#
A B S
T
R A C
T
R
I
C K
B
O N
D
:A
nA
n aly
sis o
f
D
e n si
t
y
E
nl
i a n c ed R
em
ed i
ati
o n of D
N A
P
L
s(
u nd
e rth
ed
i
r e ct
i
o n of D
r.C
a s sT
.M
il l
e r)
T h
e c on t
am in
at
io n
of g
r o un
d
w
at
e rb y d
e n se
n o n-a
q
u eo
u sp h
ase
li q
ui d
s(
D
N A
P L
s)
p
o s e s o n e of
t
h
em
o st
p
e r v a si
v e a nd d
if fi
cu
l
t
g
r o u nd
w
at
e r r em
ed ia
t
io n
p
r ob le
m
si
n t
h
efi
el d
of
e n vir
o
nm
e nt
al
e ng
in e e r
in
g
.A
n ew
c o n ce
p
t
,d
e
n sit
y
e
nh
an
c ed
r e
m
ed i
at
i
o no
f D N A P L
(
D E R D
)
,h
a sbe e n
p
ro
p
o s ed b
y
D
r.C
as s
T
.M
i l le r
th
at
re
li
es
u
p
o nm
ob
il
iz a
t
i
o n of
aD
N
A P L
w
hi le
c o nt
r oll in
g
i
t s
v e rt
i
c al m i g
r ati
o n .T h i
s r ep
o rt
p
r ese n
t
s a c o n c ep
t
u al m
od
el f
o rt
he
im
p
le
m
e nt
at
i
o
n of D E R D
an
d
a na
n
al
y
sis
of
t
h
e eff
e cts o
f
s el
e ct
ed
d
e cis
i
o n v a ri
ab le s o n
D
E R D p
r o c e ss
ef fi
cie n c
y
.C
o
m
p
ut
e r si
m
ul
ati
o n sw
e r ep
e rf
o rm
ed
t
h
at
m
od
ele
d 1
)
in
j
e ct
io n
of
ad
e ns
ebr
in
ei
n t o t
h
e
s u
b
s u rf
a c et
of
o rm
ab
a r rie r
ag
ain s
t
v e rt
ic a
l D N A P L m i g
r
at
i
o n , a nd 2
)
s ub
s eq
u e nt
e x
t
r a ct
i
o n of
th
ei
n
j
e ct
ed br
i
n e t
h
r o ug
h p
r od
u ct
i
on
w
e]l
(
s
)
.D i
m
e nsi
o
nl
e
s sp
a
r am
et
e rs
f
o rm
ed fi
-o
m d
e ci
si
o n v a ri
abl
e s an
d
h y
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r og
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og
ic a
l
ch
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s t
ic
s
w
e r e u s ed
t
o a n al
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z es
im
ul
ati
o n r e s ult
s, an
d
an
ob
j
e
ct
iv e
f
u n ct
io n
,b
a s ed
o n c ap
i
t a
l
a nd
r e c o v e ry
c o st
sf
o rth
eb ri
n
e,w
a s c alc ula
t
ed f
or e a
ch
s
im
ula t
io n
t o
r a nk d
e cis
i
o
n v a ria
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e
st
ra t
eg i
e
s.T h
ec o
m p
ut
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o rt
hi
s st
ud
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(
H ST 3D
,d
e v el
op
ed b y
t
h
eU
.S
.G
eo
l
o
gi
c al S
u r v ey
)
e
m
p
l
oy
s
fi
ni
t e
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m
eth
od
st
o s olv e
t
h
re
e-d im
e n s
i
o n al g
r o u nd w
at
er
f l
ow
,h
e at
,a
n
d
s olu
t
et
r an s
p
or t
in
as a tu r
a t
ed p
o r o us
m
ed i
um
.A
n a
l y
s
i
s o
f
t
h
e r e s u
l
t
s re
ve
al
e
d
a n
op
t
i m
a
l
r an
g
eo
f p
r od
uc t
i
o
n an
d i
nj
e c t
i
o
nr a t
e sf
o r e a ch
sp
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ed
w
ell
sp
a cin
g
c o nfi g
u r at
i
o
nt
h
a t
m in
i m i
ze
d
t
h
e
u ni
t c o
st o
b
j
ec t
i
ve
f
u n ct
i
o n .I
n ad d
i
t
io n
,
t
h
e o
b
j
ec t
i
ve
f
u n ct
i
o n
w
a
sm i
ni m i
ze
d b y i
n
j
e
ct
io n
t
op
r odu c
t
i
o
n r ate
r at
i
o
s n ea
r1.
