Renewable Energy Study and Research Programme

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Renewable Energy

Study and Research Programme

Since 1st Jan 2003

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University of Jyväskylä

-International Science University

•

Seven faculties (Natural Science, Social Sciences,

Economics,…) & nine institutes

•

2500 employers,16 000 students

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Faculty of Mathematics and Science

•

Departments of Biology, Chemistry and Physics

•

47 professors, 440 staff, c.a. 2000 students

•

Nanoscience Center, 13 professors, >100 senior researchers and

Ph.D students

•

Renewable Energy Program, 1+4 professors, 5 staff

•

Jyväskylä Summer School, all science disciplines + information

technology, since 1991, 300-400 Ph.D. students and 30-40 teachers

from all over the world attend annually

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•Focus on renewable energy areas that have received

little attention in Finland and on promotion of use of

renewables on regional and national level

•Multidisciplinary approach combining scientific, technical,

economical, environmental and social aspects in teaching

and research

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1. Technology

Physics, chemistry and

simulation of RE production

Renewable Energy

Study and Research Programme

M.Sc. Programmes

2. Environment

Bioenergy production technology,

environmental impacts and energy

RE-laboratory at Vaajakoski

Biogas technology

Sustainable production

and utilisation of

bioenergy

Hydrogen technology

Solar energy

(6)

•

Staff

: 1+4 professors, research director, 2 researchers,

coordinator, laboratory engineer

•

61 M.Sc. students: master thesis topics from industries &

companies, regional development organization

•

10 PhD students, including 2 (out of 5) of Graduate

School of Energy Science and Technology (funded by

Academy of Finland)

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-Biogas production and upgrading technology

Prof. Jukka Rintala

-Biomass combustion and gasification

Prof. Jukka Konttinen

Research Director Martti Aho

-Hydrogen technology

Lab.eng. Arjo Heinsola

-

Solar energy

Prof. Jouko Korppi-Tommola Dr. Jussi Maunuksela

Professors and their research

interests

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•

Bioenergy:

- Small scale combustion

- Gasification

- Particle emissions

- Biomethane and biohydrogen

•

Solar energy

-

DSSC, silicon PV

- Heat collectros

•

Integrated systems

- ABC service station

- Solar and wind based H

₂

production, storage and use

•

Economics

-LCA, evaluation of the energy chains

•

Social aspects

local social effects, developing countries

•

Environmental issues

- Disposal of by-products - Emission control

- Sustainability of biomass production - GHG impacts

Other related projects on campus

•

Black liquor combustion

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Biogas research

Study of source materials

--sewage sludgesewage sludge --manuremanure

--wastewaterswastewaters --biowastebiowaste --energy cropsenergy crops

Purification

-CO₂ -water -H₂S

(10)

•

For heat and electricity

production (CHP), raw gas

•

Upgraded biogas

- powering vehicles

- fuel cells

•

Storage & distribution

- local fill up stations

- injection to natural gas nets

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POST-STORAGE

TANK PRE-STORAGE _DIGESTER TANK ANIMAL HOUSING CHP MIX/PRE-TRT ROOM BIOGAS UPGRADING

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Micro-CHP-burner at Vaajakosken laboratory

(under construction)

Fuel pellets

Stirling engine 10kW_e Heat exchanger

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’Aurinkoenergia Suomessa’

Ympäristötekniikkamessut

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Vaajakoski Research laboratory

Solar collector research

-TiNO_x flat plate -vacuum collector

-absorbing liquid collector -pressed collectors

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Energy solution of ABC Viitasaari gas station

•

Target:

97 % of the heat and electricity from renewable sources. Also

demonstration of renewable energy technology to public.

•

Means of realization:

Distributed heat and power production using

biomass, solar and wind energy, and heat from Lake Keitele.

•

Funding:

Ministry of Trade and Industry, Keskimaa Osk., City of

Viitasaari, the European Social Fund and the European Regional

Development Fund, State Provincial Office of Western Finland

63.07 °

N

25.86°E

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Flat plate collectors TiNO_xcoating Area 38 m2 32 kWp, Tilat 35° Facing south

Lake heat (blue) 133 MWh/y, ca. 60% of total heat need, payback time 10 - 15y, rest from biomass

Combined lake and Solar heat

ABC Viitasaari 2005-2007 0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000 20 000 22 000 24 000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kuukausi JŠrvilŠmpš AurinkolŠmpš k W h (heat/month)

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ABC-liikennemyymälä, Viitasaari Sähköntuotantolukuja

92 m2_{amorfinen pii}

Kallistus 5°, suuntaus etelään Huipputeho 4,2 kWp ABC Viitasaari 2005-2007 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kuukausi TuulisŠhkš AurinkosŠhkš

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Saarijärvi School photovoltaics (PV) system

HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin

layer) PV technology

Cell and module efficiencies 18,4 % and

16,5 %, respectively.

