The Elephantine Papyri

ORIENTIS ANTIQUI (DMOA)

STUDIES IN NEAR EASTERN A R C H A E O L O G Y AND CIVILISATION

E D I T E D BY

P . M . M . G . A K K E R M A N S , G . H . J . D E G E U S , E . H A E R I N C K T H . P J . VAN D E N H O U T , M . S T O L , D . VAN D E R P L A S

V O L U M E X X I I

THE ELEPHANTINE PAPYRI

IN ENGLISH

T H R E E MILLENNIA O F CROSS-CULTURAL

C O N T I N U I T Y AND CHANGE

BEZALEL PORTEN

With

J . J o e l Farber, Cary J. Martin, Gunter Vittmann

Leslie S.B. MacCoull, Sarah Clackson

and contributions by

Simon Hopkins and Ramon Katzoff

' ' 6 8 * '

E J . BRILL

LEIDEN • NEW YORK • KOLN

1996

Typesetting by Daatz, Jerusalem

L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s C a t a l o g i n g - i n - P u b l i c a t i o n D a t a

T h e Elephantine papyri in English : three millennia of cross-cultural continuity and change / by Bezalel Porten, with J. J. Farber . . . [et al.].

p. cm. — (Documenta et monumenta Orientis antiqui, ISSN 0169-7943 ; v. 22)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004101977 (cloth : alk. paper)

1. Egyptian language—Papyri, Hieratic. 2. Manuscripts, Aramaic (Papyri)—Egypt—Elephantine. 3. Elephantine (Egypt)—Antiquities. I. Porten, Bezalel. II. Series.

PJ1680.E45E45 1996

493'.—dc20 96-17973 CIP

D e u t s c h e B i b l i o t h e k - C I P - E i n h e i t s a u f n a h m e

Porten, Bezalel:

T h e Elephantine papyri in English : three millennia of cross cultural continuity and change / b y Bezalel Porten. With J. J. Farber...- Leiden ; New York ; Koln : Brill, 1996

(Documenta et monumenta orientis antiqui ; Vol. 22)

I S B N 9 0 - 0 4 - 1 0 1 9 7 - 7 N E : G T

ISSN 0169-7943 ISBN 90 04 10197 7

© Copyright 1996 by E.J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A 2 T r a n s f e r r i n g P o s s e s s i o n of S e r v a n t (ca. 1 8t h - 1 7t h c e n t u r y BCE) - P. Berlin 1 0 4 7 0 .. 3 5

A 3 M i l i t a r y D e s p a t c h (ca. 1 8 4 0 BCE) - P. British Museum 1 0 7 5 2 4 1 A 4 C o m p l a i n t r e B a d H o n e y (first half of 1 2t h c e n t u r y BCE) - P. Louvre £ . 2 7 1 5 1 4 3

A 5 C h a r g e s A g a i n s t S e v e r a l Officials (ca. 1 1 5 0 BCE) - P. Turin 1887 4 5 A 6 P r o t e s t A g a i n s t Unjustified T a x D e m a n d s (ca. 1 1 0 0 BCE) - P. Valengay 1 5 7 A7 P a r t i c i p a t i o n in N u b i a n C a m p a i g n (ca. 1 0 7 3 BCE) - P. Turin 1 9 7 2 6 0 A8 L e t t e r f r o m N u b i a n C a m p a i g n (ca. 1 0 7 3 BCE) - P. Turin 1 9 7 3 6 4 A 9 L e t t e r r e C h i l d r e n a n d F a t h e r (ca. 1 0 7 3 BCE) - P. Bibliotheque Rationale 196,111 6 8

A 1 0 M e d i c a l P r e s c r i p t i o n s (ca. 3rd c e n t u r y BCE) - P. Berlin 1 0 4 5 6 7 1

II A R A M A I C T E X T S [ B l - 5 2 ] - B e z a l e l P o r t e n 7 4 - 2 7 6 I n t r o d u c t i o n 7 4 1. T h e M a k k i b a n i t L e t t e r s [ B l - 7 ] (late 6t h- e a r l y 5t h c e n t u r y BCE) 8 9 - 1 0 6 B l L e t t e r r e G a r m e n t s a n d O i l - TAD A 2 . 1 8 9 B2 L e t t e r r e 6 i S h e k e l s , W o o l , O i l , a n d B e a m s - TAD A 2 . 2 9 3 B3 L e t t e r re W e l f a r e of R e l a t i v e - TAD A 2 . 3 9 6 B4 L e t t e r r e S k i n s , B e a m s , a n d O i l - TAD MA 9 9 B5 L e t t e r r e V e s s e l s , O i l , a n d a S n a k e B i t e - TAD A 2 . 5 1 0 2 B6 L e t t e r r e 6$ S h e k e l s , W o o l , a n d a T r i p - TAD A 2 . 6 1 0 4 B7 L e t t e r r e t h e C h i l d r e n - TAD A 2 . 7 1 0 6 2. M i s c e l l a n e o u s L e t t e r s [B8-12] 1 0 7 - 1 2 4 B8 S a l a r y , G a r m e n t s , a n d J o u r n e y (first q u a r t e r of 5t h c e n t u r y ) - TAD A 3 . 3 107

B9 T r a n s p o r t i n g , B o r r o w i n g , a n d Selling (last q u a r t e r o f 5t h c e n t u r y ) - TAD A 3 . 8 1 1 0

B10 F r a g m e n t a r y L e t t e r r e a S h a r e ( N o v e m b e r 6 , 4 2 7 BCE) - TAD A 6 . 1 113 B l l A u t h o r i z a t i o n of B o a t R e p a i r ( J a n u a r y 12, 4 1 1 BCE) - TAD A 6 . 2 115 B12 L e t t e r r e B o a t , Silver, G r a i n ( e n d 5t h- e a r l y 4t h c e n t u r y BCE) - TAD A 3 . 1 0 123

3. T h e J e d a n i a h A r c h i v e [B13-22] (late 5t h c e n t u r y BCE) 1 2 5 - 1 5 1

B13 T h e P a s s o v e r L e t t e r ( 4 1 9 / 1 8 BCE) - TAD A 4 . 1 125 B14 R e p o r t of Conflict a n d R e q u e s t for A s s i s t a n c e (late 5t h c e n t u r y BCE) - TAD A 4 . 2 . . . 127

B15 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n t o A i d T w o B e n e f a c t o r s (late 5t h c e n t u r y BCE) - TAD A 4 . 3 1 3 0

B17 P e t i t i o n for R e c o n s t r u c t i o n of T e m p l e ( ? ) ( 4 1 0 BCE o r slightly later) - TAD A 4 . 5 ....135

B18 F r a g m e n t a r y L e t t e r r e E g y p t i a n s I m p r i s o n e d (ca. 4 1 0 BCE) - TAD A 4 . 6 138 B19 R e q u e s t for L e t t e r of R e c o m m e n d a t i o n (I) ( N o v e m b e r 2 5 , 4 0 7 BCE) - TAD A 4 . 7 139

B20 R e q u e s t for L e t t e r of R e c o m m e n d a t i o n (II) ( N o v e m b e r 2 5 , 4 0 7 BCE) - TADA4.8 .... 145 B21 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n for R e c o n s t r u c t i o n of T e m p l e (after 4 0 7 BCE) - TAD A 4 . 9 148 B22 Offer of P a y m e n t for R e c o n s t r u c t i o n of T e m p l e (after 4 0 7 BCE) - TAD A 4 . 1 0 1 5 0

4. T h e M i b t a h i a h A r c h i v e [B23-33] ( 4 7 1 - 4 1 0 BCE) 1 5 2 - 2 0 1 B23 G r a n t of a B u i l t W a l l ( S e p t e m b e r 12, 4 7 1 BCE) - TAD B 2 . 1 152

B 2 4 W i t h d r a w a l f r o m L a n d ( J a n u a r y 2 , 4 6 4 BCE [night]) - TAD B 2 . 2 158 B25 B e q u e s t of H o u s e t o D a u g h t e r ( D e c e m b e r 1, 4 5 9 BCE) - TAD B 2 . 3 163 B26 G r a n t of U s u f r u c t t o S o n - i n - l a w ( D e c e m b e r 1 , 4 5 9 BCE) - TAD B 2 . 4 172 B27 F r a g m e n t from B e t r o t h a l C o n t r a c t ( C a . 4 5 9 or 4 4 9 BCE) - TAD B 2 . 5 1 7 6 B28 D o c u m e n t of W i f e h o o d ( O c t o b e r 14, 4 4 9 BCE [night]) - TAD B 2 . 6 177 B29 G r a n t of H o u s e to D a u g h t e r ( N o v e m b e r 17, 4 4 6 BCE [night]) - TAD B 2 . 7 184 B30 W i t h d r a w a l f r o m G o o d s ( A u g u s t 2 6 , 4 4 0 BCE [night]) - TAD B 2 . 8 188 B31 W i t h d r a w a l f r o m G o o d s ( S e p t e m b e r 2 - 3 0 , 4 2 0 BCE) - TAD B 2 . 9 191 B32 W i t h d r a w a l from H o u s e ( D e c e m b e r 16, 4 1 6 BCE [night]) - TAD B 2 . 1 0 1 9 5 B33 A p p o r t i o n m e n t of S l a v e s ( F e b r u a r y 10, 4 1 0 BCE [night]) - TADB2.U 199