0
a nd b
y
u s e of
v a ri
ab le
p
um p i
n
g
r at
e sf
o rb
ot
h
t
h
ein
j
e ct
io
n a nd
p
r od
u ct
io
nw
el l
s
.B
ri
n er
e co
ve
ry
effi
ci
e n cy
w
as
im
p
ro
v ed by
e x t
ra
ct
io
nt
h
ro
ug h m
ult
i p l
e
w
el l
s r at
h
e rth
a nt
h
e
c e nt
r al
w
e
l l
al
o
ne
.H
i g h p
e rm
e ab il i
t
y
an
d l
ow p
en n
e ab i li
t
y h
om
og
en
e o u sm
ed i
u
m
si
m
u
l
at
i
o n sr
e
s ul
t
ed i
n
si m i l
a r u ni
t
c o st s
a nd q
u a nt
it
i
e s of b
rin
e,bu
t t
h
et
im
e s c ale s r e
q
uir e
d
t
oc o
m
p l
et
et
he
p
r o c e s sw
e r e si g
ni
fi
c a nt
l y l
o ng
e rf
o rl
ow
p
e rm
e ab i lit
y
s oi l
.S
eg
m
en t
at
i
o n of
t
h
e si
m
ul
ati
o nd
o
m
ai
ni
n t
o st
r at
aw
i
t
h d i ff
e r e nt
s oi l p
en n
e abi l i
t
y
r esu
l
t
ed i
n
l
e
s s eff i
cie n
t
A C K N O
WL
E D
G
E
M
E N
T
S
I w
o ul d
li k
et
ot
ak
et
h i
s op
p
o rt
u ni
t
y
t
o e xp
r e s sm
y
ap p
r e ci
at
i
o nf
o rt
h
et
r em
e nd
o u sh
el p
an
d
s up p
o rt
I
r e c ei
v ed p
rep
a ri
ng
t
h i
s r ep
o rt
.I
w
o ul d l ik
et
ot
h
a nk
D
r .M
i ll
e rf
o r al l
o
w
i
ng m
et
ow
o rk
o nt
h i
sp
r oj
e ct
a nd f
o rb
r o ad
e nin
g m
y
e
n
g i
n
e e ri
n
g
h
o ri
z o n sw
i
t
h
an
i
nt
ro
d
u ct
i
on t
og
r o u nd w
at
e r en
g
in
e e rin
g
.M
y
a c a
d
em i
c ad
vi
s o r,D
r.D i
G i
a n o ,h
a sb
e e n a c o n st
an t
s o u r c e of
s up
p
o rt
an
d
i
n sp i
r at
i
o n.O f
t
h
ed
o z e n s of
t
i m
e sI k
n o ck
ed
o nhi
sd
o o rd
u ri
ng
t
h
el
a st
y
e a r a nd
a
h
al f,
D
r.D
i G i
a n o ,w
i
t
h
o ut
f
ai l
,m
ad
et
i m
et
o a n sw
e rm
y
q
u e sti
o n s o r of f
e ra
d
vi
c e.M
y
offi
c em
at
e,
J
o eK
a nn
ey
,w
a s at
re
m
e nd
o u s s o u r c e of h
el p w i
t
h
t
e ch
ni
c al
q
u e st
i
o n s ab
o ut
m
od
el i
ng
,t
h
eU N
D C
op
e r at
i
ng
sy
st
em
,g
r o u nd
w
at
e r,a n
d
t
o om
an
y
ot
h
e r s ub
j
e ct
st
ol i
st
h
e r e.I w
a nt t
ot
h
a nk D
r.B
r ub
ak
e rf
o rt
ak in
g
t
i
m
e o ut
of
h i
sb
u sy
s ch
ed
ul
et
ob
e o nm
y
c om m
i
t t
e e.F i
n al
ly I w
o ul
d
l i k
et
ot
h
a nk m
y w
i f
e.D
o n n aJ
e n ni
ng
s,f
o rh
e rl
o v e, s up p
o rt
, a nd
u nd
e r st
a nd i
ng
t
h
r o ug h
o ut t
h
ep
u r s ui
t
of m y
M
a st
e r sd
eg
r ee
.T A
B L
E O F C O
N
T E N
T
S
P
ag
eL I
S
T
O
F F I
G U
R E
S
vi
L
I S
T
O F T A
B
L E S
vi i
1
I N T R O D U C T I O N
1
2
B
A C K G R O U N
D
5
3
M
E T
H
O D
S
10
3
.1
O b
j
e ct
iv e
F
u n ct
i
o n1 1
3
.2
M
od
el D
es
cri
p
t
io n
16
3
.3 A
na
l
y
sis
2 3
4
SI
M
U L A T I O N S
2 6
4
.1 I
ni
t
i
al
a nd B
o
un
d
a ry C
o ndi
t
io n s
2 7
4
.2
W
eU C
o nfi g
u r at
io n
s
2 8
4
.3 D E R D Pr o c
e ss
St
ag
e
D
e s
cri p
t
i
o
n3 0
4
.4 S im
i ol
ati
o nF
o rm
at
io
n3 2
4
.4
.1
G
r o up
1
Si m
ul
at
i
o n s3
4
4
.4
.2 G
ro
up
2
S im
ul
a t
i
on s
4 3
4
.4
.3 G
ro u
p 3 Si
m
ul
a t
i
on s
5 2
4
.4
.4 G
ro
up 4 Si m
ul
a t
i
o n s
6 0
4
.4
.5 Z
e r oD i
sp
e rsi
vit
y
Si m
ul
ati
on
6 6
5
C O N C L U SI O N
6 7
L I
S
T
O
F F I G U R E
S
P
ag
e3
.1
B
ri
n eR
e c o v e ry
U
ni
t
C
o st
v s.R
e c o v e ry
M
a s sF
