HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS AT CEA

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HYDROGEN AND FUEL

CELLS AT CEA

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TECH DAY ÉNERGIE TOULOUSE

6 NOVEMBRE 2013

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| PAGE 2 Tech Day Énergie Toulouse | Toulouse, 6 novembre 2013

Hybrid vehicles

Plug-In hybrid

Electric vehicles

Range extender / FC

Electric vehicles /

Batteries

Electric vehicles / FC

Li-ion batteries

Piles à combustible

APPROCHE INTÉGRÉE POUR LE VÉHICULE

ÉLECTRIQUE

(3)

Massive H

₂

Production

LT & HT Fuel Cells

On site H

₂

production coupled

with renewable energies

Transport

Distribution

Storage

Safety and

standards

Technico

Economical

assesments

(4)

Surface spécifique (m²/g) des electrocatalyseurs

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

IrO2 commercial IrO2 LCPEM IrSnOx LCPEM

S u rf a c e s p é c if iq u e ( m ²/ g ) IrSnO2 + étalon Mo L in ( C ou nts ) 50000 0 2-Theta - Scale 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 IrSnO2(50-50%mol) IrSnO2(70-30%mol) Fiche IrO2 IrSnO2 + étalon Mo L in ( C ou nts ) 50000 0 2-Theta - Scale 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 IrSnO2(50-50%mol) IrSnO2(70-30%mol) Fiche IrO2 Convection flow Catalyst layer E > 1.4VNHE 2H2O 4H++4e-+ O2 E < 0.8VNHE O2+ 4H++ 4e- 2H2O Convection flow Catalyst layer E > 1.4VNHE 2H2O 4H++4e-+ O2 E < 0.8VNHE O2+ 4H++ 4e- 2H2O 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Densité de courant (mA/cm²)

T e n s io n ( V ) 25°C 40°C 60°C Banc E-Lyse - Patm

AME LCPEM n°9 IrO22,5mg/cm²

N115 Pt/C 0,54mg/cm²

Catalysts synthesis /characterization

Non noble catalysts

Characterization protocols

Modelling (electrochemical / physical)

MEA Processing (spray, screen printing,…)

New membranes developments

Test bench

Testing protocols

Corrosion tests

Modelling (fluids)

components and skills

(5)

MEA Performance

Com. MEA 1 Com. MEA 2 Com. MEA 3 Com. MEA 4

System compacity: high current densities 4 A.cm

-2

_{400 Nm}

3 _H

2 .m

-

².j

-1

LITEN MEA performance: 1,73 V at 1 A.cm

-2

_{, at 60 °C and Patm}

(6)

MEA Durability

LITEN MEA: < 2 mg/cm²

Cycling with current cycles

representative of PV source

7000 hours of operation

with very low degradation!

(7)

MEA: Decrease of catalyst loadings

Reduction by 4 of IrO

₂

loading for equivalent performance

(reduced by 10 compared to literature results)

Significant reduction of MEA cost

(8)

CEA works on three ways for hydrogen storage

High pressure (350 and 700 bar) for transportation

Metal hydrides for stationary use

Chemical hydride for nomad use

(9)

POLYSTOCK (2002-2005)

PACo national programme

Leader : Air Liquide

Partners : Ullit, Insa Lyon

CEA : liner materials, process, tank testing

STORHY (2004-2008)

FP6 Integrated Project

Leader : Magna Steyr

Partners : DC, BMW, PSA, Air Liquide, …

CEA : HP tanks, evaluation, core group

Pressure:

350 bar

22 l et 32 l

4,6 weight %

TUV certification

Pressure:

700 bar

32 l

5,4 weight %

> 15,000 cycles

Leak rate < 0.05 cm

3

_/l/h

Burst pressure > 1800 bar

(10)

EPICEA System (2,5 kW)

System Integration

ZERO CO2 sail 35 kW PEMFC 10.5 kg H2(350 bar) 80 kW GENEPAC Stack 23 kW FISYPAC Stack

Innovative stack

design

Bipolar plates

Membrane Electrode

Assemblies

Electrodes

Materials

PEMFC R&D

(11)

Performances

Noble metal

Durability

Costs

Modelling

Nano

Nano----characterisation

characterisation

Instrumentation

MEA

Fabrication

Catalysts

Diffusion

Diffusion layer

layer

Water management

Membranes

Active layer ionomer

Performance and

durability tests

(12)

DEDICATED TECHNICAL RESOURCES

Inks formulation, electrochemical characterisations

Electrodes fabrication, fuel cell cores assembling, cell integration

(13)

AMONG THE BEST MEA

Pure H

₂

(transportation application)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000

Current density (mA/cm²)

V o lt a g e ( m V ) AME SOLVICORE AME JOHNSON-MATTHEY

AME LITEN Génération 3 - nov. 2010 @ 635 mV LITEN milestone: > 305 mW/cm² Commercial MEA 1: 298 mW/cm² Commercial MEA 2: 335 mW/cm² LITEN MEA: 370 mW/cm² commercial 1 commercial 2 @ Imax : Commercial AME 1 : 127 µV/h Commercial AME 2 : 100 µV/h Commercial AME 3 : 44 µV/h

Gen.2 LITEN AME : 73 µV/h

Gen.3 LITEN AME : 34 µV/h

Voltage @ Imin

Reformate H

₂

(stationary application)