5. T h e A n a n i a h A r c h i v e [B34-46] ( 4 5 6 - 4 0 2 BCE 2 0 2 - 2 5 4 B34 L o a n of S i l v e r ( D e c e m b e r 13, 4 5 6 BCE [night]) - TAD B 3 . 1 2 0 2

B35 W i t h d r a w a l f r o m hyr> (July 6 , 4 5 1 BCE [night]) - TAD B 3 . 2 2 0 5 B36 D o c u m e n t of W i f e h o o d ( A u g u s t 9 , 4 4 9 BCE [night]) - TAD B 3 . 3 2 0 8 B 3 7 S a l e of A b a n d o n e d P r o p e r t y ( S e p t e m b e r 14, 4 3 7 BCE [night]) - TAD B 3 . 4 2 1 2

B38 B e q u e s t of A p a r t m e n t to W i f e ( O c t o b e r 3 0 , 4 3 4 BCE) - TAD B 3 . 5 2 1 6 B39 T e s t a m e n t a r y M a n u m i s s i o n ( J u n e 12, 4 2 7 BCE) - TAD B 3 . 6 2 2 0 B 4 0 A Life E s t a t e of Usufruct (July 1 1 , 4 2 0 BCE) - TAD B 3 . 7 2 2 3 B41 D o c u m e n t o f W i f e h o o d ( O c t o b e r 2 - 3 0 , 4 2 0 BCE) - TAD B 3 . 8 2 2 6 B42 A d o p t i o n ( S e p t e m b e r 2 2 / O c t o b e r 2 2 , 4 1 6 BCE) - TAD B 3 . 9 2 3 4 B43 B e q u e s t in C o n t e m p l a t i o n of D e a t h ( N o v . 2 5 , 4 0 4 BCE [night]) - TAD B 3 . 1 0 2 3 7

B44 D o w r y A d d e n d u m ( M a r c h 9, 4 0 2 BCE) - TAD B 3 . 1 1 2 4 2 B45 S a l e of A p a r t m e n t t o S o n - i n - l a w ( D e c e m b e r 13, 4 0 2 BCE) - TAD B 3 . 1 2 2 4 6

B46 L o a n of G r a i n ( D e c e m b e r 2 - 3 1 , 4 0 2 BCE) - TAD B 3 . 1 3 2 5 2 6. M i s c e l l a n e o u s C o n t r a c t s [B47-52] ( 4 9 5 - 4 0 0 BCE) 2 5 5 - 2 6 7

B 4 7 E x c h a n g e of I n h e r i t e d S h a r e s ( O c t o b e r 2 2 , 4 9 5 BCE) - TAD B 5 . 1 2 5 5

B48 L o a n of S i l v e r (ca. 4 8 7 BCE) - TAD B 4 . 2 2 5 7

B49 M u t u a l Q u i t c l a i m (last q u a r t e r 5t h c e n t u r y BCE) - TAD B 5 . 5 2 5 9

B50 O b l i g a t i o n t o M a k e J u d i c i a l D e c l a r a t i o n ( J a n u a r y 18, 4 0 1 BCE) - TAD B 7 . 2 2 6 2

B 5 1 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t ( J u n e 2 1 , 4 0 0 BCE) - TAD B 4 . 6 2 6 4

B52 O a t h T e x t (late 5t h c e n t u r y BCE) - TAD B 7 . 3 2 6 6

P r o s o p o g r a p h y - Y u n , S u n g d u k 2 6 8 III D E M O T I C T E X T S [CI-37] - C a r y J. M a r t i n 2 7 7 - 3 8 5

I n t r o d u c t i o n 2 7 7 1. L e t t e r s [ C l - 2 3 ] ( 4 9 2 BCE - 11 CE) 2 8 9 - 3 3 5

l a . T h e E s k h n u m p e m e t P a p e r s [CI-3] ( 4 9 2 BCE) 2 8 9 CI P r o c e d u r e s for A p p o i n t i n g a Lesonis (April 2 1 , 4 9 2 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 3 5 4 0 2 9 0

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S v i i

C2 A c k n o w l e d g m e n t of R e c e i p t of M o n e y ( J u n e 7, 4 9 2 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 3 5 7 2 2 9 2 C3 A p p o i n t m e n t of a N e w Lesonis ( D e c e m b e r 2 5 , 4 9 2 BCE) - P. Berlin 13539 2 9 4 C4 W a r n i n g A b o u t a D e l i v e r y of G r a i n ( O c t o b e r 5 , 4 8 6 BCE) - P. Loeb 1 2 9 6 C5 A D e l i v e r y of W i n e ( J a n u a r y 12, 3 0 3 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 3 5 6 8 2 9 8 C6 I n s t r u c t i o n s R e g a r d i n g P a y m e n t ( M a y 16, 2 9 8 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 5 5 2 0 3 0 0 l b . T h e P a u d j a e m t o u e s L e t t e r s [C7-10] ( 2 3 0 - 2 2 9 BCE) 3 0 1 C7 T h e R e m o v a l of G r a i n ( S e p t e m b e r 13, 2 3 0 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 3 6 1 9 3 0 2 C8 L e t t e r f r o m a M a n in D e t e n t i o n ( N o v e m b e r 9, 2 2 9 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 5 5 1 6 3 0 4 C9 L e t t e r of E x p l a n a t i o n ( N o v e m b e r 18, 2 2 9 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 5 5 1 9 3 0 6 C10 R e p o r t of M i s f o r t u n e s ( D e c e m b e r 2 2 , 2 2 9 BCE) - P. Berlin 13579 3 0 8 l c . T h e E s k h n u m p e m e t II P a p e r s [ C l l - 1 4 ] ( 2 1 9 - 2 0 5 BCE) 3 1 0 C l l P a y m e n t for Lesonis A p p o i n t m e n t ( A u g u s t 1 1 , 2 1 9 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 3 5 4 3 3 1 1

C12 C o l l e c t i o n o f T a x e s (April 2 , 2 1 6 o r M a r c h 2 9 , 199 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 5 5 2 2 3 1 3 C13 R e c a l l of P r i e s t F r o m A l e x a n d r i a ( A u g u s t 10, 2 1 6 BCE) -P. Berlin 13565 3 1 5 C14 D e l i v e r y of S o m e M o n e y ( N o v e m b e r 9 , 2 0 5 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 5 5 2 1 3 1 7 C15 A d m o n i t i o n F r o m a P i o u s M a n ( A p r i l 2 3 , 187 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 5 5 2 7 3 1 9 C16 C a u s i n g Strife a n d C h o o s i n g a W i f e ( P t o l e m a i c ) - / ' . Berlin 13538 3 2 1 C17 A d v i s i n g C o n c i l i a t i o n ( P t o l e m a i c ) - / ' . Berlin 1 3 5 4 4 3 2 4 C18 F e e d i n g t h e S a c r e d F a l c o n s ( P t o l e m a i c ) - P. Berlin 13547 3 2 6 C19 D e n i a l of R e c e i p t of M o n e y ( P t o l e m a i c ) - P. Berlin 1 3 5 8 7 3 2 7 C20 C o m p l a i n t re C o n s u l t a t i o n of a n O r a c l e ( P t o l e m a i c ) - / ' . Berlin 1 5 6 0 7 3 2 9 C21 P r o m i s e to P a y ( P t o l e m a i c ) - / ' . Berlin 15609 3 3 0 C22 D e l i v e r y of C e r e a l s ( P t o l e m a i c ) - / ' . Padua 3 3 1 C23 R e p o r t o n t h e C o m p l e t i o n of W o r k ( M a r c h 1 1 , 1 1 CE) - P. Berlin 1 5 5 1 8 3 3 4 2. R e p o r t [C24] 3 3 6 C24 R e p o r t o n a S t r i k e of Q u a r r y m e n ( 5 5 8 / 5 5 7 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 3 6 1 6 3 3 6 3. D i v i n e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s [C25-26] 3 3 8 - 3 4 5 C25 O r a c l e Q u e s t i o n ( P t o l e m a i c ) - P. Berlin 13584 3 3 8 C26 M e s s a g e f r o m a D e i t y ( P t o l e m a i c ) - P. Dodgson 3 3 9 4. C o n t r a c t s [C27-34] ( 5 3 7 - 2 BCE) 3 4 6 - 3 7 3 C27 M a t r i m o n i a l P r o p e r t y A r r a n g e m e n t s ( 5 3 7 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 3 6 1 4 3 4 6 C28 B e q u e s t of S t i p e n d s to D a u g h t e r ( N o v 2 4 - D e c 2 3 , 5 1 0 BCE) - P. Wien D 1 0 1 5 0 3 4 8 C29 E x c h a n g e of S t i p e n d s b e t w e e n P r i e s t s ( J a n 15-Feb 13, 4 6 0 ) - P. Wien D 1 0 1 5 1 3 5 1 C30 T r a n s f e r of S t i p e n d s ( M a y 1 7 - J u n e 1 5 , 3 4 9 BCE) - P. Moscow 135 3 5 6 C31 W i t h d r a w a l after L a w s u i t ( O c t . 2 3 - N o v . 2 1 , 2 4 5 BCE) - P. Berlin 1 3 5 5 4 3 6 0 C32 T a x - F a r m i n g J o i n t V e n t u r e (July 1 8 - A u g 16, 2 3 6 ) - P. Berlin 1 3 5 3 5 + 2 3 6 7 7 3 6 3 C33 M a t r i m o n i a l P r o p e r t y A r r a n g e m e n t s ( O c t 12-Nov 10, 198) - P. Berlin 1 3 5 9 3 3 6 6