r a ct
i
o n1
5
3
.2
N
aT D
e ns
i
t
y
-
V i
sc
o si
t
y
R
el
a t
i
o
n sh i p
at
2 5
°C
2 1
4
.1
T y p
i
c al
W
el l C
o nfi
g
u ra t
i
o n2 9
4
.2
T y p i
c al S
ol
ut
eM
a s sR
e c o v e ry D i
ag
r am
at
W
el l 1
3 1
4
.3
Si
m
ul
at
i
o n sl
L
im i
t
s of D
e n si
t
y B
a r ri
e r3 6
4
.4
G
r o up 1
B
rin e
U
ni
t
C
o st
s3 9
4
.5
G
r o up
1
,S
et
1 T
ot
al
M
a s s of S
ol
ut
eI
nj
e ct
ed p
e rA
c r e of
A
r e aT
r e at
ed
4 1
4
.6
G
r o up
1
/ S
et
1 T
ot
al
M
a s sS
ol
ut
eR
e c o ve
r ed
v s.T i
m
e4 2
4
.7
Si
m
ul
at
i
o nq l T
o t a
l I
nj
e c t
i
o n a nd P
r od
u ct
i
o nR
a t e s
vs
.T i
m
e
4 5
4
.8
S
i
m
ul
at
i
on
q
3 T
ot
al I
nj
e ct
i
on
an
d P
r od
u ct
i
o nR
at
es
v s.T i
m
e
4 6
4
.9
Si
m
ul
at
i
o nq
6
T
ot
al
I
nj
e ct
i
o n a nd
P
r od
u ct
i
o nR
at
e s v s.T i
m
e4 6
4
.1
0
S im
u
l
a t
i
o
n11 T
ot
al I
nj
e ct
i
o na
nd
P
r od
u ct
i
o
nR
at
es
vs
.T im
e
4 7
4
.1
1
S i
m
ul
at
i
o n rl T
ot
al
I
nj
e
ct
i
o na
nd
P
r od
u ct
i
o nR
at
e s v s.T
i
m
e4
7
4
.1
2
G
r o up 2 S
ol
ut
eM
a s sI
nj
e ct
ed p
e rA
c r eD
e n si
t
y
B
a r ri
e rC
o v e r ag
e4 9
4
.13
T
ot a
l S
ol
ut
eM
a s
sR
e c ov
e r ed
v s.T i
m
e5 1
4
.14
Si
m
ul
at
i
o nt
4 P
um
p i
n
g R
at
e s5 4
4
.15
Si m
ul
at
i
o nt
8
P
um p i
n
g
R
at
e s5 5
4
.1
6
G
r o up 3 U
ni
t
C
o st
v s.T
ot
al
S
ol
ut
eM
a s sI
nj
e ct
ed
5 7
4
.17
U
ni
t
C
o st
v s.
Q
3
'
f
o rG
r o up 3
a nd G
ro
up 1
,S
e t
s1
an
d 2
5 8
4
.1
8
Si
m
ul
at
i
on
p i
6 1
4
.1
9
S i
m
ul
at
i
o np 3
6 2
4
.2 0
Si m
u
l
at
i
o
np 6
6 3
L I
S
T
O
F T A B L E S
P
ag
eL
I
C h
a r a ct
e ri
st
ic s o
f T yp
i
c al D
N
A P L
s2
3
.1
E
n e rg y
C
o st
f
o rE
v ap
o r at
i
v eB
ri
n eR
e c o v e ry
1
2
3
.2
C
o n st
a nt
sU
s ed i
n
T
abl
e3
.1 E
n e rg y
C
o st
C
al
c ul
at
i
o n s12
3
.3
C
alc u
l
at
i
o n of B
ri
n eR
e c o v e ry U
ni
t
C
o st
s1 4
3
.4
N
aT D
e ns
i
t
y
-
V i
s c
o s
i
t
y D
at
a at
2 5
°C
2 0
3
.5
D
i
m
e n si
o nl
e s sP
a r am
et
e r s2 4
4
.1
D
om
ai
n
G
ri
d
i
nt
h
eH
o ri
z o nt
al P l
a n e(
X
a nd
Y
c o o rd
i
n ate
di
r e ct
i
o n s)
2
6
4
.2
D
om
ai
n
G
ri
d
i
nt
h
eV
e rti
c al P l
an
e(
Z
c o o rdi
n
ate
d i
r e ct
i
o n)
2 7
4
.3
Si
m
ul
at
i
o nS
um m
a
ry
3 2
4
.4
Si
m
ul
at
i
o n sl C
o st
S p
r e ad
sh
e et
3 5
4
.5
G
r o up 1 / S
et
1 B
ri
n
eU
ni
t
C
o sts
3 7
4
.6
G
r o up 1 / S
e t
2 B
ri
n e
U
ni
t
C
o sts
3 7
4
.7
G
r o up 1 / S
et
3 B
ri
n
eU
ni
t
C
o sts
3 8
4
.8
G
r o up 1
/ S
et
4 B
ri
n eU
ni
t
C
o sts
. .3 8
4
.9
G
r o up 2 S i
m
ul
at
i
o
n s4
4
4
.10
G
r o up 2 S im
ul
at
i
o
nU
n
i
t
C
o st
S
um m
a ry
4 8
4
.1 1
G
r o up 3 Si
m
ul
at
i
o
n s5 3
4
.12
G
r o up 3 C
o st
S
um
m
a ry
5 6
4
.13
G
r o up 4 P
e
rm
e
abi l i
t
i
e
sb y S
t
r at a
6 0
4
.14
G
ro
up 4 U
ni
t
C
o st
S
im
im
a
ry
6 4
Y
1
I N
T
R O D U C T I O N
T h
e c o nt
am
i
n
at
i
o n of g
r o u nd w
at
e rb
y d
e n s e n o n-aq
u e o u sp
h
a s el i
q
ui
d
s(
D
N A
P L
s)
p
o s e s o n e of
t
h
em
o st
p
e r v a si
v e an
d d
if fi
c ul
t
r em
ed i
at
i
o np
r ob
le
m
si
n t
h
efi
el
d
