Chapter 5: Understanding Internetworking Infrastructure

Chapter 5: “Understanding

Internetworking

Key questions

n

What are the basic components of

Internetw orking Infrastructures?

n

What Business Implications do they bring?

A Graphical Representation of Moore’s Law

Chapter 5 Figure 5-1

Moore's Law

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Year

Transistors per Chip

Adapted by author from Microprocessor Report9(6), May 1995 and “ChipList 9.9.5,” by Aad Offerman, July 1998.

Basic Components of Internetworking

Infrastructures

n

The Technological Elements

q

Local Area networks

q

Hubs, switches and Network Adapters

q

Wide Area Networks

q

Routers

q

Firewalls and other security systems and devices

q

Caching, content acceleration and other specialized

T h e E v o l u t i o n o f C o r p o r a t e I T I n f r a s t r u c t u r e

C h a p t e r 5 F i g u r e 5 - 2 S o u r c e : A p p l e g a t e , L y n d a M . , R o b e r t D . A u s t i n , a n d F . W a r r e n M c F a r l a n , C o r p o r a t e I n f o r m a t i o n S t r a t e g y a n d M a n a g e m e n t. B u r r R i d g e , I L :

Chapter 5 Figure 5-3

A Graphical Representation of Metcalfe’s Law

Metcalfe's Law

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

0

10

20

30

40

Number of Users Connected to the Network

Value of Network

T h e B a n d w i d t h E x p l o s i o n

C h a p t e r 5 F i g u r e 5 - 4 N e t w o r k B a n d w i d t h G r o w t h 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 4 - 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 6 - 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 7 - 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 + I n c r e a s i n g N e t w o r k B a n d w i d t h M a s s W W W a d o p t i o n , g r a p h i c i n t e n s i v e , i n s t a n t m e s s a g i n g M a s s e - m a i l a d o p t i o n , b a s i c W W W s i t e s L a r g e f i l e t r a n s f e r , e - m a i l F i l e t r a n s f e r S t r e a m i n g a u d i o a n d v i d e o , a d v a n c e d e -c o m m e r -c e , l i v e s t o -c k q u o t e s , 1 , 0 0 0 M B p s L i v e a u d i o a n d v i d e o s t r e a m i n g e v e n t s , d i g i t a l c o m m e r c e , I n t e r n e t r a d i o a n d t e l e v i s i o n , v i o c e c h a t a p p l i c a t i o n s T r u e v o i c e - o v e r - I P t e l e p h o n y , h i g h r e s o l u t i o n I n t e r n e t t e l e v i s i o n , m u s i c a n d m o v i e s o n d e m a n d , v i r t u a l w o r k p l a c e s , b r o a d b a n d w i r e l e s s S o u r c e : A d a p t e d f r o m : h t t p : / / w w w . s t a n f o r d . e d u / ~ y z a r o l i a / C h a l l e n g e s . h t m

Basic Components of Internetworking

Infrastructures (Cont)

n

The Technological Elements of Processing Systems

q

Client Devices and Systems

q

Server Devices and Systems

q

Mainframe Devices and Systems

q

Middleware

q

Infrastructure Management Systems

Chapter 5 Figure 5-5

A Simple LAN

Hub

Laptop

Laptop

Workstation

Workstation

Workstation

Printer

Printer

Server

Chapter 5 Figure 5-6

An Example of a WAN

Backup Frame Relay Network Frame Relay Provider Network Backup Frame Relay Network Backup Frame Relay Network Production Plant Corporate Production Plant Remote Remote Remote Backup Frame Relay Network Backup Frame Relay Network Frame Relay Provider Network Frame Relay Provider Network Backup Frame Relay Network Backup Frame Relay Network Backup Frame Relay Network Backup Frame Relay Network Production Plant Corporate Production Plant Remote Remote Remote

Servers in a Typical E-Commerce Configuration

Chapter 5 Figure 5-7 iPremier Co Cage To Public Internet D UP PERLOWERNORMA

Internet Router Router- Cust A Router- Cust B Router- Cust ... VPN Cust B VPN Cust ... Router Firewall

Web Server Cluster

Database Server SD SD SMTP/POP Server SD DNS Servers Ethernet Switch SD Web Accelerator Router to HO T1 SD Network Management Ethernet Switches Qdata Facility

