DIODE CLIPPING CIRCUITS. Aim: To design and test diode clipping circuits for peak clipping and peak detection.

EXP-1

DIODE CLIPPING CIRCUITS

Aim: To design and test diode clipping circuits for peak clipping and peak detection.

Components required:

-Power Supply

-Diodes IN4007or BY127 -Resistors

Procedure:

 Make the Connections as shown in the circuit diagram

 Apply sinusoidal input Vi of 1 KHz and of amplitude 8V P-P to the circuit.

 Observe the output signal in the CRO and verify it with given waveforms.

 Apply Vi and Vo to the X and Y channel of CRO and observe the transfer characteristic waveform and verify it.

I)Positive Clipping Circuit: Circuit Diagram:

R

8Vp-p

Waveforms:

3.3K D

Vi Vo

VR 2.4

V

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual Transfer Characteristics:

To find the aluee of R:

Given: Rf =100Ω, Rr =100KΩ Rf - Diode forward resistance Rr - Diode reverse resistance

R= =3.16KΩ

Choose R as 10 KΩ

Let the output voltage be clipped at +3V Vomax =3V

From the circuit diagram, Vomax = Vr+Vref

Where Vr is the diode drop = 0.6V V^ref = Vomax -Vr

=3 - 0.7 Vref = 2.3 V

3.3K

BY127

Vi Vo

VR 2.4V

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual II)Negative Clipping

Circuit: Circuit Diagram:

R

Waveforms:

Trlnsfe r Chlrlcte ristcs:

Let the output voltage be clipped at -3V Vomin = -3V

Vomin = -Vr+Vref

Vref = Vomin+Vr = -3 + 0.7 Vref = -2.3V

EXP-2

CLAMPING CIRCUITS

Aim: Design and test positive and negative clamping circuit for a given reference voltage.

Components required:

- Power Supply - CRO

- Signal Generator - Diode BY 127 - Resistors - Capacitor Design:

Rf – Diode forward resistance = 100Ω Rr – Diode Reverse resistance = 1M Ω R = = 10KΩ

let T = 1ms

f(1KHz) Let RC = 10T

RC = 10ms C = 1µF R = 10KΩ

I) Positive Clamping Circuits: Circuit Diagram:

C + -

1mF

8Vp-p Vi

D BY127 R 10K Vo

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual Waveforms:

II) Design a Clamping Circuit to Clamp Negative Peak at +3V:

C + -

1mF

8Vp-p Vi

D

R 10K Vo

Vref 3.6V

Waveforms:

Vo = + Vref 3 = -0.7

+ Vref

Vref = 3.7

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual III) Negative Clamping

Circuit: Circuit Diagram:

C + -

1mF

8Vp-p Vi

D R 10K Vo

Waveforms:

EXP-3

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual RECTIFIER CIRCUITS

Aim: To design and test Half wave, Full wave, Bridge Rectifer circuits with & without capacitor flter and determine the Ripple factor, Regulation & Efciency.

Components required:

- Resistors - Diodes

- 12-0-12V Transformer - Capacitor

Calculations:

Assume RL = 4.7KΩ, C = 220µF I) Half wave Rectifier:

1. Ripple Factor without Filter (Theoretical) = 1.21

2. Percentage Regulation = (Rf = Diode forward resistance)

3. Rectifer Efciency η = 40.6 %

4. Ripple Factor without Filter = (f =

frequency = 50Hz) II) Full wave Rectifier:

1. Ripple Factor without Filter = 0.48

2. Percentage Regulation = 3. Rectifer Efciency η = 81 %

4. Ripple Factor without Filter =

III) Bridge Rectifier:

1. Ripple Factor without Filter = 0.48

2. Percentage Regulation = 3. Rectifer Efciency η = 81 %

I) Half wave Rectifier without Filter: Circuit Diagram:

230V 12V

IN 4001

230V/50Hz AC

RL=4.7K Vo

0 0

Waveforms:

Peak output voltage

V

Vrms = =

Vac = =

Ripple Factor =

Rectier efciency η = = = % Regulaton =

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual Half wave Rectier with Filter:

230V 12V

IN 4001

230V/50Hz AC

+ 220mF

-

RL=4.7K Vo

0 0

Waveforms:

Peak output Voltage Vm = Ripple Factor =

=

Vdc =

=

Vac =

=

Vrms = =

Rectifer efciency η =

=

% Regulation =

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual

II) Full wave Rectifier without Filter: Circuit Diagram:

D1 12V

230V/50Hz AC

RL 4.7K

Vo

12V

D2

Waveforms:

(ms)

Vdc = = Vrms = =

Vac = =

=

T/2 T 3T/2

η =

=

% Regulation =

(ms)

T/2 T

T 3T/2

T/2

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual III) Full wave Rectifier with

Filter: Circuit Diagram:

D 1

12V RL

4.7K

C 220m F

230V/50Hz AC Vo

12V

D2

Waveforms:

Vdc =

=

Vac =

=

η =

=

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual Bridge Rectier without Filter: Circuit Diagram:

230V 12V

230V/50Hz AC

RL Vo 0

Waveforms:

(ms)

Vdc = =

Vrms = =

Vac = =

=

η =

=

D

1 D

D 3

4 D

0 2

T/2 T 3T/2

% Regulation =

(ms)

T/2 TT 3T/2

T/2

Bridge Rectifier with Filter: Circuit Diagram:

230V 12V

230V/50Hz AC

RL Vo

Waveforms:

Vdc =

=

Vac =

=

=

Vrms = =

η =

=

D1 D3

D4 D2 +

-

0 0 220m

F

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual Procedure:

 Make the Connections as shown in the circuit diagram

 Apply 230V AC supply from the power mains to the primary of the transformer

 Observe the voltage across secondary to get Vm , the peak value in CRO

 Use relevant formula to fnd Vdc and Vrms of both Full wave and Half wave rectifer & draw the waveforms

 Find out the Ripple factor, Regulation and Efciency by using the formula.

Conclusions:

EXP-4

R.C.PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

Aim: To design and test the RC Phase shift Oscillator for the frequency of 1KHz.

Components required:

-Transistor (BC 107) - Resistors

- CRO

- Capacitors Desig

n: VCC =

12V IC = 2mA

VRC = 40% VCC = 4.8V VRE = 10%

VCC = 1.2V VCE = 50% VCC = 6V To find RC, R1, RE &

R2

We Have, VRC =

ICRC=4.8V RC

= 2.4KΩ

Choose RC = 2.2KΩ

VRE =

IERE=1.2V RE

= 600Ω

Choose RE = 680Ω hfe = 100 (For BC

107) IB= = 20mA

Assume current through R1 = 10 IB & through R2 = 9 IB VR1 = VCC-VR2

= 10V

Also, VR1 =10 IB R1=10.1V

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual 10ESL37 R1= 50KΩ

Choose R1= 47KΩ

VR2 = VBE+VRE

= 0.7+1.2

= 1.9V Also, VR2 =9 IB

R2=1.9V R2= 10.6KΩ

Choose R1= 12KΩ

To find CC & CE

XCE =

=

For = 20Hz CE= 117

Choose CE = 220

XCC =

=

Choose CC = 47

Design of Selective Circuit:

Required of oscillations f = 1KHz

Take R= 4.7KΩ & C=0.01µF Procedure:

 Rig up the circuit as shown in the fgure

 Observe the sinusoidal output voltage.

Vcc = 12V

R1 47KRc2.2K

C C C

Cin

0.01m

F 0.01m

F 0.01m

BC 107 F 47m

F

Vo R

R2 12K CE 4.7K

R 4.7K

R 4.7K RE 68

0

220mF

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual 10ESL37

 Measure the frequency and compare with the theoretical values.

Circuit Diagram:

Re seut:

Frequency

Theoretical: 1KHz Practical:

1.5K

Ω R1 SL100

1µ 1µ F

F

SK100 1.5K

Ω

EXP-5

CLASS ‘B’ PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER

Aim: To design and test the performance of transformer less Class ‘B’ Push-Pull Amplifer and to determine its conversion efciency.

Components Required:

- Diodes IN 4001

- Transistor SL100, SK100 - Resistors

- Capacitors Circuit Diagram:

Vcc = 15V

Vi RL 470Ω

Vo

Desig

n: Given VCC = 15V, RL = 470Ω

VCE1 = VCE2 =

=

7.5V

VB1 = VCE2 + VBE1 = 7.5 + 0.7 = 8.2V Assume I1 = 5mA

R

1

=

= 1 . 3 6 K Ω R

2

=

=

1 . 3 6 K Ω C h o o s e R

1

= R

2

= 1 . 5 K Ω

Dept of E&C, CEC Analog Electronics Lab Manual Choose Ci = C2 = 1µF

Pi(dc) = VCC Idc

Po(ac) = Efciency η =

Procedure:

 Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

 Apply the input voltage Vi = 5V

 Keeping the voltage constant, vary the frequency from 100Hz to 1MHz in regular steps and note down the output voltage in each case.

 Plot the gain Vs Frequency graph.

 Note down the dc current Idc

 Calculate the efciency.

Observations:

Vi = 5V

Freq. in Hz Vo Gain= Gain in dB

= 20 log 50 Hz

100 Hz 200 Hz 500 Hz 1 KHz 2 KHz 3 KHz 5 KHz 10 KHz .

. .

. 1MHz 2 MHz

Result:

Efciency η =

EXP-6

AIM: To check the following applications of OP-AMP.

a) Inverting Amplifer. b) Non inverting amplifer.