C34 T r a n s f e r of H o u s e - S h a r e s ( F e b r u a r y 2 2 , 2 BCE) - P. Berlin 13534 3 7 1

5. R e c e i p t a n d L i s t s [C35-37] 3 7 4 - 3 7 7 C35 R e c e i p t for M y r r h (July 2 1 - A u g u s t 19, 4 8 7 BCE) - P. Berlin 13582 3 7 4

C36 List of N a m e s a n d C o n t r i b u t i o n s ( P t o l e m a i c ) - P. Berlin 1 3 5 4 1 3 7 6

C37 List of N a m e s ( P t o l e m a i c ) - P. Berlin 15774 3 7 7

P r o s o p o g r a p h y 3 7 8 I V G R E E K T E X T S [ D l - 5 2 ] - J. J o e l F a r b e r 3 8 6 - 5 6 8

1. P t o l e m a i c [ D l - 1 0 ] ( 3 1 0 - 1 3 6 BCE) 4 0 7 - 4 2 5

D l E l e g i a c D r i n k i n g S o n g ( e n d of 4t h c e n t u r y BCE) - BKT V . 2 6 2 4 0 7

D 2 M a t r i m o n i a l A r r a n g e m e n t s ( A u g u s t / S e p t e m b e r , 3 1 0 BCE) - P. Eleph. 1 4 0 8

D 3 W i l l ( J u n e 2 9 - J u l y 2 8 , 2 8 4 BCE) - P. Eleph. 2 4 1 2 D 4 A p p o i n t m e n t of a G u a r d i a n (July 2 1 , 2 8 3 BCE) - P. Eleph. A 4 1 4

D5 A p p o i n t m e n t of a G u a r d i a n ( F e b r u a r y 14, 2 8 2 BCE) - P. Eleph. 3 4 1 6 D 6 A c c o u n t i n g of a n I n h e r i t a n c e ( M a r c h 2 3 , 2 8 1 BCE) - P. Eleph. 5 4 1 7

D7 M i l i t a r y D e s p a t c h (first half o f 3rd c e n t u r y BCE)) - SB 1 5 1 1 1 4 1 9

D8 P e t i t i o n ( F e b r u a r y 2 4 - M a r c h 2 4 , 137 BCE) - BGU V I 1247 4 2 0 D 9 R e p o r t o n t h e D e l i v e r y of a S u m m o n s ( D e c e m b e r 2 9 , 137 BCE) - BGU V I 1 2 4 8 4 2 2

D 1 0 S e t t l e m e n t ( J a n u a r y 4 , 136 BCE) - BGU V I 1249 4 2 4

2. R o m a n [ D l l - 1 7 ] 4 2 6 - 4 3 7 D l 1 Sale of a S l a v e ( 1 6 / 1 5 BCE) - P. Stras. 1 7 9 4 2 6

D 1 2 T a x R e c e i p t ( S e p t e m b e r 8, 8 8 CE) - BGU X I V 2 3 7 8 4 2 8 D 1 3 D i s t r i b u t i o n of a n E s t a t e ( J u n e 16, 131 CE) - P. Wise. I 14 4 2 9 D14 P u r c h a s e of R o o m S h a r e s ( 2 5 A p r i l / 1 3 S e p t e m b e r , 153 CE) - P. Paris 17 4 3 1

D15 V e r i f i c a t i o n (after 1 6 0 C E ) - SB V I 9 2 2 7 + 9 2 2 8 4 3 4

D16 L e t t e r (late 2nd c e n t u r y CE) - BGU X I V 2 4 1 8 4 3 6

D17 L e t t e r (late 3rd c e n t u r y CE) - SB V I 9 2 3 0 4 3 7

3. B y z a n t i n e [D18-52] ( 3 5 5 - 6 1 3 CE) 4 3 8 - 5 4 9 D18 M a n u m i s s i o n ( J a n u a r y 12, 3 5 5 C E ) - P. Edmonstone 4 3 8

D19 Petition ( 4 2 5 - 4 5 0 CE) - P. Leid.Z 4 4 1 D 2 0 S a l e of R o o m a n d C o u r t y a r d (April 2 6 , 4 9 3 ) - P. Munch. 15+P. Lond. V 1855 4 4 3

D21 S a l e of a C o u r t W i t h E a s e m e n t (after 4 9 3 CE) - P. Munch. 16 4 4 7 D 2 2 S a l e of a H o u s e ( M a r c h 7 - 1 5 , 5 3 0 CE) - P. Lond. V 1722 4 5 1 D23 Gift in C o n t e m p l a t i o n of D e a t h (ca. 5 4 0 CE) - P. Munch. S+P. Lond. V 1 8 5 7 4 5 5

D24 S a l e of a n E a r r i n g ( F e b r u a r y 3 , 5 4 9 C E ) - P. Lond. V 1720.... 4 5 9 D25 S a l e of a S y m p o s i o n (ca. 5 5 0 CE) - P. Lond. V 1734 4 6 1 D 2 6 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t ( J a n u a r y 2 6 - F e b r u a r y 4 , 5 5 6 CE) - P. Lond. V 1719 4 6 4 D27 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t ( M a y 2 6 - J u n e 2 4 , 5 5 7 C E ) - P. Lond. V 1721 4 6 6 D28 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t ( M a r c h 2 7 , 5 7 3 o r 5 5 8 CE) - P. Rein. I I 107 4 6 7 D29 A r b i t r a t i o n of D i s p u t e O v e r L e g a c y ( M a r c h 1 1 , 5 7 4 CE) - P. Munch. 1 4 6 9 D 3 0 A n t i c h r e t i c L o a n ( S e p t e m b e r 7 , 5 7 7 CE) - P. Lond.V 1 7 2 3 4 7 4 D31 E n r o l l m e n t of a N e w R e c r u i t ( M a y - O c t o b e r 6, 5 7 8 CE) - P. Munch, 2 4 7 7 D 3 2 S a l e of H o u s e - S h a r e ( 5 7 8 - 5 8 2 C E ) - P. Lond. V 1 7 2 4 4 8 0 D33 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t ( M a r c h 6, 5 8 0 CE) - P. Munch. 3+P. Lond.V 1725 4 8 4

D34 Sale of B o a t ( 5 8 1 CE) - P. Munch. 4/5 + P. Lond. V 1 7 2 6 4 8 6 D35 R e s o l u t i o n of L e g a c y D i s p u t e ( J u n e 7 ? , 5 8 3 ) - P. Munch. 6+P. Lond. V 1 8 4 9 4 9 1

D36 S e t t l e m e n t o f L e g a c y D i s p u t e ( J u n e 2 3 , 5 8 3 ) - P. Munch. 1+P. Lond.V 1 8 6 0 4 9 5 D37 Gift of S h a r e in C o n t e m p l a t i o n of D e a t h ( M a r c h 12, 5 8 4 CE) - P. Lond. V 1729 5 0 0

D38 W i l l ( A u g u s t 13, 5 8 3 - A u g u s t 12, 5 8 4 CE) - P. Lond. V 1727 5 0 3 D39 R e s o l u t i o n of D i s p u t e O v e r L e g a c y ( M a r c h 8, 5 8 5 CE) - P. Lond. V 1728 5 0 6

D40 S a l e of H o u s e S h a r e s ( M a y 3 0 , 5 8 5 ) - P. Munch. 9+P. Lond. V 1734 ( p r o t o c o l ) 5 0 8

D41 T r a n s f e r of H o u s e - S h a r e ( A u g u s t 2 2 , 5 8 5 CE) - P. Lond.V 1 7 3 0 5 1 3 D 4 2 R e s o l u t i o n o f D i s p u t e O v e r P a y m e n t ( S e p t e m b e r 2 0 , 5 8 5 C E ) - P. Lond.V 1731 ....515

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S I X L I S T O F P L A T E S P L A T E 1. A r a m a i c D o c u m e n t of W i f e h o o d (TAD B 2 . 6 [B28]) P L A T E 2 . A r a m a i c D o c u m e n t of W i f e h o o d (TAD B 3 . 3 [B36]) P L A T E 3 . A r a m a i c L o a n D o c u m e n t (TAD B 4 . 2 [B48]) P L A T E 4 . D e m o t i c O r a c l e (P. Dodgson [C26] P L A T E 5. D e m o t i c M a t r i m o n i a l A r r a n g e m e n t s (P. Berlin 1 3 6 1 4 [C27]) D 4 3 T r a n s f e r of S h a r e of N o t e s ( J a n u a r y 2 8 , 5 8 6 C E ) - P. Munch. 10 5 1 8 D 4 4 S u r e t y B o n d ( A u g u s t 16, 5 8 6 o r 6 0 1 C E ) - P. Lond.V 1 7 3 2 5 2 0 D45 S a l e of H o u s e - S h a r e ( O c t o b e r 7, 5 8 6 CE) - P. Munch. 11 5 2 2 D 4 6 S a l e of H o u s e - S h a r e ( A u g u s t 13, 5 9 0 - A u g u s t 12, 5 9 1 CE) - P. Munch. 12 5 2 6 D 4 7 S a l e of H a l f - S h a r e of a C o u r t y a r d ( J a n u a r y 18, 5 9 4 CE) - P. Munch. 13 5 3 0 D 4 8 A r b i t r a t i o n o f D i s p u t e o v e r L e g a c y ( F e b r u a r y 1 5 , 5 9 4 CE) - P. Munch. 14 5 3 5 D 4 9 S a l e of H o u s e - S h a r e s ( M a r c h 6, 5 9 4 C E ) - P. Lond. V 1 7 3 3 5 4 0 D 5 0 S a l e of H o u s e - S h a r e (late 6t h c e n t u r y CE) - P. Lond. V 1 7 3 5 + 1 8 5 1 (frag.) 5 4 4

