Kingdom Monera
Bacteria
Characteristics: • Prokaryotes
• Autotrophic (Blue-green bacteria) • Heterotrophic
• Unicellular
• Found throughout the world
Round
Rod
Spiral
Kingdom Protista
Characteristics:
• Eukaryotic
•Unicellular or multicellular •Heterotrophic or autotrophic
•Have a relationship with water or body fluids •“dumping ground”
Fungus – like Protists
• Heterotrophic • Don’t move
• Examples: water mold, slime mold, potato blight
Plant- like Protists
• Autotrophic, unicellular/multicellular • Examples: euglena, diatoms, seaweed
Animal-like Protists
• Heterotrophic
• Classified by how they move
• Sometimes called the protozoans
• Examples: Paramecium, Amoeba, Plasmodium
Freshwater Protists
Paramecium use the contractile vacuole to
remove excess water. (similar to what organ in your body?)
Protist movement
Paramecium Stentor Euplotes
Cilia – hair-like structures used for movement
Flagella – whip like tail used for movement
Trypanasoma
Euglena
Pseudopod – “false foot”, uses streaming of cytoplasm for movement, also used to engulf food
Protista – adaptive behaviors
Phototaxis – moving toward (positive) or away (negative) from light
Example: Euglena has an eyespot to sense light and move toward light for photosynthesis
More adaptive behaviors
Chemotaxis –
Move towards (positive) or away from (negative) chemicals
Chemicals could be food or toxins.
Phototaxis and Chemotaxis can also occur in bacteria and animals
Characteristics of Fungi: • Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• Cell wall composed of chitin • Unicellular or multicellular
Truffles Morels A th le te ’s F oo t
Characteristics:
• Eukaryotic • Autotrophic • Multicellular
• True roots, stems and leaves
Plants classified according to
vascular tissue
Vascular tissue is “conducting” tissue. Series of tubes that transport food or water.
Two types of vascular tissue are:
XYLEM – transports water up the plant
PHLOEM – transports food down the plant
Classification
Moss and liverworts – non-vascular Ferns – vascular
Gymnosperms– vascular Angiosperms – vascular
simple
Transport in Plants
Mosses - no vascular tissue, so materials travel between cells or the environment using
osmosis or diffusion. Plants must live in moist locations and stay small, close to the ground. Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms all use xylem
Excretion in Plants
Excretion is the removal of nitrogen wastes. Plants store waste that they produce in
vacuoles and do not excrete waste like animals do.
Salt can be an issue for plants that live in salt water. They get rid of excess salt through specialized salt glands.
Respiration in Plants
• Cellular Respiration occurs in the mitochondria (glucose ATP)
• The actual exchange of CO2 ,O2 and H2O between the leaves and the atmosphere occurs through the stoma.
Nutrition in Plants
• Plants are autotrophs, so they make their own food through the process of photosynthesis
• Glucose is used as energy for the plant, or used to make other molecules like starch, protein or fats
• Plants do need minerals to help them make food. Ex: Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) and Nitrogen (N)
Reproduction/Growth/Development in
Plants
Plants can reproduce sexually or asexually.
Asexual reproduction in plants can allow for frequent and rapid reproduction
Examples: cuttings
Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity and includes spores, gametes (egg and sperm) and seeds.
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
A Spore is a unit of asexual reproduction and is one part of the life cycle.
Gametes are the units of sexual reproduction. Moss and Ferns – sperm swims to the egg
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms – sperm is
enclosed in pollen and gets to the female part of the plant by wind or animals
Spores
Seeds
In Gymnosperms
Development of the Seed
Plant adaptations to life on land
Two main problems to life on land dehydration and support
1. Vascular tissue –transports food and water and supports plant
2. Cuticle – waxy covering
3. Pollen – waxy, protects sperm from drying out; sperm no longer needs water for fertilization 4. Seed coat – protects from drying out
Flowers and Fruits
Not necessarily an adaptation to life on land Flowers – aid pollination (attract pollinators)
Characteristics of Animals
• Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Heterotrophic
• Able to move at some stage of their life
Animal Kingdom
Ranges from the simplest , the sponges, to the most complex, the
mammals. Animalia fall into two main groups.
Invertebrates – meaning without backbones, and
Transport in Animals
Simple animals like sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, use osmosis and diffusion.
Animals like a clam, have an open circulatory system that has a heart but no veins and arteries. Blood transports food, waste and gasses (oxygen and CO2).
More advanced animals have a closed circulatory system with a heart, veins and arteries.
Excretion in Animals
Excretion is the removal of nitrogen wastes. (urea, uric acid, ammonia)
Nitrogen waste is produced when proteins are broken down.
Excretion can also remove excess water or hold onto it, in other words, maintaining water
balance.
Animals may use kidneys, nephridia, flame cells or diffusion to remove these toxic wastes.
Animals removing salt
Marine animals often have special glands to remove excess salt.
Blood used to maintain pH
Buffers in your blood help to maintain pH of 7.4. As you exercise, CO2 concentration increases, pH
is lowered. Buffers in your blood help to mediate the changes in the pH.
Respiration in Animals
Respiration is the exchange of CO2 , H2O and O2
between the organism and the atmosphere.
Respiratory surfaces must be THIN and MOIST so gasses can diffuse .
Three main respiratory systems:
a. Directly through membranes or skin (ex: earthworm)
b. Gills – used in aquatic organisms like scallops or fish
Nutrition in Animals
All animals are heterotrophs, but there are many types depending on what they eat.
Carnivores – meat eaters Insectivores – eat Insects Herbivores – eat plants
Animals teeth (mouth parts) and digestive system vary by what they eat.
Other names we use are filter feeders, hunters, grazers.
Carnivores
Usually have sharp teeth (tiger) or beak (eagle).
Herbivores
Herbivores have specialized teeth for grinding
vegetation (cow) or beaks that will crack open seeds (cardinal).
Reproduction/Growth/Development in
Animals
Most animals carry out sexual reproduction with a few of the simpler animals also having
asexual reproduction.
Most aquatic animals have external fertilization, while terrestrial animals have internal
Asexual Reproduction in Animals
Examples:
Budding in Hydra
External Fertilization
Aquatic animals have external fertilization and then external development. Many eggs are produced since many of them are eaten.
As animals move on to land, the fertilization
becomes internal, but all animals still lay eggs except mammals, so development is still
Mammals
Monotremes (non-placental)
Mammals - Placental
Placenta – organ that connects the fetus to the mother. Allows for the exchange of gasses, food and waste
Animal Adaptations to Life on Land
Major problems to overcome: dehydration, support, rapid temperature changes
1.Thick outer covering of fur, feathers, scales 2.Lungs for respiration
3.Heavier skeleton, limbs move under body 4.Internal fertilization, internal development 5.Amniote egg
