Physics
Chapter 21 -- Temperature, Heat and Expansion Standard
3.c. -- Students know the _______________ energy of an object includes the energy of _______________ motion of the object’s atoms and
molecules, often referred to as _______________ energy. Objectives
1. Define _______________ and explain how it is _______________. 2. Describe the _______________ between _______________ and
_______________ energy.
3. Define _______________, and explain why it is incorrect to think of matter as _______________ heat.
4. Explain what determines whether _______________ will flow _______________ or _______________ of a substance. 5. Distinguish between _______________ energy and
_______________.
6. Describe how the _______________ of _______________ that enters or leaves a substance is _______________.
7. Compare the _______________ heat _______________ of different _______________, given the _______________ amount of energy _______________ to _______________ the temperature of a given _______________ by a given _______________.
8. Give examples of how the high _______________ heat capacity of _______________ has an affect on _______________.
9. Give _______________ of the _______________ of solids as they become _______________.
10. Explain the operation of a _______________ coil in a _______________.
11. Compare the thermal _______________ of _______________ to _______________.
12. Describe the unusual behavior of _______________ as it is heated from _______________ C to _______________ C.
13. Explain why water at certain temperatures _______________ as it becomes warmer.
Introduction
All matter is made of _______________ _______________ and _______________. We use the term molecules to mean both. This random motion is _______________ energy. As the _______________ energy of a substance _______________ ( as the motion of the molecules of the substance _______________) it feels _______________.
21.1 Temperature
On a worldwide basis the _______________ scale is the most common scale, with water freezing at _______________ and boiling at
_______________, with _______________ equal parts between them, called _______________. In the good old US of A, we use the
_______________ scale, where water freezes at _______________ and boils at _______________.
The SI scale is the _______________ scale. The degrees are the same _______________ as the _______________ scale, but called
_______________. _______________ is the number assigned to the _______________ possible temperature -- _______________ zero. At _______________ zero a substance has _______________ kinetic energy to give up. _______________ on the Kelvin scale corresponds to _______________ on the Celsius scale. We will not go through the arithmetic to convert from one to another.
In an _______________ gas, the _______________ is _______________ to the _______________ _______________ energy of the
_______________ motion of the molecules (motion in a
_______________ or curved path -- not _______________ motion). In _______________ and _______________, _______________ is closely _______________ (but not _______________ to) the
_______________ kinetic energy of the molecules. This has to do with solids and liquids being more _______________ and having
_______________ energy too.
It is important to understand that _______________ is not the
_______________ kinetic energy. There is _______________ as much kinetic energy in _______________ liters of liquid as there is in
_______________ liter of liquid, but their _______________ can be the same.
21.2 Heat
Heat is the _______________ energy _______________ from a
_______________ object to a _______________ object because of the _______________ _______________ between them. _______________ does _______________ spontaneously flow from a _______________ object to a _______________object. _______________ has to be _______________ to have that happen.
_______________ does not contain _______________. Matter contains various types of _______________, and the _______________ of energy because of the _______________ difference is called _______________. _______________ is _______________ in _______________ from a body of _______________ temperature to one of _______________ temperature. Once _______________, the energy _______________ to be heat.
_______________ flows from the _______________ temperature
substance to the _______________ temperature substance, not from the _______________ total kinetic energy to the _______________ total kinetic energy.
If a redhot thumbtack (relatively _______________ total kinetic energy) is put into a _______________ container of warm water (relatively
_______________ total kinetic energy), the heat will flow from the _______________ to the _______________. Heat flows due to the _______________ differences, not the _______________ in
_______________ _______________ energy. 21.3 Thermal Equilibrium
Thermal _______________ is when two _______________ in
_______________ contact reach the same _______________, and no additional heat _______________ between them. A _______________ takes _______________ from a _______________ until it reaches thermal _______________ with the _______________. You
_______________ the _______________ of the _______________, which is the same as the _______________ of the _______________. If the thermometer is too _______________ it will significantly
_______________ the temperature of the _______________! 21.4 Internal Energy
The internal energy of a substance is the sum of all of the different types of energy in the substance which can include:
1. _______________ _______________ energy 2. _______________ _______________ energy 3. _______________ energy of _______________ atoms in substance’s _______________ 4. _______________ energy of _______________ between _______________ 21.5 Measurement of Heat
_______________ is _______________ transferred from one substance to another by a _______________ difference. The amount of
_______________ transferred can be determined by _______________ the temperature _______________ of a known _______________ of water that _______________ heat.