APPARATUS:

S.N o

Nam e

Range / Value Quanti ty 1. Fixed power supply [- 15V – 0V – +15V] 1

2. OP-AMP A741C 1

3. Resistors 1K, 4.7K, 10K,

33K Each 1

4. Function generator -- 1

5. CRO -- 1

PROCEDURE:

INVERTING & NON - INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

1.Connect the circuit as shown in the fgure -1 2.Switch on the power supply and signal generator.

3.Apply a sinusoidal signal with peak to peak amplitude of 20mV at a frequency of 1KHz.

4.Note down the amplitude of O/P signal in the C.R.O.

5.Repeat the above steps for diferent values of Rf. 6.Repeat the above steps for the circuit of fg –2.

7.Tabulate the readings.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Inae rtng Ampuifie r: Non - inae rtng Ampuifie r:

INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

Vi = 20mV

S.N O

Rf

( ) R1(

) V0 (mV) Gain = V0 / Vi

Theoretica l Gain = (- Rf/R1)

1 4.7K 1K

2 10K 1K

3 33K 1K

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

Vi = 20mV

S.N O

Rf

( ) R1(

) V0

(mV)

Gain= V0 / Vi

Theoretical Gain =

(1+Rf/R1)

1 4.7K 1K

2 10K 1K

3 33K 1K

RESULT-

EXP-7

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

AIM: To determine the frequency of oscillations of a given Colpitts Oscillator.

APPARATUS:

S.N

o Nam

e Range /

Value Quantit

y 1. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V) 1

2. Resistors 560, 47 K Each 1

4. Resistors 4.7 K 2

5. Capacitors 100F, 0.047F Each 1

6. Decade Inductance Box -- 1

7. Decade Capacitance Box -- 2

8. CRO -- 1

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the fgure.

2. Switch on the power supply.

3. Connect the out put terminals to CRO.

4. Adjust the capacitances until a sinusoidal wave form is observed on the CRO.

5. Measure the time period of the sinusoidal wave form (T) and determine the Frequency (1/T).

6. Repeat the above steps for diferent values of L, C1 & C2.

2 LC^eq

7. Tabulate the readings and compare with theoretical values CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULAR FORM:

S.NO

. L (mH)

C (

F) Practic

al frequen

cy (Hz)

Theoreti cal Frequen

cy (Hz)

C1 C2

1 2 3

CALCULATIONS:

f0 (practical) =1/T Hz.

f0

(theoretical

) ^{f }

1 . [Where

C  C₁ C₂

]

0 eq

C1  C2

EXP-8 38

WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

AIM: To determine the frequency of oscillations of a given Wein Bridge oscillator and compare it with the

theoretical value.

APPARATUS:

S.N

o Nam

e Range / Value Quanti

ty 1. Fixed Power Supply [- 15V – 0V – +15V] 1

2. OP-AMP  A741C 1

3. Potentiometer 47 K  1

4. Resistors 3.3 K , 220 Each 2

5. Resistors 12 K 1

6. Capacitors 0.047 F, 0.33 F Each 2

7. CRO. -- 1

PROCEDURE:

1.Connect the circuit as shown in the fgure.

2.Connect 0.047  F, and 3.3 K  in place of C and R.

3.Connect the O/P to the C.R.O and observe the sinusoidal signal and measure its frequency.

4.Connect 0.33  F, and 220  in places of C and R.

5.Observe the sinusoidal signal and measure its frequency.

6.Tabulate the readings and Compare it with theoretical values

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 39

TABULAR FORM:

S.No

Capacitan ce C (  F )

Resistan ce R (Ω)

Theoretical Frequency =

1/2 RC (Hz)

Practical Frequency=

1/T (Hz)

1

2

0.04 7

0.33

3.3 K

220

FORMULAS:

Practical Frequency =Fо=1/T

Theoretical Frequency=1/2ΠRC

40

EXP-9

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

AIM: To Determine the frequency of oscillations of a

Hartley Oscillator and compare it with the theoretical values.

APPARATUS:

S.N

o Nam

e Range /

Value Quantit

y 1. D.C Regulated Power

Supply (0 – 30V) 1

2. Resistors 1KΩ, 10kΩ, 47KΩ Each 1

3. Capacitors 0.22µF 2

4. Decade Capacitance Box -- 1

5. Decade Inductance Box -- 2

6. CRO -- 1

41

PROCEDURE:

1.Connect the circuit as shown in the fgure.

2.Connect the O / P of the oscillator to the C.R.O.

3.Adjust the Capacitance and Inductance Boxes until a sinusoidal signal is observed in the CRO.

4.Determine the frequency of the wave form.

5.Determine the frequency by varying the capacitance in convenient steps.

6.Tabulate the readings and compare the readings with the theoretical values.

CKT DIA.

TABULAR FORM:

Capacitan ce C (  F )

Inducta nce

( m H ) Practical Frequency (Hz)

Theoretical Frequency (Hz)

L 1 L 2

42

FORMULAS:

Theoretical Frequencyf₀  ΠLC

Practcal Frequency F =1/T