D51 L o a n o f G o l d ( F e b r u a r y 2 5 , 6 1 1 CE) - P. Lond.V 1 7 3 6 5 4 6 D 5 2 S e c u r e d L o a n o f G o l d ( F e b r u a r y 9 , 6 1 3 C E ) - P. Lond. V 1737 5 4 8 P r o s o p o g r a p h y - J. J o e l F a r b e r a n d A n d r e w W o l p e r t 5 5 0 V C O P T I C T E X T S [ E l - 2 0 ] - L e s l i e S . B . M a c C o u l l a n d S a r a h J. C l a c k s o n 5 6 9 - 6 0 2 I n t r o d u c t i o n s 5 6 9 E l L e t t e r a b o u t a D i s p u t e - ST 181 5 7 5 E2 D o c u m e n t a b o u t a D e b t - British Library O r . 6 9 4 3 ( 1 2 ) 5 7 7 E3 A c k n o w l e d g m e n t o f D e b t S e t t l e m e n t - ST 96 5 7 9 E4 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t - KSB1025 5 8 1 E5 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t (April 4 ) - KSB 1 0 2 4 5 8 2 E6 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t (July 2 9 , 2nd indiction) - KSB 1 0 2 6 5 8 3 E7 L o a n ( S e p t e m b e r 17, 5t h i n d i c t i o n ) - KSB I 0 2 8 5 8 4 E8 R e p a y m e n t a n d D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t ( M a y 2 5 , 1 0t h i n d i c t i o n ) - KSB 1 0 3 0 5 8 5 E9 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t ( F e b r u a r y 2 5 , 1 1t h i n d i c t i o n ) - KSB 1 0 2 7 5 8 7 E10 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t ( S e p t e m b e r 3 0 , 1 5t h indiction) - KSB 1 0 3 5 5 8 8 E l 1 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t - KSB 1 0 3 1 5 9 0 E12 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t - KSB 1 0 3 2 5 9 1 E13 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t - KSB 1 0 2 9 5 9 2 E14 L o a n - £ 5 5 1 0 3 4 5 9 3 E15 L o a n - KSB 1 2 3 5 5 9 4 E16 L o a n - K S B 1 0 3 3 5 9 5 E17 D e b t A c k n o w l e d g m e n t - ST 91 5 9 6 E18 T w o F r a g m e n t a r y O r d e r s (?) - C a i r o E g y p t i a n M u s e u m J. 6 8 6 7 8 5 9 8 E19 A p p r e n t i c e s h i p C o n t r a c t - VC 19 6 0 0 E20 F r a g m e n t of a n A c c o u n t of P a y m e n t s - Hall p . 8 8 N o . 5 6 0 1 V I A R A B I C T E X T S [Fl-2] - S i m o n H o p k i n s 6 0 3 - 6 0 7 F l L a n d - T a x A g r e e m e n t ( A u g u s t 1 0 - S e p t e m b e r 7 , 8 8 3 CE) - P. Hamburg A . P . 5 6 0 3

F2 N u p t i a l Gift A g r e e m e n t ( 7 / 8 J a n u a r y , 9 4 8 CE) - P. Or. Inst. 1 0 5 5 2 r e c t o 6 0 5

V I I L A T I N T E X T S [ G l - 2 ] - R a n o n Katzoff 6 0 8 - 6 0 9 G l List o f S o l d i e r s a n d L e t t e r ( s e c o n d half of 3rd c e n t u r y CE) - Ch.L.A. X I 4 8 1 6 0 8

G2 List of S o l d i e r s ( s e c o n d half of 3rd c e n t u r y CE) - Ch.LA. X I 4 8 2 6 0 9

P L A T E 6. G r e e k M a t r i m o n i a l A r r a n g e m e n t s (P. Eleph. 1 [D2]) P L A T E 7. G r e e k W i l l (P. Eleph. 2 [D3]) P L A T E 8. G r e e k M i l i t a r y D e s p a t c h ( 5 5 1 5 1 1 1 [D7]) P L A T E 9. G r e e k M a n u m i s s i o n (P. Edmonstone [D18]) P L A T E 10. G r e e k A r b i t r a t i o n (P. Munch. 1 [D29]) P L A T E 1 1 . A r a b i c N u p t i a l A g r e e m e n t (P. Or. Inst. 10552r [F2])

Errata

A 2, note 6, line nine: Instead of "see note 32", read "see note 3".

A 2, note 36, line four: Instead of"Hwi-biqf\ read "Hwi-biqt".

A 2, note 4 3 , line three: Instead of "see note 32", read "see note 3".

A 2, note 57, line one: Instead of "see note 32", read "see note 3".

A 4, publication section, line three: Instead of "12994", read "1994".

A 5, note 38, line one: Instead of "diiw", read "dsiw".

A 5, note 57, line two: Instead of "«#rw", read "ntrw".

A 5, translation of Charge XVI, lines two to three: Instead of "Penanuq[et] [ . . . ]

every

c h a r g e

which will be uttered [in order to p r e v e n t ( ? ) ] .

" , read "Penanuq[et] [in order to

p r e v e n t ( ? ) ]

every c h a r g e

which will be uttered [.. . ] .

"

A 6, note 15, line one: Instead of "yi PaaiXucr]", read "YTJ PaaiX.ua]".

A 9, note 44, line one: Instead of "whs ", read "whl ".

FORWARD

The twin forts, mainland Syene and the island of Elephantine, were a triple border —

geological, ethnic, and political. Aswan is the region of the first cataract, a home to

Nubians, and a springboard for commercial and military expeditions into the south,

in ancient as in modern times. Prized all over Egypt for its red granite that went into

making statues, sarcophagi, and building blocks, the quarry on the east bank is noted

for the 41.75 m, 1168 ton Unfinished Obelisk

while the cliffs on the west bank

display the Tombs of the Nobles, St Simeon's Monastery, and the contemporary

Mausoleum of the Aga Khan. Among the significant finds on the island are the

Twelfth Dynasty shrine of the divinized Hekaib, a Sixth Dynasty nomarch, the

standing pillars of Alexander II in the Temple of Khnum, the Greco-Roman

Khnum-eum with its gilded rams, and the Roman period Nilometer. At the time that the fore­

runner of the present High Dam was being built and improved (1891-1902, 1907-12,

1928-34), dealers and scholars were discovering on the ancient mounds hundreds of

papyri and ostraca in a half-dozen scripts and tongues — hieratic, demotic, Aramaic,

Greek, Latin, Coptic, and Arabic.

The Aramaic documents told of the existence of a

Jewish Temple in the fifth century B C E , but its site has yet to be discovered.

This book brings together 175 of these documents, spanning three thousand years.

Most of them are presented here in English translation for the first time. Each

document is descriptively titled for quick reference. It is headed by a tabular listing

of its vital statistics (date, size, parties, objects), introduced by a brief analytical

abstract of its contents and significance, and liberally annotated with philological,

legal or epistological, and general comments, and numerous cross-references. Our

translations take their cue from the ancient legal scribe, who composed his document

using fixed formulae and technical terms that lay ready to hand. Thus, we have

employed a literal, word-for-word translation, rendering each legal or technical term

the same way each time it occurs. To aid the modern reader we introduce a system of

paragraphing with descriptive marginal captions for each clause or topical section at

the same time that we apply superscript numeration of the lines in order to facilitate

reference to the original. Unlike other anthologies of multi-lingual ancient texts,

where the editor serves only as collector, I have played an active role in translating

most of the documents, heavily edited several successive drafts, and worked to

maintain uniformity of style and consistency of translation and annotation through­

out the entire collection. The sensitive reader is thus able to trace continuity and

change in cultural patterns across three millennia.

Just as the publication of the Aramaic Mibtahiah archive, acquired on the

antiquities market in 1904 and published in large format in 1906, was the stimulus

1 R. Engelbach, The Aswan Obelisk (Cairo, 1922)

1 Convenient summaries are L. Habachi and H. Riad, Aswan (Cairo, 1959); J. Kamil, Upper Egypt (London,

for the German and French expeditions of 1906-1909, so my work on the Aramaic

Archives from Elephantine, published in 1968, was the stimulus for this present col­

lection. I assiduously collated every Aramaic text and in conjunction with the

palaeographer Ada Yardeni have issued three (out of four) volumes of Textbook of

Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt (1986, 1989, 1993), with Hebrew and

English translation. Her keen eye has yielded many improved readings which her

sure hand has validated in full-size copy. This edition serves as the basis for the

Aramaic texts included here and the method of translation (literal, literate, and

literary) and annotation employed there has been extended to all the other text groups

in this collection.