A _______________ is the _______________ of energy required to _______________ the temperature of one _______________ of water by _______________ C. _______________ calories is a _______________, which is the _______________ calorie, which is an upper
case_______________. The _______________ and _______________ are units of _______________. Since the SI unit of _______________ is the _______________, one _______________ = _______________ joules
21.6 Specific Heat Capacity
Different _______________ have different _______________ for storing _______________ energy. _______________ require specific
_______________ of _______________ to _______________ the
_______________ of a given _______________ by a specified number of _______________. _______________ is a measure only of the
_______________ motion of the _______________. _______________ that goes into _______________ motion, internal atomic
_______________ and _______________ of intermolecular
_______________ does not _______________ the temperature. So, only a _______________ of the _______________ absorbed by substance _______________ its _______________.
_______________ calorie raises the temperature of _______________ gram of water by _______________ C.
_______________ calorie raises the temperature of _______________ gram of iron by _______________ C
The _______________ in the iron _______________ primarily absorb most of its _______________ in _______________ motion.
_______________ absorbs much of its energy as _______________ motion, internal _______________ and bond _______________.
So water _______________ more _______________ per gram than iron for the same _______________ in temperature. Water has a higher _______________ _______________ capacity than iron has.
Please leave room to write and answer the question on the bottom of page 313.
The _______________ heat of any substance ≡ the quantity of
_______________ required to _______________ the _______________ of a _______________ mass by 1 _______________. Specific heat capacity is like _______________ _______________, the
_______________ of a substance to _______________ its _______________. Remember that _______________ was the
_______________ of an object to a change in its _______________ of _______________.
_______________ = _______________ where c = the _______________ heat _______________ for a substance, Q = the _______________ of _______________ involved, m = the _______________ and ∆T = the change in _______________.
21.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water Water has a much _______________ capacity for storing
_______________ than most common _______________. Water is used to as a _______________ agent to transport _______________ away from the _______________ parts of an _______________ and
The _______________ of _______________ and of _______________ areas where the _______________ is to the _______________ is _______________ because the _______________ of the
_______________ around them changes very _______________. The _______________ of _______________ areas or coastal areas where the _______________ is to the _______________ is much more _______________ with _______________ summer temperatures and _______________ winter temperatures because _______________ _______________ and _______________ heat _______________.
21.8 Thermal Expansion
When the _______________ of a substance _______________ the molecules _______________ _______________ and normally tend to move _______________ apart. They _______________. When the _______________ of a substance _______________ the molecules _______________ _______________, move _______________ together and the substance _______________.
Bridge decks and concrete paving are designed with _______________ joints that allow _______________ and _______________ without _______________ the bridge or the pavement.
A _______________ strip is _______________ strips of _______________ materials attached _______________ to
_______________. The _______________ in expansion will cause one side of the strip to become _______________ than the _______________ side, causing the _______________ strip to _______________.
_______________ a bimetallic strip causes it to _______________ in the _______________ direction. A _______________ uses this
_______________ to _______________ and _______________ an electric current that powers a supply of _______________ or a _______________ apparatus.
Common _______________ breaks when only _______________ of it is heated to a high temperature. That part of the glass _______________, but the remainder of the glass does _______________.
Liquids _______________ alot with _______________ in _______________.
Please leave room to write and answer the question on the bottom of page 317.
21.9 Expansion of Water
Most _______________ _______________ when they are _______________. Ice water does the _______________. _______________ being raised between _______________ to
The same amount of water has its _______________ density just after it has been _______________. _______________ dense means that it will _______________. That is why _______________ floats on top of
_______________.
When _______________ water transforms into _______________ the molecular pattern forms _______________ structured _______________. These crystals take up _______________ space, so the
_______________ is _______________ dense.
The dip at 40 C is due to the combined effect of the _______________ crystal structures and the _______________ volume because of the increased molecular _______________. See Figure 21.15 on p. 320 In _______________, when a pond _______________, the ice
_______________ on top, allowing life to live in the _______________ _______________ C water that has _______________ to the bottom. Before _______________ can form, the _______________ pond must be _______________ to _______________ C. Some _______________ bodies of water do not _______________ because the _______________ body of water has not been able to _______________ to
_______________ C.
Possible misconceptions to Correct • _______________ and _______________ are the
_______________.
• _______________ contain _______________.