Source: SANYO/HIT Photovoltaic Module

Installed on roof

facing south, tilt

30 degrees

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SaarijŠrven aurinkosŠhkšpaneelisto (A = 37,95 m2) 21. maaliskuuta, 2008 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Paikallinen standardiaika

Sunny day

Fri 21st March 2008

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PV_HIT_6kW_Saarijärvi 2006 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month

Production by month in 2006

Max. output 6,2 kW

Total output 5220 kWh

Total area 38 m

2

Investment 29,8 k€

Price/kWh 22 cn

25 years, 6% interest rate,

7% annual increase in electricity price

http://80.246.169.132/ya/keli/valikko/default.asp

Observe beneficial production in the spring time, no leafs, reflection from snow, cold temperatures additional bonuses

850 kWh/y in Berlin for 1 kW_p panel 870 kWh/y in Saarijärvi for 1 kW_ppanel 1600 -1800 kWh/y in sunny regions of the planet

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Hyrdrogen production

and storage

combined solar (3kW)

and wind (3kW) power

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Dye sensitized nanocrystalline

semiconductor films

TiO

₂

ZnO

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Doctor blading spread of TiO

₂

Static press

• 5.1 % efficiency

Calendered

• 4.7 % efficiency

under 1/10 sun illumination

ITO coated plastic substrate

Two pressed cells in series

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Rate of forward electron injection

e

-e

-+

electrolyte

h

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Model for electron in RuN3 sensitized TiO

₂

film

Electron injection:

a) from excited

nonthermalized

singlet

state, 60% (A)

Time constant ~50 fs

b) from excited

relaxed triplet

state, 40% (D)

Nonexponential

Time constants 1ps – 60 ps

Competing reaction to singlet injection

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Probing RuN3

+

formation at 860 nm at 535 nm

and 675 nm excitations

Signals normalized to the number of absorbed photons

Early parts up to one ps of RuN3 in solution and on TiO₂ identical at 675 nm excitation => rise due to triplet population. At later time ps injection becomes visible for RuN3 on TiO₂

From relative amplitudes of the cation signals it is estimated that triplet injection at 675 nm excitation is about 50% less efficient than at 535 nm excitation.

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NK1

NK7

dyes from Nippon Kayaku Inc.

NK1 and NK2 4.7%

Electron transfer from oranic aminophenyl dyes

to nanocrystalline TiO

₂

films

(28)

NK7

Transient absorption results,

450 nm exc

.

(15 fs), broad band probe ( 7 fs)

No stimulated emission observed

In Al₂O₃ long lived ESA at 530 nm

In TiO₂ ESA decays at 530 nm 270 fs matching the

absorption rise at 550 nm and 580 nm where cation was predicted to absorb (tri-aryl cation is a strong

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NK7

Transient absorption results,

450 nm exc

.

(15 fs), broad band probe (< 10 fs)

Extremely short lived transient observed at 580 nm after excitation both in Al₂O₃and in TiO₂with amplitude

about one quater in the latter and decay about 40 fs

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Lowering the series resistance in DSSC’s

TiO₂ covered metal rod arrays electrochemistry + ALD

Problems of transferring the rods on the conductig substrate. So far too crowded for dye

and electrolyte loading.

Single crystalline ZnO nanorods

(31)

TiO₂

Al₂O₃/TiO₂ Al₂O₃

N3 cation formation probed with

800 nm fs pulse after 530 nm excitation

spe0247ts.AS1 Simulated O Al Si Ti In Sn Counts 6,400 6,200 6,000 5,800 5,600 5,400 5,200 5,000 4,800 4,600 4,400 4,200 4,000 3,800 3,600 3,400 3,200 3,000 2,800 2,600 2,400 2,200 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Energy [keV] O Al Ti RBS-results T. Sajavaara, JU phys

barrier coating (ALD) on nanocrystalline TiO

₂

films

3D image of a TiO₂ pad

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Photoactive electrode:

Ruthenium dye-sensitized TiO

₂

film

Spread TiO

₂

Press

Cut & Clean

substrates

Other components

Hotmelt frame

Sensitization

Assembly

Counter electrode

Platinized conductive nanoparticles (Pt-SnO

₂

:Sb)

Spread

Pt-SnO

₂

:Sb

Press

Cut & Clean

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Dynamic press

TiO

₂

Cond. substrate

Pressure

Metal plate

Cond. substrate

TiO

₂

Press plate

Static press

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Examples of studied issues:

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.00 -0.05 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 -0.25 -0.30 -0.35 C urrent [mA cm -2 ] Voltage [V]

Spreading methods

• Control coater

• Film applicator

• Gravure printing

Composition of the pastes

• Viscosity (solid content, solvent)

• Additives (cellulose)

Film thicknesses

• TiO

₂

• Pt-ATO

Electrolyte

-0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -1.2 Current [ mA cm -2 ]

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Hannu Häkkinen Michael Walter Ville Mäkinen Cristian Manzoni Dario Polli Giulio Cerullo Hisateru Inoue University of Jyväskylä Physics Politecnico di Milano Physics

Nippon Kayaku Inc.

The Academy of Finland (FinNano program) and

Ministry of Education (JA and PM) are acknowledged for Graduate School sholarships

ESF-DYNA program and LASERLAB Europe for

supporting visits to Milano and Lund

Jani Kallioinen Pasi Myllyperkiö Viivi Lehtovuori Liisa Antila Juha Linnanto Gabor Benkö Mathias Pellnor Arkadi Yartsev Villy Sundström University of Jyväskylä Physcal Chemistry University of Lund Chemical Physics

THANKS TO

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