At the same time that I was preparing the Aramaic Textbook I was meeting

annually with the late George R. Hughes of the Oriental Institute, University of

Chicago, to translate and annotate the demotic texts. After completing twenty-five

documents, I fortuitously met Cary Martin, a demotist trained at the University of

London. He reworked all the translations, expanded the commentary, added twelve

more documents, prepared a prosopography, and wrote an introduction.

We

corresponded extensively and met together briefly during my annual trips abroad. I

painstakingly read and edited several successive drafts.

The most intimate collaboration took place with J. Joel Farber, now emeritus at

Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. This, too, was a fortuitous

nexus. It began in 1980 with Farber drawing up draft translations and commentary of

the Greek texts and my editing. We then met annually for a week or so at a time, for

a month each in 1989 and 1991, and for the fall of 1993, when we jointly wrote the

introduction to the Greek texts. Scrupulous care was taken throughout to translate

each legal phrase the same way each time and to cross-reference all occurrences.

Followed up by collation of the texts in the British Museum in October, 1986 and

1987, this approach yielded the unexpected redating of five documents and the

relocation of an important fragment.

Most significantly, the mutual stimulation

generated by our close collaboration was ample warrant for a procedure that brought

together two specialists from distinct but related fields. We have been additionally

fortunate in obtaining helpful comments from numerous colleagues, particularly

Diana Delia, James Keenan, Joseph Meleze Modrzejewski, John Oates, William

Willis, and especially the late John Shelton, who reviewed the whole Greek section

and whose many observations are recorded ad locum. The prosopography was

prepared with the able assistance of Farber's student Andrew Wolpert.

The Fourth International Congress of Demotists that met at the Oriental Institute,

University of Chicago in September, 1990 was an occasion for organizing a special

session on late antiquity to clarify many of the questions that arose in conjunction

with the Patermouthis archive. While Farber spoke on family disputes, Genevieve

Husson lectured on houses, James G. Keenan on the army, and Leslie S.B. MacCoull

on Christianity.

To expand the linguistic horizon of our anthology, we made

excep-3 P. Berlin 15520 (C6), 13619 (CI), 15516 (C8), 15519 (C9), 13543 ( C l l ) , 13587 (C19), 15609 (C21); P. Padua (C22); P. Dodgson (C26); P. Moscow 135 (C30); P. Berlin 13541 (C36), 15774 (C37).

4 J.J. Farber and B. Porten, BASP 23 (1986), 81-98. 5 Essays published in BASP 21 (1990), 111-162.

FORWARD

xiii

tion to our concentration on papyri and asked MacCoull for a translation and com­

mentary of the published Coptic ostraca. These, too, went through several drafts and

a joint introduction was written together with Farber. The translation was further edi­

ted, with MacCoull's agreement, by Sarah J. Clackson of Cambridge. She added

three papyri,

associated with the Greek Patermouthis archive, and four ostraca.

While documents in all the above language groups appeared together in archives

or in museum collections, hieratic papyri from Elephnatine were never considered a

self-contained or homogeneous collection. Nonetheless, they extend the chrono­

logical horizon by some fifteen hundred years and so their inclusion was greatly to

be desired. But it was not easy to find, on such short notice, a scholar capable and

willing to undertake the task. Christopher Eyre of the University of Liverpool kindly

supplied me with a list of documents and Gunter Vittmann of the University of

Wiirzburg did the translation and commentary in record time.

At the last minute, certain Arabic and Latin documents from Elephantine/Syene

came to my attention. The former were translated by Simon Hopkins and the latter

were treated by Ranon Katzoff. My student Yun, Sungduk prepared the Aramaic

prosopography.

The final task of editing was mine. This meant adding cross-references from one

document group to another and writing an overall introduction that sought to high­

light features of continuity and change.

Working intensely and individually with five different collaborators over extended

periods of time has convinced me of the benefits to be gained from joint labor and

extensive consultation. We are most grateful to Dr. F.Th. Dijkema of E.J. Brill

Publishing House who saw right away what was not obvious to many others — that

three millennia of Elephantine is a significant cultural phenomenon worthy of

inclusion in a single volume. It was through the admirable computer skill of Mrs.

Ronit Nikolsky that the documents spanning this long period were united and

formatted into camera-ready copy. Communication with Brill during this period was

handled most proficiently via e-mail through Patricia Radder, Editorial Assistant for

Ancient Near Eastern and Asian Studies. Special commendation is due my

student-typists, especially Julie Lieb and Randal Slavens who labored so assiduously and

aimed so conscientiously at the goal of zero typos. I hope we all succeeded. Finally,

appreciation is expressed to various bodies who over the years extended financial

assistance — research funds from Franklin and Marshall College and the Hebrew

University, the Federman Fund of the Hebrew University, and the Institute for the

Study of Aramaic Papyri.

Bezalel Porten

Jerusalem

V'rcm ,3X3 i"» 15 Ab, 5756 that is July 31, 1996

6 ST 181 (El), 96 (E3), Br. Library Or. 6943(12) (E2)

7 ST 91 (E17), Egyptian Museum Cairo J. 68678 published by R. Englebach 38 (1938), 47-51 (E18), VC 19

B G U V I = W . S c h u b a r t a n d E. K i i h n , Papyri und Ostraka der Ptolemderzeit (Berlin, 1922). B G U X I V = W . M . B r a s h e a r , Ptolemdische Urkunden aus Mumienkartonage (Berlin, 1980). B K O E = F . H i n t z e , " B e r l i n e r k o p t i s c h e O s t r a k a aus E l e p h a n t i n e , " ZAS 104 ( 1 9 7 7 ) , 9 7 - 1 1 2 .

B K T V = Berliner Klassikertexte, V . W . S c h u b a r t a n d U . v o n W i l a m o w i t z - M o e l l e n d o r f f , e d s . ,

Griechische Dichterfragmente (Berlin, 1907).

C h . L . A . = A . B r u c k n e r a n d R. M a r i c h a l , e d s . , Chartae Latinae Antquiores X I ( D i e t i k o n - Z u r i c h , 1979).

S.J. C l a c k s o n , " F o u r C o p t i c P a p y r i f r o m t h e P a t e r m o u t h i s A r c h i v e in t h e B r i t i s h L i b r a r y , " BASP 3 2 ( 1 9 9 5 ) , 9 7 - 1 1 6 .

R. E n g e l b a c h , " A C o p t i c O s t r a k o n M e n t i o n i n g I e b ( E l e p h a n t i n e ) , " ASAE 38 ( 1 9 3 8 ) , 4 7 - 5 1

KSB I = M . R . M . H a s i t z k a ed., Koptisches Sammelbuch I ( M P E R n. F . 2 3 ; V i e n n a , 1993).

P . H a m b u r g = A . D i e t r i c h , Arabischer Papyri aus der Hamburger Staats- und

Universitdts-Bibliothek ( L e i p z i g , 1 9 3 7 ) , N o . 14.

P . L e i d . Z = D . F e i s s e l a n d K. W o r p , " L a r e q u e t e d ' A p p i o n , e v e q u e d e S y e n e , a T h e o d o s e II: P . L e i d . Z r e v i s e , " OMRO 6 8 ( 1 9 8 8 ) , 9 7 - 1 0 8 .

P . L o n d . V = H.I. B e l l , Greek Papyri in the British Museum V ( L o n d o n , 1917).

P . M u n c h . = A . H e i s e n b e r g a n d L. W e n g e r , Byzantinische Papyri der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek

Miinchen, 2n d e d i t i o n b y D i e t e r H a g e d o r n ( S t u t t g a r t , 1 9 8 6 . T h e o r i g i n a l , 1 9 1 4 e d i t i o n is

d e s i g n a t e d P . Monac.)

P. Or. Inst. = N . A b b o t t , " A r a b i c M a r r i a g e C o n t r a c t s a m o n g C o p t s , " ZDMG 9 5 ( 1 9 4 1 ) , 5 9 - 7 7 .

P . P a r i s = J . A . L e t r o n n e , W . B r u n e t d e P r e s l e , a n d E. E g g e r , Notices et textes des papyrus du

Musee du Louvre et de la Bibliotheque Imperiale (Paris, 1865).

P. R e i n . II 107 = P a u l Collart, " L e s P a p y r u s T h e o d o r e R e i n a c h , T o m e I I , " BIFAO 3 9 ( 1 9 4 0 ) , 6 8 - 6 9 . P . S t r a s . I = F . P r e i s i g k e , Griechische Papyrus der kaiserlichen Universitdts- und

Landesbibliothek zu Strassburg, I ( L e i p z i g , 1912).

P . W i s e . I = P . J. S i j p e s t s i j n , The Wisconsin Papyri I ( L e i d e n , 1967) = Papyrologica

Lugduno-Batava X V I .

S B = Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Aegypten. I n p r o g r e s s since 1 9 1 3 . S T = W . E . C r u m , Short Texts from Coptic Ostraca and Papyri (Oxford, 1921).

TAD = B . P o r t e n a n d A . Y a r d e n i , Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt.

( J e r u s a l e m ) , 1986 ( = TAD A ) ; 1989 (= TAD B ) ; 1993 ( = TAD C ) . V C = W . E . C r u m , Varia Coptica ( A b e r d e e n , 1939), N o . 19.