DIAGRAM SIMPLIFIED FOR ILLUSTRATION PURPOSES

VPN Cust A

VPN iPremier Company Qdata Private Network

SD

Network Management

SD

SD

Big Iron

Basic Components of Internetworking

Infrastructures (Cont)

n

The Technological Elements of Facilities

q

Building and Physical spaces

q

Network Conduits and connections

q

Power

q

Environmental controls

q

Security

Chapter 5 Figure 5-8

A Modern Data Center

Basic Components of Internetworking

Infrastructures (Cont)

n

The Operational Characteristics of

Internetworks

q

Open Standards (TCP/IP)

q

Asynchrono us Operation

q

Inherent Latency

q

Decentralization

q

Scalability

Chapter 5 Table 5-1

Fundamental Components of Internetworking Infrastructure

Core Technologies Key Management Issues

N etw ork Fiber op tics, cable system s, DSL, satellite, w ireless, Internetw orking hard w are (rou ters, sw itches,

firew alls), content d elivery softw are, id entity and p olicy m anagement, net monitoring

· H ow to select techn ologies and stand ard s

· H ow to select p artners

· H ow to m an age p artner relationship s

· H ow to assu re reliability

· H ow to m aintain secu rity

Processing Systems

Tran saction softw are (enterp rise system s offered by com p an ies su ch as SAP or Oracle; or more targeted solu tions offered by com p anies su ch as Trilogy and i2), servers, server ap p liances, client d evices (PCs, hand held s)

· Wh at to keep intern al and w h at to ou tsou rce

· H ow to d ep loy, grow , and m od ify

· Enterp rise system or best-of-breed hybrid ?

· Relationship s w ith legacies

· H ow to m an age incid ents

· H ow to recover after a “d isaster”

Facilities Corp orate d ata centers, collocation d ata centers, m anaged services d ata centers, d ata closets

· Internal or external m an agement?

· Choosing a facilities m od el su ited to you r com p an y

· H ow to assu re reliability

· H ow to m aintain secu rity

Chapter 5 Table 5-2

Measuring Network Bandwidth

Term Definition

Bandwidth The maximum rate at which information can be transmitted along a

communication link.

bit Smallest unit of information handled by computers

bits per second or bps Bandwidth measurement unit

Bandwidth Rates Bit equivalent Information Transfer speed

1 kilobit (Kb) 1 thousand bits 1,000 bits/ second

1 megabit (Mb) 1 million bits 1,000,000/ second

1 gigabit (Gb) 1 billion bits 1,000,000,000/ second

The Rise of Internetworking: Business

Implications

n

The emergence of Real Time Infrastructures

n

Broader Exposure to Operational Threats

n

New Models Of Service Delivery

Chapter 5 Table 5-3

Communication Technology Bandwidths and User Groups

Communication Technology Bandwidtha User Groups

Telephone Mod em 33.6 kbps – 56 kbps Ind ividu als and small

businesses Integrated Services Digital

Network (ISDN)

128 kbps Ind ividu als and small

businesses

Cable Modem 128 kbps – 512 kbps Ind ividu als and small

businesses

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 128 kps – 1.5 mbps Ind ividu als and small businesses

Ethernet LAN 10 mbps–100 mbps Most businesses and

organizations

Leased Lines (T1, T3) 1.544 mbps, 45 mbps Government, universities,

med ium and large businesses

Asynchronou s Transfer Mod e (ATM)/ Gigabit Ethernet

155 mbps–25.6 gbps Government, universities, and large corporations

a We have listed the typical bandwidth performance. Some of the technologies are theoretically capable of higher bandwidths. Additional, some technologies perform at different speeds upstream and downstream.