of g
r o u nd
w
at
e r e ng i
n
e e ri
ng
(
7
,10
,20
)
.D
N A
P
L
s a r e v ol
at
il
e o rg
a ni
c ch
em i
c als
c
h
a r a ct
e ri
z ed by
i
m m
i
s ci
b
i li
t
y w i
t
h
w
at
e r a nd
sp
e cifi
cg
r a vit
i
e sg
r e at
e rt
h
a no
n e(
7
,12
)
.D
N
A
P L
s c om m
o nl
y
e n c o u nt
e r ed in
c o nt
am i
n at
ed
g
r o u nd
w
at
e rin
cl
ud
e ch
l
o ri
n a t
ed
s o
l
v e nt
s s u ch
as
c a rb
o nt
et
r a ch l
o ri d
e,d
i
chl
o r ob
e n z e n e s,t
ri
ch l
o r o et
h
y l
e n e(
T
C
E
)
,t
et
r a chl
o r o et
h yl
e n e(
P
C E
)
,t
ri
ch l
o r o et
h
a n e s, a nd d i
chl
o r o et
h
a
n e s(
7
)
.A l l
of
t
h
e ab
o v e a r er e
g
ula t e
d b y E P A
u nd
e
rt
h
e
S
af
eD
ri
nk i
n
g
W
a t e
rA
ct a t
m i
ni
m
um
c o
nt a
m i
n an t
l
e ve
ls
(M
C L
s)
r a ng i
ng
f
r om 0
.0 0
2
t
o0
.2 m
g
/
L
, a nd
al
l b
ut t
ri
chl
o r o et
h
an
e a re
cl
a ss
i fi
ed b
y
E P A
a sp
r ob
ab l
eh
um
an
c a r cin
og
e n s(
2 2
)
.D N
A
P L
sh
a v ew i
d
e sp
r e ad i
n
d
u st
ri
al
ap p l i
c at
i
o n an
d
a r e c om
m
o nl
y
f
o un
d
i
n
d
ry
cl
e a ni
ng
ag
e nt
s,g
r ai
n
f
um i g
a n t s
,s
ol
v e nt
s, r ef
ri g
e
r a nt
s
,m
et
al d
eg
r e a se
rs
,p
ai
n t
an
d
v a r ni
sh
r em
o v e r s, a nd
i
n t
h
em
a n uf
a ct
u r e of
vin
y l
c
h lo
ri d
e(
7
)
.W
i d
e
-r a n
g i
n
g i
n
d
u st
ri
al
u s e of D N A
P L
s c om bi
n
ed
w
it
h i
n st
a n c e s of p
o o rh
a nd l i
ng
a nd d i
sp
o s al
p
r a ct
i
c e s,p
a rt
i
c ul
a rl
y
i
nt
h
e1
9 6 0
s a nd 19 7 0
s,h
a v e r e s ult
ed i
n
e xt
e n si
v eD N A
P
L g
r o u nd w
at
e r c o nt
am i
n
at
i
o ni
n t
h
eU
ni
t
ed S
t
at
e s a nd
ot
h
e ri
nd
u st
ri
al
i
z ed
c o u nt
ri
e s.T h
ed if fi
c ult
y
in
h
e r e nt
i
n r em
e
d i
at
i
ng D N A PL
co
nt
am i
n at
ed
si
t e s an
d
t
h
e
p
e
r v as
i
ve
ne s
s of
t
hi
sc o n
t
am
i
n at
i
o ni
s e vi d
e n c ed b
y
t
h
e v ol
um
e of
r e s e a r ch
an
d
t
h
e v a ri
et
y
of
re
m
ed i
ati
o nm
et
h
od
s ap
p l i
ed
t
ot
h
ep
r obl
em i
nt
h
el
a st t
w
e nt
y y
e a r s.I
n
t
h
e s ub
s
u rf
a
c e,D N A P L
c a ne
xi
st
as a
f
r e eph
a s e
,s o
l
ub il i
ze
in t o
w
a t e
r,s o r
b
t
o
t
h
e so
li d p h
a s e,o
r v ol
at
i l i
z et
oth
e
g
a sp h
a s e(
7
)
.T h
e
d if fi
c ul
t
y i
n r em
o v
i
n
g
a
D N A P L
f
r om
s ub
s u rf
a c e e n vi
r o im
xe nt
sd
e ri
v e sp
ri
m
a ril
y
f
r om i
t
sl i m i
t
ed
s ol
ubil i
t
y i
n
w
at
e r an
d
it
sd
e n sit
y
(
7
,12
,17
,19
,20
,2 5
)
.T
abl
e1
.1 li
st
s s om
et
y p i
c al D N A P L d
e nsi
ti
es an
d
m
T
ab
l
e1
.1
-
C
h
a r a ct
e ri
st
ic s o
f
T
y
p i
c al
D
N A
P L
sD
N
A
P L
C
a rb
on
T
et
r a ch l
o ri d
e1
,1
-
D
i
ch l
o r o et
h
an
eT
ri
chl
o r o et
h y
l
e n e(
T
C E
)
1
,1
,1
-T
ri
c
h
l
o r o eth
an
e1
,1
-
D i
chl
o r o et
h y l
e n eT
et
r a chl
o r o et
h yl
e ne
D
e n si
t
y
(
g
/
c c)
1
.5 9
1
.17
1
.4 6
1
.3 5
1
.2
2
1
.6 3
S
ol
ub i l it
y L i m i
t
(
m g /
L
)
7 8 5
5 5 0 0
1 10 0
4 80
-4 4
0 0
4
0
0
150
-20 0
B
oi
l i
ng P
oi
n t
at
7
6 0 m m
(
°C
)
7
5
.6
5
7
.3
8 8
.0
7 4
.1
3 1
.7
12 1.