ABBREVIATIONS

AfP = Archiv fiir Papyrusforschung

AgAbh - Agyptologische Abhandlungen W i e s b a d e n )

AION = Annali dell'Istituto Universitario Orientate di Napoli AJT = The American Journal of Theology

Anc. Soc. = Ancient Society ( L e u v e n ) ArOr = Archiv Orientdlni

ASAE = Annates du Service des Antiquites de I'Egypte (Cairo)

AV = D e u t s c h e s A r c h a o l o g i s c h e s I n s t i t u t , A b t e i l u n g K a i r o , Archdologische Veroffentlichungen

( M a i n z )

BA = Biblical Archaeologist

Bal. = P . E . K a h l e , Bala'izah. Coptic texts from Deir el-Bala'izah in Upper Egypt ( 2 v o l s ,

L o n d o n , 1954)

BASOR = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BASP = Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists BdE = Bibliotheque d'Etude ( C a i r o )

BIFAO = Bulletin de I'Institut Franqais d'Archeologie Orientate ( C a i r o )

BM = W . E . C r u m , Catalogue of the Coptic Manuscripts in the British Museum ( L o n d o n , 1905) BO = Bibliotheca Orientalis ( L e i d e n )

BSEG = Bulletin de la Societe d' Egyptologie Geneve ( G e n e v a )

CAH V I I / 1 = The Cambridge Ancient History, V I I / 1 , ed. F . W . W a l b a n k e.a. ( C a m b r i d g e , 1984) CdE - Chronique d'Egypte ( B r u s s e l s )

J. C e r n y , CED = J. C e r n y , Coptic Etymological Dictionary ( C a m b r i d g e , 1976)

C H = C o d e of H a m m u r a b i . G.R. D r i v e r a n d J . C . M i l e s , The Babylonian Laws ( O x f o r d , 1 9 5 2 - 1 9 5 5 )

CKA = S. T i m m , Das christlich-koptische Agypten in arabischer Zeit. Eine Sammlung christ-licher Stdtten in Agypten in arabischer Zeit unter Ausschlufi von Alexandria, Kairo, des Apa-Mena-Klosters (Der Abu Mina), der Sketis (Wadi n-Natrun) und der Sinai-Region. 6

vols. ( W i e s b a d e n , 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 9 2 )

CIS = Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum

W . C l a r y s s e , Pros. Ptol. IX = W . C l a r y s s e , Prosopographia Ptolemaica I X ( L e u v e n , 1 9 8 1 ) =

Studia Hellenistica 2 5

CPR V I I = H . Z i l l i a c u s , J. F r o s e n , P . H o h t i , J. K a i m i o , M . K a i m i o e d s . , Griechische Texte I V ,

( V i e n n a , 1979)

C r u m C D = C r u m , W . E . , A Coptic Dictionary (Oxford, 1939)

Demot. Nb. = Demotisches Namenbuch, ed. E. L u d d e c k e n s et al. ( W i e s b a d e n , 1980-) Diet. = A . B e r g e r , Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law ( P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1953)

W . E r i c h s e n , Glossar = W . E r i c h s e n , Demotisches Glossar ( C o p e n h a g e n , 1954)

FIRA III = Pontes luris Romani Antejustiniani, p a r s tertia, Negotia, ed. V . A r a n g i o - R u i z ( 2n d ed.;

F l o r e n c e 1 9 4 3 . R e p r i n t e d F l o r e n c e , 1969)

A . G a r d i n e r , Grammar = A . H . G a r d i n e r , Egyptian Grammar, 3rd edition ( O x f o r d , 1957)

GM = Gottinger Miszellen. Beitrage zur dgyptologischen Diskussion ( G o t t i n g e n )

G. H u s s o n , OIKIA = G. H u s s o n , OIKIA, Le vocabulaire de las maison privee en Egypte d'apres

G. H u s s o n , " H o u s e s " = G. H u s s o n , " H o u s e s in S y e n e in t h e P a t e r m o u t h i s A r c h i v e , " BASP 21 ( 1 9 9 0 ) , 1 2 3 - 1 3 6

H a l l = H . R . H a l l , Coptic and Greek Texts of the Christian Period from Ostraca, Stelae etc in

the British Museum ( L o n d o n , 1905)

Heuser, P N = G . H e u s e r , Die Personennamen der Kopten. I Untersuchungen ( S t u d i e n z u r

E p i g r a p h i k u n d P a p y r u s k u n d e 1.2. L e i p z i g , 1929)

HSCP = Harvard Studies in Comparative Philology ( B o s t o n )

H . - W . = A . H e i s e n b e r g a n d L . W e n g e r , Byzantinische Papyri der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek

Munchen ( L e i p z i g , 1914)

ILR = Israel Law Review (Jerusalem) IOS = Israel Oriental Studies

J AOS = Journal of the American Oriental Society

JARCE = Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt ( N e w Y o r k ) JEA = Journal of Egyptian Archaeology ( L o n d o n )

JESHO = Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient ( L e i d e n ) JJP = Journal of Juristic Papyrology

JNES = Journal of Near Eastern Studies ( C h i c a g o ) JRAS = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society ( L o n d o n ) JRS = Journal of Roman Studies

J S = J o h n S h e l t o n in a p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n to t h e editor

JSSEA = Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities ( T o r o n t o )

KAI = H . D o n n e r a n d W . R o l l i g , Kanaandische und aramdische Inschriften ( W i e s b a d e n , 1968) LA = W . H e l c k a n d E. O t t o , Lexicon der Agyptologie ( W i e s b a d e n , 1975-)

Late Ramesside Letters = see b i b l i o g r a p h y for A 7 (J. C e r n y ; E . F . W e n t e )

L E = L a w s of E s h n u n a .

LGRE = R. T a u b e n s c h l a g , The Law of Greco-Roman Egypt in the Light of the Papyri, ( 2n d ed.;

W a r s a w , 1955)

LRE = A . H . M . J o n e s , The Later Roman Empire, 284-602 ( N o r m a n , 1964)

L S J = H . G . L i d d e l l , R. Scott, and H . S . J o n e s , A Greek-English Lexicon ( 9t h e d i t i o n ; O x f o r d , 1 9 4 0 ) ,

w i t h Supplement b y E . A . B a r k e r (Oxford, 1968)

M a c C o u l l = L . S . B . M a c C o u l l , " C h r i s t i a n i t y at S y e n e / E l e p h a n t i n e / P h i l a e , " BASP 2 7 ( 1 9 9 0 ) 1 5 1 - 1 6 2

MAI = Memoires presentes par divers savants a VAcademie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

M A L = M i d d l e A s s y r i a n L a w s . G.R. D r i v e r a n d J . C . M i l e s , The Assyrian Laws (Oxford, 1935)

MAS = Munchner Agyptologische Studien ( M u n i c h - B e r l i n )

M a s p e r o , Org. = J. M a s p e r o , Organisation militaire de I'Egypte byzantine (Paris, 1912)

MD(A)IK = Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts Kairo ( M a i n z )

M i t t e i s , Chrest. = L . M i t t e i s a n d U . W i l c k e n , Grundzilge und Chrestomathie de Papyruskunde II, 2 ( L e i d e n , 1912)

OBO = Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis ( F r e i b u r g [Switzerland] - G o t t i n g e n ) OLA = Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta ( L o u v a i n )

OLP = Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica ( L o u v a i n )

OMH = E. S t e f a n s k i and M . L i c h t h e i m , Coptic Ostraca from Medinet Habu ( U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o

O r i e n t a l I n s t i t u t e p u b l i c a t i o n 7 1 ; C h i c a g o , 1952)

OMRO = Oudheidkondige Mededelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden ( L e i d e n ) O. Wilck. = U . W i l c k e n , Griechische Ostraka aus Aegypten und Nubien (2 v o l s . ; L e i p z i g / B e r l i n ,

1899)

P e s t m a n = P . W . P e s t m a n , The New Papyrological Primer ( 2n d ed; L e i d e n , 1994)

P. Flor. X I X = M . C a p a s s o , G. M e s s e r i , R. P i n t a u d i e d s , Miscellanea papyrologica in occasione del bicentenario dell'edizione della Charta Borgiana ( F l o r e n c e , 1990)

ABBREVIATIONS

xvii

P r e i s i g k e , WB - F . P r e i s i g k e a n d E . K i e s s l i n g , Worterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden (Berlin, 1 9 2 5 - 1 9 3 1 ) , in p r o g r e s s + t w o s u p p l e m e n t s

PSBA = Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology

P. Sta. Xyla = B . G . M a n d i l a r a s , P. Sta. Xyla. The Byzantine papyri of the Greek Papyrological Society vol. 1 ( A t h e n s , 1993)

H . R a n k e , Personennamen = H . R a n k e , Die dgyptischen Personennamen, t h r e e v o l u m e s (Gliick-stadt, 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 7 7 )

RB = Revue Biblique

RdE = Revue d'Egyptologie (Paris) REG = Revue des etudes grecques

RES = Repertoire d'epigraphie semitique (Paris)

RIDA = Revue Internationale des Droits de VAntiquite ( B r u s s e l s ) RS = Revue Semitique.

