect of the welded point
- Increase hardness and brittleness
Excessive Low Cooling Rate - The tensile strength and notch toughness of the weld decrease.
Pressure force direction for an emerged curved body
- Downwards
Management questions about planning
-- 300 L/min = 1 ft3/min
m2 ft2
- ∑Angles = (n - 2) 180o
= (6 - 2) 180o = 720o
Utilitarianism
Condensation of the water on a full cold water cup and relation with the dew point of the water in the surrounding air and the wet/dry bulb temperature of the air
Dew Point - The temperature at which the water vapor in air at constant barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at the same
rate at which it evaporates.
Dry Bulb - The temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture. - The temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature.
- It indicates the amount of heat in the air and it is directly proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the air molecules.
Wet Bulb - The temperature of adiabatic saturation
- This is the temperature indicated by a moistened thermometer bulb exposed to the air flow.
Use of Fire Dampers
- To prevent the spread of fire inside the ductwork through fire-resistance rated walls and floors.
Use Combination Fire Smoke Dampers
Use of Splitter Dampers
-
Use of Volume Control Dampers
-Relation between Stress and Strain
- Relationship between the stress and strain that a particular material displays is known as that particular material's Stress-Strain curve - These curves reveal many of the properties of a material (including data to establish the Modulus of Elasticity, E)
Strain
Stress = F / A
Modulus of Elasticity - Is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically
(i.e., non-permanently) when a force is applied to it.
Young's Modulus, E - Describes tensile elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform along an axis when opposing forces are applied along that axis
- Modulus of Rigidity
- Describes an object's tendency to shear (the deformation of shape at constant volume) when acted upon by opposing forces.
Bulk Modulus, K - describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform in all directions when uniformly loaded in all directions.
- Is the inverse of compressibility
- The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions - An ethical philosophy in which the happiness of the greatest number of people in the society is considered the greatest good
- A high relative humidity indicates that the dew point is closer to the current air temperature.
- To prevent the spread of fire and smoke inside the ductwork through fire-resistance rated walls and floors.
= ∆L / L = (L2 - L1) / L1
λ = Stress / Strain, Pa
- It is defined as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain - It is often referred to simply as the Elastic Modulus
Shear Modulus, G or μ
- Defined as shear stress over shear strain
Decibel level for comfortable listening Conversational Speech at 1m -
Threshold of Hearing - 20 micropascals, or 0.98 pW/m2 at 1 atmosphere and 25 °C, 0 dB
Hearing Range - 20 Hz to 20 kHz (This corresponds to sound waves in air at 20°C with wavelengths of 17 meters to 1.7 cm / 56 ft to 0.7 inch).
If a metal is heated what happens to its strength & ductility
- Strenght decrease and Ductility increase
Definition of Slack or Float
- Is the amount of time that a task in a project network can be delayed without causing a delay to Free Float and Total Float.
Free Float - Subsequent Tasks,
- The amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed without delaying the start date of any succesor or violating a schedule constraint.
Total Float - Project Completion Date
- The amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed or extended from its early start start date without without delaying the project finish date or violating a schedule constraint.
Schedule Performance Index, SPI
- A measure of schedule efficiency express a the ratio of earned value to planned value - measures the success of project management to complete work on time.
- measures relationship between the budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP) and the budgeted cost of work schedule (BCWS) as a ratio
SPI = BCWP/BCWS
SPI < 1 - less work was completed than planned
SPI > 1 - more work was completed than planned
Cost Performance Index, CPI
- measure of the cost efficiency of budgeted resources
- measures relationship between the budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP) and the actual work performed (ACWP) as a ratio
CPI = BCWP/ACWP
CPI < 1 - cost overrun for work completed
CPI > 1 - cost underrun of performance to date
Critical Path Method, CPM
- A method use to estimate the minimum project duration and determine the amount of scheduling flexibility on the logical netwrok paths within the schedule model.
- Is an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities
Reynolds Number
Re - Reynolds Number
Flow in Pipe: - Hydraulic Diameter of the Pipe;
its characteristic travelled length, L (m) µ v - mean velocity (m/s) ν A DH
Re = ρvD
H/ µ = vD
H/ ν = QD
H/ νA
- Dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa-s or N-s/m2 or kg/m-s)
- Kinematic Viscosity (m2/s), ν = µ/ρ
Fast Tracking in a project.
- A schedule compression technique in which activities or phases normally done are performed in parallel for at least a portion of their duration.
Crashing - A technique used to shorten the schedule duration for the least incremental cost by adding resources.
Fire Tank Material
- Steel or Concrete
Ventilation for Building or Rooms N = 60Q / Vspace Q - CFM
Pipe Schedule
Hydraulically Calculated
S - Distance between Sprinklers on the branch lines
4.6 m maximum for light hazard, 3.7 m for extra hazard 4.6 m maximum for light hazard, 3.7 m for extra hazard
- 18.6 m2 / 4.6 m - 20.9 m2 / 4.6 m - 15.6 m2 / 4.6 m - 12.1 m2 / 4.6 m - 8.4 m2 / 3.7 m - 9.3 m2 / 3.7 m - 12.1 m2 / 4.6 m
Alarm signals initiated by manual fire alarm box, automatic fire detedtors, waterflow from automatic sprinkler systems, or actuation of other fire suppresion system(s) or equipment shall be treated as fire alarms. (NFPA 72_2013, Ch. 26.3.8.1.2).