2
A
D
N A
P
L
r el
e a s ed i
nt
ot
h
e s ub
s u rf
a c ei
s
s ub
j
e ct t
og
r a vi
t
y
f
o
r c e s, vi
s c o u sf
o r ce s
d
u et
og
r o un
d w
at
e rfl
ow
, a nd
c ap i ll
a ry
f
o r c e sd
u et
oi
nt
e rf
a
ci
al
t
e n si
on
b
et
w
e en t
h
eD N A
P
L
a nd
w
at
e r(
1,
7
,19
,20
,2 5
,2 6
)
.Si
n
c ei
t
i
sd
e n s e rt
h
a nw
at
e r, aD
N A P L m i
g
r at e
sv e r
t
i
c al l
y
u nt
i l
c ap i ll
a ry f
o r c e s a r eg
r e at
e n o ug
h
to
c o u nte r
a c t
g
ra
vi
t
y
a nd
vi
s
co
u sf
o r ce s
.W
h
en t
hi
s
st a t
e of
e
q
ui li b
ri
u
m
i
s r e a ch
e
d
,D N A P L b
e c om
es
en t
ra
p p
ed i
n t
h
ep
o r o us
m
ed i
um
,i
n
ei
t
h
e r si
n
gl
eo
rm
ul
t
i p l
e c o n ne
ct
ed p
o r e v ol
um
e
s(
7
,19
,2 0
,2 5
,2 6
)
.E
n t r
ap p
ed D N A P L
,o
rD N A
P
L
r es
id
u al
, c r e ate s a
t
h
r e e -fl
u
i d
-p h
a s es
y
s t
em
w
i
t
h
g
a s a nd
w
at
e ri
n t
h
e
u n s at
u r at
ed
z o n e a nd
at
w
o-fl
ui d
-p h
a se
sy
ste
m b
el
ow
t
h
ew
at e
rt
abl
e
(
7
,2 0
,2 5
)
.S i
n
c ew
at
e rt
y p i
c all y i
s t
h
ew
et t
i
n
g p h
as
ei
n a
D N A P L
-w
at e
rs
y
s t e
m
,D N A P L
fi l l
st
h
el
a rg
e rp
o r e vo
l
um
e sb
el
ow
t
h
ew
at
e rt
ab l
e,r e su
l
t
i
ng i
np
o ol
s of D N A P L l
o c
k
ed
in
p l
a c e un t
il
ei
t
h
e r c ap i l l
a
ry f
o rc e
s a r e o ve
r c om
eo
ri
n t
e rf
a c
i
a
l
te n
s
i
o
n s a r e re
d
u c ed
(
7
,2 0
,2 3
)
.B
e c a u s e r e si d
u al D N A PL i
sim
m
ob il
eI
r o ni
c al l
y
,m
a s st
r a n sf
e ri
t
s elf i
s r et
a rd
ed b
y
t
h
ep
r e s e n c e of
t
he
t
r ap p
ed D N A
P
L
p
o o
l
s
.I
n am
ul
t
i p h
a s e sy
st
em
,t
he
hy d
r a ul i
c c o nd
u ct
iv
i
t
y
of
t
h
ew
et t
i
ng
p h
a s ei
n
ap
o r o u sm
ed i
ais r e
d
u c ed
p
r op
o rt
i
o n at
el
y
b
y
t
h
ep
r e s e n c e of
a n o nw
et t
i
ng p
h
a s e(
1
,7
)
.T
h
i
shi
nd
r a n c e of
fl
ow
t
hr o u
g
h
t
h
e c o nt
am i
n at
ed
r eg
i
o nl i
m i
t
sm
a s st
r a n sf
e rt
ot
h
e r eg i
o ns
t
h
r o ug h w h i
ch w
at
e rfl
ow
s.I
nt
h
ep
a st t
w
e nt
y y
e a r s,D N A P L
r em
ed
i
at
i
on
st
r at
eg i
e sh
a v ei
n
cl
ud
ed p
um
p
-a n
d
-t
re a t
, va
p
o
r e xt
r a ct
i
o n,i
n
-s
i
t
ubi
od
eg
r ad
at
i
o n, a nd
st
e am
in
j
e ct
io n
(
2
,7
,8
,9
,10
,2 4
)
.A H
of
t
h
es e
m
et
h
od
s r el
y
ei
t
h
e rd i
r e ct
l y
o ri
n
di
r e ct
l
y
o nm
a ss t
r a n sf
e r.R
e c e nt
l
y
m
o r e ag g
r e s si
v e r em
ed ia
t
i
o nm
et
h
od
s, oft
e ng
r o up
ed
u nd
e rt
h
e t
e rm
"
e n
h
a n ce
d
r em
ed i
at
i
o n"
,
h
a v e a ch i
e v ed
s uc
c e s s u si
n
g
i
nj
e ct
i
o ns o
f
ch
em i
c
al
s o
lu
t
i
on s t o
i
n
c r e a s et
h
e s ol
ub
il
i
t
y
a nd d
e c r e a s et
he
i
n t
e rf
a cia
l
t
e n sio n s o
f
n o na