RSO = Rivista di Studi Orientali ( R o m e )

SAK = Studien zur altdgyptischen Kultur ( H a m b u r g ) SAOC = Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization ( C h i c a g o ) SEL = Studi epigrafici e linguistici

Select Papyri = A. S. H u n t a n d C. C. E d g a r , Select Papyri ( L o n d o n , 1932)

S P B M = H.I. B e l l , " S y e n e P a p y r i in t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m , " Klio 13 ( 1 9 1 3 ) 1 6 0 - 1 7 4

S T 4 3 9 = L . S. B . M a c C o u l l , " F u r t h e r N o t e s o n S T 4 3 9 ( = P. Lond. V . 17r20v)," ZPE 9 6 ( 1 9 9 3 ) ,

2 2 9 - 2 3 4 p l u s p l a t e V I

TSBA = Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology

UPZII = U . W i l c k e n , Urkunden der Ptolemderzeit (dltere Funde), II, Papyri aus Oberdgypten

(Berlin, 1957)

VT = Vetus Testamentum

Wb = A. E r m a n a n d H . G r a p o w , Worterbuch der dgyptischen Sprache (Berlin, 1 9 2 8 - 1 9 6 3 )

Wolff = H . J. Wolff, Das Recht der griechischen Papyri Agyptens ( M u n i c h , 1 9 7 8 ) , II

WZKM = Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes

ZAS = Zeitschrift fiir dgyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (Berlin - L e i p z i g ) ZAW = Zeitschrift fiir die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

K . - T h . Z a u z i c h , Agyptische Handschriften = K . - T h . Z a u z i c h , Agyptische Handschriften, 2 ( W i e s ­ b a d e n , 1971)

K . - T h . Z a u z i c h , DPB I = K . - T h . Z a u z i c h , Demotische Papyri aus den Staatlichen Museen zu Ber­

lin, I, Papyri von der Insel Elephantine (Berlin, 1978)

K . - T h . Z a u z i c h , DPB III = K . - T h . Z a u z i c h , Demotische Papyri aus den Staatlichen Museen zu

Berlin, III, Papyri von der Insel Elephantine (Berlin, 1993) ZPE = Zeitschrift fiir Papyrologie und Epigraphik

{ } = w o r d ( s ) r e d u n d a n t l y w r i t t e n b y t h e s c r i b e

< > = w o r d ( s ) s u p p l i e d b y editor o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h e y w e r e u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y o m i t t e d b y t h e s c r i b e ( ) = r e s o l u t i o n of a s y m b o l o r a b b r e v i a t i o n ; also u s e d for w h o l e E n g l i s h w o r d s s u p p l i e d b y e d i t o r t o

INTRODUCTION

Discovery

The papyrus (sc)roll was in Egypt what the clay tablet was in Mesopotamia — the

main material on which were written matters secular and sacred, mundane and

magnificent, evanescent and everlasting. The papyrus reed continues to grow in the

marshes of the Nile and is manufactured into sheets which are painted with ancient

Egyptian scenes and sold in abundance to eager tourists. In Egypt's dry climate,

papyrus, like the pyramids, seems to last forever. Scavenging the land for ancient

papyrus engaged peasant, dealer, and scholar as vast amounts of material found their

way into the leading museums and libraries of the Middle East, Europe, and the

United States. Though the island of Elephantine, opposite Aswan (ancient Syene),

did not yield the most numerous texts it did yield documents in no less than seven

languages and scripts — hieratic, Aramaic, demotic, Greek, Latin, Coptic, and

Arabic.

For almost 90 years (1815-1904) individual pieces from Elephantine made their

way into the hands of travelers, collectors, dealers, scholars, and museums. Italy was

in the forefront of this process through the vigorous activities of the legendary

Giovanni Battista Belzoni and Bernardino Drovetti. In 1819 some Aramaic letters

and a demotic letter acquired by Belzoni were presented to the Museo Civico di

Padova

and in 1824 three hieratic pieces arrived in Turin as part of the Drovetti Col­

lection.

Their find site is unknown but the first is a charge sheet against the Ele­

phantine Khnum priests and the latter two belong to the Butehamun correspondence

and were probably sent from Elephantine. A third letter belonging to that correspon­

dence was bought in 1817 or 1818 by Frederic Cailliaud for the Bibliotheque

Natio-nale

and in 1821 the library acquired a Greek conveyance document from a traveler

named Casati.

In 1828 the famous merchant and Swedish consul Giovanni Anastasi

acquired, allegedly at Philae but presumably at Elephantine, on behalf of the

Rijks-museum van Oudheden in Leiden, a 5

century Greek petition to Emperor

Theodo-sius.

While these pieces became known, respectively, by the names of the acquiring

1 E. Bresciani, RSO 35 (1960), 11-24 = Padua 1 (TAD A3.3 [B8) - 3 ; E. Bresciani, RSO 37 (1962), 161-165 =

P. Padua (C22).

2 T.E. Peet, JEA 10 (1924), 116-127 = P. Turin 1887 (A5); J. Cerny, Late Ramesside Letters (Brussels,

1939), 2-5, 7-8 = P. Turin 1972-1973 (A7-8).

3 J. Cerny, Late Ramesside Letters, xv = P. Bibliotheque Nationale 196,111 (A9).

4 P. Paris 17(D14).

museums or museum locations (P. Turin, P. Bibliotheque Nationale, P. Paris, P.

Leiden), other pieces remained in the hands of private collectors and carried the

names of their original owners. A Greek manumission document was acquired in

1819 by Sir Archibald Edmonstone and is still in the hands of a private collector.

A

Ramesside hieratic letter from the collection of the Duke of Valencay, now in the

private collection of Jean Morel in the chateau of Fins, parish of Dun le Poelier,

Indre, France, may have been acquired originally by Count Eustache Tyszkiewicz in

1862-63.

In January, 1881 Elkanah Armitage acquired a demotic papyrus on

Elephantine which he presented to Aquila Dodgson.

And so we have P.

Edmonstone, P. Valengay, and P. Dodgson, even though the latter has long since

passed into the hands of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.

The really big finds were made in the last decade of the 1 9

and first decade of the

2 0

century, both by purchase and excavation, and major collections of papyri

and/or ostraca are now in Berlin, Brooklyn, Cairo, London, Munich, and Paris. Each

acquisition is a story unto itself. In the case of Brooklyn, the first turned out to be

last. For the period January 26-February 13, 1903 the American Egyptologist and

collector Charles Edwin Wilbour wrote in his diary "all these pap. from Kom, shown

me by three separate women at different times."

These included a dozen Aramaic

documents from the Anani archive,

but Wilbour died in 1897 and they did not pass

into the hands of the Brooklyn Museum until fifty years later when his daughter

Theodora passed away, and were only published in 1953. Meanwhile, other papyri,

Aramaic and Greek, continued to turn up on the antiquities market, at first singly,

and then as whole archives. The German scholars Reitzenstein and Wilhelm

Spiegel-berg acquired the first identifiable Aramaic papyrus from Elephantine in 1898-99

and presented it to the (now-named) Bibliotheque Nationale et Universitaire of Stras­

bourg.

Shortly thereafter, in January, 1901 the English scholar Archibald Henry

Sayce "rescued," as he put it, from the hands of sebakh diggers an Aramaic papyrus,

broken in three parts, and three Aramaic ostraca

which he donated to the Bodleian

Library in Oxford.

He encouraged the Director General of the Antiquities Service,

Gaston Maspero to excavate on the mound in search for more Aramaic texts and a

brief dig was undertaken in the spring of 1904, resulting in the discovery of Greek

and demotic fragments but no Aramaic material. At the same time, the British

benefactors Lady William Cecil and Mr. (later Sir) Robert Mond acquired from a

dealer in Aswan eleven Aramaic papyri from the Mibtahiah archive. Mond had

intended to present them to the British Museum but was prevailed upon by Howard

Carter, Inspector of Antiquities for Upper Egypt, to give them to the Egyptian

6 R.S. Bagnall and K.A. Worp, BASP 15 (1978), 235 236 = P. Edmonstone (D18).

7 M. Dewachter, "L'egypte dans les collections de l'lndre," Carobrias 4 (Chabris, 1981), 13, 20-21 = P.

Valengay II (A6).

8 F. LI. Griffith, PSBA 31 (1909), 100-101 = P. Dodgson (C26).

9 E.G. Kraeling, The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri (New Haven, 1953), 10

1 0 TAD B3.2-13 ( B 3 5 4 6 ) .

1 1 J. Euting, MAI Series 1,11/2 (1903), 297-311 = TAD A4.5 (B17).

1 2 The Expositor Series 8, 37/2, 97

I N T R O D U C T I O N

₃

Museum in Cairo, which now has nine of these documents.

The tenth was acquired

by the Bodleian.

Their publication in large format in 1906 by Sayce and Arthur

Ernest Cowley

caused a sensation and led to an intensive scholarly search for more

Aramaic papyri. In this race the Germans were the big winners and the French came

away with a consolation prize.

When one speaks of Elephantine papyri, one automatically thinks of the Staatliche

(formerly Koniglichen) Museen zu Berlin since it has the largest collection, with

texts in all of the representative languages. Early, and even later, acquisitions were

made through purchase. One was at Luxor through Abd el-Megid of a bilingual

family archive which included three Greek legal texts

and an important demotic

matrimonial document. In 1896 three hieratic papyri of the Sixth Dynasty were

likewise acquired at L u x o r

and the early 1930's saw the acquisition of a unique

hieratic leather document.

While Sayce had believed that the Cecil-Mond papyri

were discovered at Assuan (as the name was then spelled), Otto Rubensohn of the

Berlin Museum felt that they were found on the island. He won the confidence of the

dealer and sebakh diggers and was led to the true find spot at the western edge of the

mound.