Frequency of Testing Audible and Visual (Fire Alarm Control Unit Trouble Signals) as per NFPA 72
Frequency of Testing Mechanical, Electrosonic, or Pressure-Type Waterflow Device as per NFPA 72
- No mass may be transferred in or out of the system boundaries. The system always contains the same amount of matter, but heat and work can be - Mass and energy remains constant within the system, and no energy or mass - Matter may flow in and out of some segments of the system boundaries
- A physical system which does not exchnage any matter on its surroundings, and and is not subject to any force whose source is external to the system
- The differential gearing allows the outer drive wheel to rotate faster than the inner drive wheel during a turn.
This is necessary when the vehicle turns, making the wheel that is travelling around the outside of the turning curve
- The heat of fusion absorbed by melting 1 short ton (0.893 long ton; 0.907 t) of pure ice at 0 °C (32 °F) in 24 hours.
- Is a planned on unplanned departure from the approved instruction which is observed - Should a material, product, or service fail to meet one or more of the applicable - Is the result which is observed after the analysis in deviation from specification
resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the
- defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives, whether positive or negative
- is a temporary endeavor designed to produce a unique product, service or result with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique - Is defined as a collaborative enterprise, involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a
- When two physical systems are brought into a connection that does not allow transfer of matter between them, and does not allow transfer of energy as work between them, still it can happen that energy is transferred spontaneously between them, so that each changes state.
- Two systems are said to be in the relation of thermal equilibrium if they are linked by a wall
- states that if two separate thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then all three are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- Is the heat capacity per unit amount (SI unit: mole) of a pure substance and the specific heat capacity,
- For liquids and gases, it is important to know the pressure to which given heat-capacity data refer - The specific heat capacities of substances comprising molecules (as distinct from monatomic gases)
- is the property of a material to conduct heat. It is evaluated primarily in terms of Fourier's Law - Low thermal conductivity is equivalent to high insulating capability (R-value).
- This states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remain constant
- Operate at much higher pressure and lower flow rates than axial and mixed-flow pumps - Operate at higher pressures than axial-flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than
- Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
- An element of a flowing fluid or gas will suffer forces from the surrounding fluid, including viscous stress force that - If the viscous stresses that arise from its flow, at every point, are proportional to the local strain rate - the rate of change
- The change in the internal energy of a closed system is equal to the amount of heat supplied to the - The entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because isolated systems alaways evolve toward - The entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero
- A measure of the unavailable energy in a closed thermodynamic system that is also usually considered to be a measure of the system's disorder, that is a property of the system's state, and that varies directly with any reversible change in heat in the system and inversely with the temperature of the system.
- Is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, thereby turning them into thermal neutrons capable of sustaining a
An ethical question, what would you do if you find out after completing the project that something was not done as per specified?
Condensation of the water on a full cold water cup and relation with the dew point of the water in the surrounding air and
- The temperature at which the water vapor in air at constant barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at the same
- The temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture. - The temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature.
- It indicates the amount of heat in the air and it is directly proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the air molecules. - This is the temperature indicated by a moistened thermometer bulb exposed to the air flow.
- Relationship between the stress and strain that a particular material displays is known as that particular material's Stress-Strain curve - These curves reveal many of the properties of a material (including data to establish the Modulus of Elasticity, E)
- Is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically
- Describes tensile elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform along an axis when
- Describes an object's tendency to shear (the deformation of shape at constant volume)
- describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform in all directions
- The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions - An ethical philosophy in which the happiness of the greatest number of people in the society is considered the greatest good
is closer to the current air temperature.
inside the ductwork through fire-resistance rated walls and floors.
- It is defined as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain - It is often referred to simply as the Elastic Modulus.
- 20 micropascals, or 0.98 pW/m2 at 1 atmosphere and 25 °C, 0 dB - 20 Hz to 20 kHz (This corresponds to sound waves in air at 20°C
- Is the amount of time that a task in a project network can be delayed without causing a delay to Free Float and Total Float.
- The amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed without delaying the start date of any succesor
- The amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed or extended from its early start start date without
- measures relationship between the budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP) and the budgeted cost of work schedule (BCWS) as a ratio
- measures relationship between the budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP) and the actual work performed (ACWP) as a ratio
- A method use to estimate the minimum project duration and determine the amount of scheduling flexibility on the logical netwrok
- Hydraulic Diameter of the Pipe;
its characteristic travelled length, L (m)
- Dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa-s or N-s/m2 or kg/m-s)
- Kinematic Viscosity (m2/s), ν = µ/ρ
- A schedule compression technique in which activities or phases normally done are performed in parallel for at least