q
ue o
u sp h
a s eli q
ui d
s
(
N A P L
s
)
(
4
,1
5
,17
,18
,24
,2 5
,2 7
)
.T h
et
w
om
aj
o r e nh
a n c ed
r em
edi
at
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
sb
ei
n
g
r e
s
e a r ch
ed
a nd i
m
p l
em
e nt
ed
t
od
ay
a r e c o s ol
v e nt
fl
u sh i
n
g
(
C F
)
an
d
s u rf
ac t
a nt
fl
u shi
n
g
(
SF
)
.T
h
e r ed
u ct
i
o ni
n
i
n t
e rf
a cia
l
t
e n si
o n s a nd
t
he
r e s ul
t
i
n
g
p
ot
e nt
i
al f
o rD N A P L
t
ob
em
ob i
l
i
z ed
a nd m i g
r at
e v e rt
ic a
l ly i
n t
op
r e vio u s
l
y
u n c o nt
am i
n
at
ed
r egi
o ns
h
a s
l
e
d
m
a ny
r
e s e a r c
h
e r
st
o r e c om m
e nd
t
h
at
s
u rf
a c t a n
t
s a
nd
o
r c o s olv e n
t s
no t
b
e
u se
d f
o
rD N A P L
r e
m
ed ia
t
io n
(
4
,5
)
.O
t
h
e r r e s e a r che r s
, s u ch
a sSa
b
at
i
ni
et
al
,19 9 9
,h
a v ef
o c u s ed
on t
he
d
e v el
op m
e nt
of
s u rf
a ct
a nt
st
h
at
d
o n ot
r e s ul
t
i
n
D
N A
P
L m
obi l i
z at
i
on
, e v en t
h
o ug h
r e s
e a
rc
h i
nd i
ca t e s t
h
a t
r em
o v al
eff i
ci
e nc
y
i
s
m
u ch g
r e at
e rw h
e
nm
obi l i
za t
i
o no c c
u rs
(
2 5
)
.A
n ew
c o n c ep
t
,d
e n si
t
y
e nh
a n c ed
r em
ed ia
t
i
o n of
D
N A P L
(
D E R D
)
,ha s
b
e e
np
r op
o s ed
t
h
at
r el ie s u
p
o nm
ob
i
l
i
z at
i
o nw
h i l
ep
r o vi
d
i
ng
ap
r ot
e ct
i
v eba r r
ie r a
g
ai
n st
c o
n t
am i
n
an t
sp
r e ad
(
19
,2 0
)
.T
h
eg
oa
l
of
t
h is c o
n
c ep
t
,t o
m
a xi m i
ze
D
N A P L
re
m
o v a
l
e
f fi
ci
e
n cy
w
h il
ep
r o vi d i
n
g
ap hy
sic a
l b
a
r ri
e rt
oD N A P L m i g
ra t
i
o
n ,i m p l i
e
st
h
at
D E R D i
s
I
nD E R
D
, ad
e n si
t
y
o r c ap i ll
ary b
arri
er c o n si
st
i
ng
of
a s al
t
s ol
u ti
o nd
e n s e rt
h
a nt
h
e s ub
j
e ct
D N A P L i
s e st
ab
li
sh
ed b
el
ow
t
h
e c o nt
am i
n at
i
o n r egi
o n.T h i
sd
e n si
t
y
b
a r ri
e rs e r v e s
t
h
ef
oll
ow i
ng
t
w
of
u n ct
i
o n s :1
.D
N A
P L
p
o ol
sl
y
i
ng
at
op
s oi l
st
r at
a of
r el
at
i
v el
ow
p
e rm
e ab i li
t
y
a r el
i f
t
ed b
y
b
u oy
an t
f
o r c e s a nd
s up p
o rt
ed
at t
h
et
op
of
t
h
ed
e n si
t
y
b
a r ri
e rw h
e r et
h
ef
r e eD
N A
P L
m
ay b
ew i
th
d
r aw
nw i
t
h
ap
r od
u cti
o nw
eU
.2
.V
e
rt
i
c al m i g
ra t
i
o n of m
obi l i
z ed D N A P L i
s
st o
p p
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
d
e
ns
i
t
y
b
a r ri
e r,p
r e v e nt
i
ng f
u rt
h
e r v e rt
i
c a
l m i g
rat
i
o
n of D N A PL
, as
as e
p
a
r at
ep
h
a s e.T
h
ef
r e ep
h
a s e a nd
s ol
ub
ili
z ed
D N
A
P L
c ol l
e ct
ed
at t
h
e s u rf
a c eo
f
th
ed
e n si
t
y
b
a rri
e r a r e a c c e s sib l
ef
o rp
r od
u ct
i
o nw
el l
e xt
r a ct
i
o n.T h
e ob
j
e ct
i
v e s of
t
hi
s r ep
o rt
a r e a sf
oll
ow
s :1.