Voltage @ Imax Voltage @ Imin

Voltage @ Imax

Commercial MEA

LITEN MEA generation 1

(14)

CATALYST LOADING REDUCTION

Very low platinum loading

More than 1500 hours of operation for a MEA with a low platinum loading

(0.25 gPt/kW), in conditions representative of the transportation

application

[typical loading 0.8-1.0 gPt/kW]

Total loading : 0.2 mg

_Pt

/cm²

Operation during 1000 h with no

degradation during the first 700 h

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Temps (h) T e n s io n ( m V ) Tension à i(min) Tension à i(max)

Cell voltage decrease <10% after 1700 h

(15)

HIGH LEVEL TOOLS

Modeling

From nanoparticles

to systems

I T PA, PC RHA, RHC instantaneous Ucell(t) Instantaneous cumulative materials losses instantaneous local operating

conditions instantaneous nano-micro-structure C o n ro l p a ra m e te

rs Coupled no-aging phenomena

Coupled aging phenomena

40 characterisation

equipments

Surface analysis, Ions beams, Microscopes,

X ray diffraction, Sample preparation

Physical macroscopic values

(T, HR, P, current density…)

Modular

(fluidics, catalyst, degradation, pollutants...)

Predictive tool

Nano-characterisation

First platform in Europe

Multi-scales

ESRF ILL Minatec MEA degradation Nanowires of Pt

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POST-MORTEM CHARACTERISATION

Microscopic observation of

important degradations of the active

layer (air side):

Carbon loss by corrosion

Strong agglomeration of platine particles

Massive dissolution of Pt, then

reprecipitation in presence of H

₂

Depending on operating conditions and

components

Fresh

Aged

Fresh

(17)

CHARACTERISATION WITH LARGE FACILITIES

Development of an

adapted single cell

to analyse water

Installation of the whole

experimental device at ESRF

⇒

_{Very good agreement experiment/modeling}

(18)

CHARACTERISATION WITH LARGE FACILITIES

Peak intensity increases with

water quantity

Installation of the whole

experimental device at ILL

⇒

_{Possibility to perform experiments under}

application-representative conditions

(19)

Optimisation of stack design

Simulation of

stack thermal

and hydraulic

behaviour

Stack

electrochemical

testing

Optimisation of stack

assembly

System conception

and manufacturing

(20)

STACK ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES

LITEN designing is based on a 10 years computer code

Input:

MEA performances, Stack specifications

Output:

Bipolar plate desings including the coolant circuit, Stack power densities

Design « D »

500 W

Metallic stack

Design « G »

20 kW

Metallic stack

Design « F »

14 kW

Metallic stack

Design « G »

80 kW

Metallic stack

Marathon Shell

200 W

Graphite stack

RobotPAC

150 W

Graphite stack

Design « F »

300 kW

Metallic stack

EPICEA

3 kW

Composite stack

(21)

PEFC assembling hall

Component metrology

Assembling Press

Leakage test station

More than 220 stacks assembled since

2005 for a total over 900 kW

(22)

Partnership

Second step : Improve complete system reliability in the framework of

FISYPAC project

System integration in a 307 « EPURE » presented in April 2009

Full system testing in PSA premises

System power: 31 kW (stack power: 37 kW)

Stack performances equivalent to on test bench performances

System yield: 45%

2006 :

Stack validation on bench

2007 :

System integrated stack

validation

CEA 80 kW stack

Stack

performances

2.1 kW/l

1.4 kW/kg

2200 hours

(23)

Performances

Max speed : 155 km/h

100 km/h in 15 s

Range: 450 km (75 km battery only)

Concept became Reality

on April, 6

th

₂₀₀₉

Peugeot 307 Epure

Range extender concept

FC System

“GENEPAC 20”

(23 kW)

H

₂

storage

4.2 kg @ 700 bar

Tank included: 150 kg

Electric Motor & Reductor

DC/DC Convertor

HV Li-Ion Battery

13 to15 kWh

50 kW

(24)

Automotive

applications

Stack and system integrator

Drones Aircrafts Rail transportation Tractors Forklifts Stationary Coupling with renewable energies Pleasure boats Industrials and local authorities Back-up systems Tri-generation

Niche markets with less cost constraints and/or specific

competitive advantages

CEA Component, Stack and System

technologies

CEA STRATEGY FOR PEMFC STACK AND SYSTEM

INDUSTRIALISATION

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ZERO CO2 sail

The project's objective is to sail around the Mediterranean

using a yacht powered by a clean carbon-free auxiliary motor

(petrol motors are commonly used in yachts for all manoeuvres

in port). The yacht will be presented for the first time at the

Paris Boat Show in December 2009. A 12m craft built by the RM

shipyard of La Rochelle, the "Zero CO2" is equipped with an

electric motor driven by a hydrogen fuel cell, developed by

CEA.

35 kW PEMFC

10.5 kg H

2

(350 bar)

CEA STRATEGY FOR PEMFC STACK AND SYSTEM

INDUSTRIALISATION

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Evaluation of stack production cost at different production rates

CEA STRATEGY FOR PEMFC STACK AND SYSTEM

INDUSTRIALISATION

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DRT DEHT

Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives Centre de Grenoble| 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9

T. +33 (0)4 38 78 55 36 | +33 (0)6 75 09 68 06

Etablissement public à caractère industriel et commercial |RCS Paris B 775 685 019

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CEA | 10 AVRIL 2012