W a k e - U p C a l l : D e n i a l o f S e r v i c e A t t a c k s i n F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 0 C h a p t e r 5 T a b l e 5 - 4 a O v e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e I n t e r n e t d e g r a d e d b y a s m u c h a s 2 5 % d u r i n g t h e p e a k o f t h e a t t a c k s a s c o m p u t e r s r e - s e n t m e s s a g e s r e p e a t e d l y a n d a u t o m a t i c a l l y , t r y i n g t o r e c o v e r i n t e r r u p t e d t r a n s a c t i o n s . S o u r c e : A d a p t e d f r o m : N e t w o r k W o r l d F u s i o n , w w w . n f u s i o n . c o m , c o m p l i e d b y L e G r a n d E l e b a s h . D a t e T a r g e t C o m p a n y R e s u l t s o f A t t a c k F e b r u a r y 7 Y a h o o · O v e r w h e l m i n g s p i k e i n t r a f f i c t h a t l a s t e d 3 h o u r s . · N e t w o r k a v a i l a b i l i t y d r o p p e d f r o m 9 8 % t o 0 % . · A t t a c k o r i g i n a t e d f r o m 5 0 d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s a n d w a s t i m e d t o o c c u r d u r i n g m i d d l e o f b u s i n e s s d a y . · S t o c k w a s d o w n 3 . 2 % f o r w e e k i n w h i c h N A S D A Q r o s e a l m o s t 3 % . F e b r u a r y 8 B u y . c o m · A t t a c k o c c u r r e d w i t h i n a n h o u r o f t h e c o m p a n y ’ s I n i t i a l P u b l i c O f f e r i n g ( I P O ) . · S t o c k w a s d o w n a t w e e k ’ s e n d m o r e t h a n 2 0 % f r o m I P O p r i c e . E b a y · S t o c k w a s d o w n 7 . 3 % f o r w e e k i n w h i c h N A S D A Q r o s e a l m o s t 3 % . C N N . c o m · S e r v i c e d i s r u p t e d F e b r u a r y 9 E * T r a d e · A t t a c k e d d u r i n g p e a k t r a d i n g h o u r s . · S t o c k w a s d o w n 7 . 6 % f o r w e e k i n w h i c h N A S D A Q r o s e a l m o s t 3 % . Z D N e t · S e r v i c e d i s r u p t e d F e b r u a r y 1 8 F e d e r a l B u r e a u o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n ( F B I ) · S e r v i c e d i s r u p t e d . F e b r u a r y 2 4 N a t i o n a l D i s c o u n t B r o k e r s G r o u p ( N D B ) · A t t a c k e d d u r i n g p e a k t r a d i n g h o u r s . · O p e r a t o r s a c c i d e n t a l l y c r a s h e d s i t e a s t h e y a t t e m p t e d t o d e f e n d a g a i n s t t h e a t t a c k .

The Future

n

Client-Server model became popular

n

LANs, WANs, VANs

n

Less dependence on Mainframe comput ers & MIS

n

Electronic communication/workgroup

computing tools support group work

Organizational Design Challenges

n

The Virtual Corporation

q

From Control to Learning

q

From Autonomy to

Collaboration

n

Organizational Structure

n

Authority and Decision

Making

n

Operating Processes

n

Managem ent Processes

n

Incentives and rewards

n

Roles/Skills and Expertise

Targeted Opportunities

n

Communicating

Organizational

Priorities

n

Meaningful Budgets

n

Effective Incentive

Systems

n

Solution for Production

n

Adaptation for Change

Interorganizational Systems (IOS)

n

Networked information systems used by two

or more separate organizations to perform a

joint business function

n

Interorganizational systems (IOS)

q

Electronic Data Interchange uses EDI standards

q

Extranets - IOS over the Internet

IOS EXAMPLE

Kmart has opened its IS to help suppliers better serve customers.

The interface has an extensive GUI component and allows 50

to 100 vendors to look at Kmart’s merchandising database.

For example, the system lets Black and Decker access to any data

that Kmart believes helps B&D better serve Kmart and its

customers.

Kmart implemented this program in exchange for more frequent

and smaller deliveries, but also because it was in the best interested

of the company, its customers and its suppliers.

Why did Kmart implement this IOS? What is the implication for

having Kmart decide on what info B&D can access?

IOS Risks

n

Forces automation & lock-in to a particular

system

n

Government regulations may change

n

Great impacts on organizational structures,

systems, & people - loss of control

n

Diminishes organizational boundaries

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

n

Computer-to-computer

exchange of standard

business transaction

documents between 2

organizations

q

purchase orders

q

invoices

q

bill of lading