t o
p
r e s e nt
a co
nc
ep
t
ua
l m
o
d
el f
o rt
h
ei m p l
e
m
e nt a t
i
o
no
f D E R D
;
an
d
2
.t
oe
va
l
u at
et
h
e ef f
e ct
s of
se
l
e ct e
d d
e
ci
si
o n va
ri
a
bl
e s o n
D E R D p
r o c e ss
2
B A C
K G
R O U N D
P
um p
-a nd
-t
r e at
(
P
A T
)
hi
st
o ri
c al l
y
ha s
b
e
e nt
h
em
o st
w
i d
el y
u s ed m
eth
od i
ng
ro u nd w
at
e r r em
ed i
at
i
o nb
ut
h
a sp
r o v e nt
ob
e si
ng
ul
a rl y i
n
ef fi
cie n
t
i
n r em
o vi
ng D
N A
P L
(
4
,5
,7
,12
,19
,2 0
,2 5
)
.PA T
r eli
e s o nw
el l
-in
d
u c e
d
g
r o u nd
w
ate r
fl
ow
t
h
r o ug
h
t
he
c o n
t
am i
n a t e
d
r eg
i
o nt o
r em
o v ea
d is
s o
lv
e
d
c o nt
am i
n
a nt
,w
hi
ch i
sth
e n r em
o
v ed f
r om
t
he
g
r o u nd w
at
e ri
n
ab
o v eg
r o u nd
t
r e at
m
e nt
p
r o c e s s e s.D
N A
P L
,h
o
w
e v e r ,i
s o nl y
sli
g
ht
l y
s ol
ub le
in
w
at
e r(
5
,7
,12
,2 5
)
, an
d m
as
st
r a nsf
e ris
f
u rt
h
e rh
am p
e r ed b
y
t
h
e r ed
u ct
i
o ni
nh y
d
r a ul i
c c o nd
u ct
iv
i
t
y
c a u s ed b
y D N A P
L p
o ol
sa n
d
t
h
e c o n s eq
u e nt
fl
ow
of
w
at
e r a r o u nd
r at
he r
th
an t
h
r o ug h
r eg i
o n s of hi
g
h
D
N A P L
c
o n c e ntr a
t
i
o n(
1
,7
)
.T
h
e r ef
o r eP
A
T
ef
fi
cie n c
y i
s s e v e r el
y
li m i
te
d by
D
N A PL m
a s st
r a n sf
e r r at
e s, a n
d
D N A P L
r em
ed
i
at
i
o n of
t
e n r eq
ui
r e s v e ry
l
o ng
t
i m
e s c al
e s a nd m
an
y
p
o r e v ol
um
e s of p
um p
ed w
at
e rt
o ef
f
e ct
a ny
si
g
ni fi
c an t
r ed
u ct
io n
i
n
aD N A P L
s o u r c e.I
nm
a ny
c a s e s,P
A T h
a
s o nl
y
be
e
n ef fe c
ti
v ein
c o nt a
in
in
g
t
h
ed is s o
lv e
d D N A P L
p
lu
m
e, a nd
o
n c ep
im
ip i
n
g i
ss t o
p p
ed
,
t
he
p l
um
e
is r e e s
t
ab li
sh
e
d f
r om
t
he
D N A P L
so
u rc e
(
1 2
)
.V
ap
o re
xt
r a ct
i
o n(
V E
)
a
l
s o
u s e sw
ell
s t o
i
nd
u c efl
o
w
a
nd m
a ss t
ran s
fe
r of
ac o n
t
am
i
n a nt
,bu
t
i
n
V
E
,w
el l
s
a r e u s ed
t
od
r aw
a v a c u um i
n t
h
e im
s
at
u r at e
d
z o n ea
nd
c r e at
e ap
r e s s u r eg
r ad i
e nt
r e s ul
t
i
n
g
i
n c o n v e ct
iv e
g
a sfl
ow
up
th
r o ug h
t
h
e v an
d
o s e
zo n
e.D
N
A P L i
s
v ol
at
i l i
z ed
t
ot
h
eg
a sp h
a s e a nd
t
he
of f
g
a sis c o
l l
e ct
ed
at t
h
e s u rf
a
c ef
o rt
r e at
m
e nt
(
7
,9
)
.T h
i
s st
r at
egy
c a nb
e ef fe c
t
iv e
f
o r r em
o v al
of
r e si d
u al D N A
P
L
i
n t
h
e u n s at
u r at e
d
zo
ne s
in
ce
m
an
y D N A P L
s a re
re
l
ati
v el
y
v ol
at
i l
e
,bu
t
V E i
s n o t
ef fe c t
i
ve
in
r
e
m
o vi
n
g D N A P L i
n t
h
es
atu r
a t
ed
z o ne
(
7
,20
)
.T h
ein t e r
f
a c e
f
o
rD N A P L m
as s t
ra n
sf
e rf
r om
t
h
e
sa t
u r at
ed
z o n et
ot
he
g
a sp h
as
e o c c u r s o nl
y
at t
h
ew
at e
rt a
bl
e s u rf
ac
e.Sin
c eD N A P L i
s
d
e ns
e rt
h
a nw
at
e r,m
o st
of
t
he
D N A P L
vo
l
xmie
w i ll
r e si d
ebe
lo
w
t
h
e
w
at
er
t
ab
l
e s u rf
a c e u n a v ai l
ab le
f
o rm
a s st
r a n sf
e rto
t
h
eg
a sp
h
as e
.D N A P L
r em
e
d ia
ti
o n vi
ain si
tu
bi
o
d
eg
r ad
at
i
o no c c
u r s na t
u r al l y
an
d
c
an
b
ee
ng
in
e e r ed
w
i
t
h
t
h
ein t
r od
u ct
io n
of
s ui
t
abl