Rubensohn quickly sought and received from Gaston Maspero excavation

rights at the site. The Germans worked at Elephantine for three seasons, two under

the direction of Rubensohn (January 30-March 3, 1906; December 10,

1906-February 22, 1907) and the third under Friedrich Zucker (October 18, 1907-January

2, 1908). On December 29, 1906, the French stepped in and were assigned by

Maspero the eastern side of the mound. They conducted four campaigns, the first two

under the direction of Charles Clermont-Ganneau (four months during the winter of

1906-1907 and five months during the winter of 1907-1908), the third under

Joseph-Etienne Gautier (five months during the winter of 1908-1909), and the fourth under

Jean Cledat (four months in the winter of 1910-1911). Both expeditions kept daily

records and so for the first time there was a scholarly account of excavated Elephan­

tine papyri. The German report was published by Wolfgang Miiller in 1980-82.

The French papers were deposited in the Academic des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

of the Institut de France in Paris and only occasional selections have been pub­

lished.

The daily logs of the German campaigns reported the discovery of papyri and

ostraca, but made no exact record of their locus, so that, with only a few exceptions,

it is not possible to say in what context any particular piece was found. To the credit

of the German scholars is the alacrity with which they published the Aramaic, and

1 4 TAD B2.2-4, 6-11 (B24-26,28-33). 1 5 TAD B2.1 (B23).

1 6 AramaicPapyri Discovered at Assuan (London, 1906).

1 7 BGU VI 1247 = P. Berlin 11307 (D8), 1248 = 11306 (D9), 1249 = 11309 (D10).

1 8 Hieratische Papyrus aus den Koniglichen Museen zu Berlin 3 (Leipzig, 1911) = P. Berlin 8869 (A 1),

9010,10523.

1 9 A.H. Gardiner apud P.C. Smither, JEA 34 (1948), 31-34 = P. Berlin 10470 (A2). 2 0 W. Honroth, O. Rubensohn, F. Zucker, ZAS 46 (1909), 14.

2 1 Forschungen und Berichte 20/21, 22 (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Berlin, 1980,1982), 75-88, 7-50.

some of the Greek, papyri; but most of the demotic, hieratic, and Coptic texts still

(1996) await publication. Demotic papyri were discovered on the very first day of

work and then every day for more than a week thereafter. On February 12, 1906 they

found in a 32 cm tall oval jar in a house on the southwestern edge of the mound five

Greek rolls,

four of which were wrapped in a papyrus on which was written a

drinking s o n g ;

a second find was made on February 18. The first Aramaic papyri

were discovered on New Years day, 1907 in the rubble of a room at the northern

edge of the mound, a half meter beneath the surface. Three pieces,

historically the

most significant of all the Aramaic documents, were published the same year by

Eduard Sachau.

In his final publication of 1911, with full commentary and life-size

plates, he juxtaposed a fourth piece

that undoubtedly belonged to the same subject,

but judging by its acquisition number (P. Berlin 13472) was not found together

with the three original pieces (P. Berlin 13495-13497).

The latter were found

adjacent to the spot where the earlier Mibtahiah family archive had been found, but

where was the former found and why was it separated from its related documents?

On almost every other day during the next two weeks of January, Rubensohn

reported the discovery of Aramaic papyri in the same northern house complex, which

he dubbed the "Aramaic quarter." But only once or twice, when the piece is

distinctive, can we relate the journal entry to a published item. Thus on January 9 he

discovered what turned out to be the only tied and sealed Aramaic document of the

excavation, a loan contract

that we have associated with the Ananiah archive.

Altogether sixty-one inventoried papyri, several hundred fragments, numerous

ostraca and jar inscriptions were uncovered in this second campaign. In 1907 nine

Greek and demotic pieces, including two contained herein,

were transferred to the

Egyptian Museum in Cairo

and on May 1, 1912 most of the Aramaic papyri and

some of the ostraca and jar inscriptions, and a Greek fragment,

were transferred

there and all were given new inventory numbers. Of the eighteen Aramaic pieces

from the Rubensohn excavations included in this collection, eight and one-half are in

Berlin

and nine and one-half are in Cairo.

Of the pieces translated herein, two of

l iP . Eleph. l - 5 ( D 2 - 6 ) .

2 4 The four were P. Eleph. 1-4 (D2-5) and the wrapping was BKT V.2 62 (Dl).

2 5 TAD A4.7-9 (B19-21).

2 6 Drei aramdische Papyrusurkimden aus Elephantine (second printing. Berlin, 1908). 1 1 TAD A4.10(B22).

2 8 E. Sachau, Aramdische Papyrus und Ostraka aus einer jiidischen Militar-Kolonie zu Elephantine

(Leipzig, 1911).

2 9 TAD B3.1 (B34) = E. Sachau, Aramdische Papyrus, PI. 28. 3 0 TAD B3.1-13(B34-46).

3 1 P. Eleph. 3 (= Cairo J. 39461 and SR2938), 4 (D5-4).

" W. Muller, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin: Forschungen und Berichte 20/21 (Berlin, 1980), 79-80.

3 3 Published by Sachau along with this letter were two small finger-nail size fragments, the "front" of one of

which was believed to have Aramaic writing. Both the presence of Aramaic and the relation of the fragments to the larger piece are uncertain and the piece belongs with the Greek papyri. It appeared in SB I 5 1 1 1 , was reproduced by A.E. Cowley, Aramaic Papyri, No. 30 and bears the Cairo numbers SR3463 = J. 43500 (D7).

34TAD A3.10 ( B 1 2 [published in 1970]); 4.1 (B13), 4.4 (B16 [Cowley 56]), 4.6-7 (B18-19), 4.9 (B21); B5.1

(B47); 4 . 6 ( B 5 1 ) ; 7 . 3 ( B 5 2 ) .

I N T R O D U C T I O N

₅

the Coptic ostraca were known to have been found during the first Rubensohn

campaign;

three Coptic ostraca,

at least fifteen of the demotic pieces,

and two

Latin fragments

came from Rubensohn's second campaign; and two Greek papyri

came from the Zucker campaign.

The discovery date of another ten demotic

papyri,

the hieratic medical papyrus,

and eight Coptic ostraca

is uncertain.

Digging on the eastern side of the mound, the French discovered several hundred

Aramaic, demotic, Greek, Coptic, and Arabic ostraca,

* five Greek papyri of the

Roman period now in the Academie des Inscriptions, and in 1907 a hieratic papyrus

("near the wall of the room of the rams and near the place where we found statues")

of the Twentieth Dynasty accessioned by the Louvre in December, 1975. The ostraca

are divided between the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and the Academie des

Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris. Prior to the Clermont-Ganneau excavations a

big collection of Greek and demotic papyri were acquired by Theodore Reinach in

1901/1902 and these are now in the Sorbonne. One is an IOU of a blacksmith from

Syene.

The British Museum acquired Elephantine ostraca from the Rev. Greville Chester

in the years 1875, 1876 (two A r a m a i c )

and after 1877 (Coptic).

Further

accessions came with the discovery in 1898 by James Edward Quibell in the Mem­

phis Ramesseum of the Middle Kingdom hieratic "Semna Despatches," one of which

was sent from Elephantine.

While the representatives of the Konigliche Museen in

Berlin and the Academie des Inscriptons in Paris were hard at work excavating for

papyri, the British and Bavarians bought between them thirty-two documents from

the Byzantine Patermouthis family archive.

More than half were acquired,

apparently in Luxor, by Robert de Rustafjaell

for the British Museum in February

1907,

while the other half was purchased in Cairo for the Bavarian Konigliche

Hof-und Staatsbibliothek in Munich at the end of 1908 by Friedrich Zucker, who had

3 6 F. Hintze, ZAS 104 (1977), 102, 108 = KSB 1028 (E7), 1034 (E14).

3 7 F. Hintze, ZAS 104 (1977), 101, 104, 107 = KSB I 027 (E9), I 029 (El3) I 033 (E16)

3 8 P. Berlin 13540 (CI), 13572 (C2), 13539 (C3), 13568 (C5), 13579 (C10) 13543 (CI 1) 13538 (C16)

13544 (C17), 13547 (C18), 13587 (C19), 13584 (C25), 13554 (C31), 13534 (C34) 'l3582 (C35), 13541 (C36).

39Ch.L.A. XI481-482 (Gl-2).

4 0P . Berlin 21690 = BGU XIV 2378 (D12), P. Berlin 21738 = BGU XIV 2418 (D16)

4 1 P. Berlin 15520 (C6), 13619 (C7), 15516 (C8), 15519 (C9), 15521 (C14), 15527 (C15), 15523 (C23),

13616 (C24), 13614 (C27), 15774 (C37).

4 2 W. Westendorf, Festschrift zum 150 Jahrigen Bestehen des Berliner Agyptischer Museums (Berlin,

1974), 247-254 = P. Berlin 10456 (A10).

4 3 KSB I 024-026 (E4-6), I 030-032 (E8, 11-12), I 035 (E10), I 235 (E15).

4 4 R. Engelbach, ASAE 38 (1938), 47.

4 5 P. Reinll 107 (D28).

4 6 CIS II/l 138-139 (not published here).

4 7 Information from M. Bierbriar of the Museum.

A*JEA 31 (1945), 3-10 = P. BM 10752, rt. 4 (A3).

4 9 D20-27, 29-52.

5 0 The Light of Egypt (London, 1909), 3-4.