em i
c r ob
e sto
c o nt
am
i
n at
ed
r eg i
o n s(
7
,2 4
)
.M
a ny D
N
A P L
s a r et
o xi
ct
od
eg
r ad
at
iv e
b
a ct
e ri
a; t
h
e r ef
o r ebi
o r em
ed
i
at
i
o n c an
o nl y
s u c c e s s
f
ul l
y
o c c u r af
t
e rt
he
fr e e
D
N
A
P L
h
a sb
e e n s ol
ub
iliz e
d
.I
n ad d it
i
o n, s om
eD N A P L
sh
a v el im i
te
d bi
od
eg
r ad
ab i li
t
y
(
7
)
, a nd f
u rt
h
e r r edu c
t
i
o n sin
bi
od
eg
r ad
at
i
o n r at
e so c c u r
w h
e n a s ui
t
ab le
el
e ct
r o n a c c ep
t
o ri
s
n ot
p
r e se
nt
in
s uf fi
ci
e nt
c o n c e nt
r at
i
on
.T
h
eb i
od
eg
r ad
at
i
o n r at
e c a n al
s ob
el i m i
t
ed b
y D
N A
P L
-t o
-w
a
te r
m
a s st
r a n sf
e r si
n c e o nl y
D
N A
P L
in
s olu
ti
o nw
it
h
w
at
e ri
s a v ail
ab
l
et
ot
h
em
i
c r obe s a s s u
bs
t
r at
e.I
nt
he
st
e am in
j
e ct
i
o n(
SI
)
p
ro
c e s s, st
e am
i
s
in
j
ec t e
d i
n t
ot
he
s ub
s u rf
a c et
oh
e
at
D N
A
P L
t
oi
ts
b
oi li
ng p
oin t
a nd
s ub
s eq
u e nt
l y
r em
o v ei
t
via v o
l
at
i li
z at
io n
(
7
,12
)
.T h
em
aj
o rd
r aw b
a ck
st
oSI
a r et
h
e e n e rgy
r eq
ui
r em
e nt
sto
h
e at
n ot
o nl
y
t
h
eD
N A
P L
b
ut
al
s ot
h
e s u r r o u ndi
ng
w
at
e r a nd
s oi l
, a nd
t
h
ep
ot
e nt
ia
l
f
o rD
N A
P L
m i
g
r at
i
o nin t
ou n c o n
t
am in
ate
d
r eg
i
o n s(
7
,2 0
)
.W
h
e nD N
A
P L is
h
e ate
d
a v a ri
et
y
of p
h y
si
c o che
m
i
c al
c
h
a ng
e s o c c u r,i
n cl
ud in
g
r ed
u ct
io n
in
s u rf
a c et
e n si
o n s, r e s ul
t
in
g
i
nt
h
ep
ot
e nti
al f
o rD N
A
P
L m
obi li
z ati
o n a nd m i
g
r at
io n
in
t
o u n c o nt
am i
n at
ed
r eg
i
o n s(
12
,2 0
)
.C
o s olv e n
t
f lu s
h i
n
g
a nd
s u rfa c
t
an t
fl
u shi
n
g b
ot
h
em p l
oy
ac
h
em i
c a
ll y
e nh
a n
ce
d
PA T
st
ra t
eg y
, a nd
t
he
t
w
od i ff
e r e s s e nt
ia
l l
y
o nl
y
i
nt
h
e t
y p
e of
che
m ic
a
l in
j
e ct
ed
(
4
,5
,7
,17
,2 5
)
.I
nC
F
a n al
c oh
ol
-
w
at
e rm
i
xt
u r ei
si
nj
e ct
ed in t
ot
h
e s ubs u r
f
a c e, a nd i
n
S
F
as u r
f
a ct
a nt
is
i
nj
e cte
d
.I
n
C F
an
d SF
,a
c o nt
am i
na t e
d
r egi
o ni
s
rin s
e
d
w
it
h
a c
h
e
m i
c al
s o
l
ut
i
o nd
el iv e r e
d
t
hr o u
g
h
st
r at
eg i
c al
l y
sp
a c ed
in
j
e ct
i
o nw
el l
sw i
t
h
th
eg
o al
of in
c r e a si
n
g
D
N A
P L
s olu
b il i
t
y
.T h
e
w
i
t
hd
r aw
al
a nd
t
r e at
m
e nt
of g
r o u nd w
ate r
t
he n
i
si
d
e nt
ic a
l
t
oP A T
e xc
ep
t t
h
a t
g
r o u nd w
at e
ris
w
i
t
h d
r aw
na
t
m
u ch h i g h
e
rD N A P L
c o n c e nt
ra
t
i
o
ns th
a
na r e a c
hi
e v abl
ei
n
aw
at e
rs o
lu
t
i
o n ,t
h
e
r eby
si g
nifi
c a
nt
l
y
r ed
u cin
g
t
he
ti
m
e r eq
uir
e
d f
o rr e
m
ed ia
t
io n
.T h
e ef fi
ci
e
n cy
of
e nh
a nc
ed m
et
h
od
sis
oft
e nm
e a s u re
d i
n
p
o re
v olu
m
e s
(
P
V
)
o
f
ch
em
i
c al in
j
e ct
ed
t
o a ch ie v e
ap
e r c e nt
ag
e of D N A
P
L
r em
o v al
(
17
,19
)
.A
n
e sse n
t
i
a
l d i ff
e r e nc e
i
n t
h
ebe
h
a vio
ro
f
s ur
f
a
ct
a nt s
an
d
al
c o
h
o
ls
is
t
he a
b i li
t
y
of
s u r
f
a ct
a nts
t
o s el f
-a
g g
r eg
at
ei
nt
om
i
c el l
e s o n c et
h
e s u rf
a ct
a nt
s u rp
a s s e s a c ri
t
ic a
l m i
c el l
ec o n c e n