Competency-Based Educational College Outcomes:

Competency-Based Educational Outcomes

Competency-Based Educational College Outcomes:

The Competency-Based Educational College Outcomes were approved by the College of Pharmacy faculty in January, 2008. These outcomes were derived from the 2004 CAPE Outcomes and the subsequent “supplemental”

guidelines offered by AACP special committees in 2007. The College Educational Outcomes listed within define the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that a graduate should achieve by the end of the Pharm.D. Curriculum.

A. Pharmaceutical Care:

therapeutic principles and evidence-based data, taking into account relevant legal, ethical, social, economic and professional issues, emerging technologies, and evolving pharmaceutical, biomedical, sociobehavioral and clinical sciences that may impact therapeutic outcomes

A1. Provide patient-centered care

A1.1. Design, implement, monitor, evaluate and adjust pharmacy care plans that are patient-specific and evidence-based

A1.1.1. gather comprehensive patient information to identify potential drug problems

A1.1.1.1. interview the patient or caregiver employing effective communication strategies A1.1.1.2. identify the patient’s primary complaint

A1.1.1.3. identify the patient’s reasons for seeking medical care A1.1.1.4. identify relevant information in the patient profile

A1.1.1.5. identify relevant information in the patient medical record A1.1.1.6. identify physical findings

A1.1.1.7. protect the confidentiality of patient information

A1.1.2. evaluate patient and drug-related data needed to identify actual or potential drug therapy problems (prescription and non-prescription)

A1.1.2.1. evaluate information obtained from the patient’s history A1.1.2.2. assess any history of drug allergies

A1.1.2.3. assess any history of drug intolerances A1.1.2.4. evaluate laboratory test results A1.1.2.5. evaluate pharmacokinetic data

A1.1.2.6. perform any additional patient calculations as needed (e.g., calculate creatinine clearance, ideal body weight, body surface area, body mass index, etc.)

A1.1.2.7. identify the cause of any adverse drug effects A1.1.2.8. identify excessive medication use

A1.1.2.9. identify unnecessary drug duplication

A1.1.2.10. determine the extent to which medical conditions/disease are treated/controlled A1.1.2.11. assess patient adherence to previously prescribed medication regimens

A1.1.2.12. identify signs of potential drug misuse or abuse A1.1.3. develop a complete medical and drug therapy problem list

A1.1.3.1. rank patient problems based on urgency and severity A1.1.3.2. differentiate active from inactive problems

A1.1.3.3. use relative priority to direct the pharmacotherapeutic plan A1.1.3.4. identify any preventative issues

A1.1.3.5. identify any health maintenance issues

A1.1.4. select and recommend appropriate drug therapy (prescription and non-prescription) as part of a care plan

A1.1.4.1. identify pharmacotherapeutic goals A1.1.4.2. identify endpoints of therapy

A1.1.4.3. consider social, economic, and cultural factors that influence a patient’s perspective on health, illness and medication use

A1.1.4.3.1. consider social factors that influence a patient’s perspective on health A1.1.4.3.2. consider social factors that influence a patient’s perspective on illness

A1.1.4.3.3. consider social factors that influence a patient’s perspective on medication use A1.1.4.3.4. consider economic factors that influence a patient’s perspective on health A1.1.4.3.5. consider economic factors that influence a patient’s perspective on illness

A1.1.4.3.6. consider economic factors that influence a patient’s perspective on medication use A1.1.4.3.7. consider cultural factors that influence a patient’s perspective on health

A1.1.4.3.8. consider cultural factors that influence a patient’s perspective on illness

A1.1.4.3.9. consider cultural factors that influence a patient’s perspective on medication use A1.1.4.4. select appropriate drug therapy (i.e. first line, second line)

A1.1.4.4.1. apply principles of anatomy and physiology to select appropriate drug therapy A1.1.4.4.2. apply principles of biochemistry to select appropriate drug therapy

A1.1.4.4.3. apply principles of medicinal chemistry to select appropriate drug therapy A1.1.4.4.4. apply principles of pharmacology to select appropriate drug therapy A1.1.4.4.5. apply principles of pathophysiology to select appropriate drug therapy A1.1.4.4.6. apply principles of pharmacoeconomics to select appropriate drug therapy A1.1.4.4.7. apply principles of pharmacogenomics to select appropriate drug therapy A1.1.4.4.8. apply principles of pharmaceutics to select appropriate drug therapy A1.1.4.5. select the appropriate dose, dosage schedule and drug delivery system

A1.1.4.5.1. apply pharmacokinetics principles to select appropriate dose

A1.1.4.5.2. apply pharmacokinetics principles to select appropriate dosage schedule A1.1.4.5.3. apply pharmacokinetics principles to select appropriate drug delivery system A1.1.4.5.4. apply pharmacodynamic principles to select appropriate dose

A1.1.4.5.5. apply pharmacodynamic principles to select appropriate dosage schedule A1.1.4.5.6. apply pharmacodynamic principles to select appropriate drug delivery system A1.1.4.5.7. apply pharmaceutics principles to select appropriate dose

A1.1.4.5.8. apply pharmaceutics principles to select appropriate dosage schedule A1.1.4.5.9. apply pharmaceutics principles to select appropriate drug delivery system A1.1.4.6. determine the appropriate therapy duration

A1.1.4.7. identify interactions associated with the recommended drug therapy

A1.1.4.8. anticipate possible adverse effects associated with the recommended drug therapy A1.1.4.9. identify contraindications associated with the recommended drug therapy

A1.1.4.10. Incorporate principles of medication safety with recommended drug therapy A1.1.5. select and recommend non-drug therapy as part of a care plan

A1.1.5.1. recommend appropriate complementary therapies to enhance therapeutic outcomes A1.1.5.2. apply principles of nutrition to improve health

A1.1.5.3. apply principles of nutrition to augment drug therapy A1.1.5.4. apply principles of nutrition to reduce disease risk

A1.1.5.5. recommend appropriate medical goods and devices based on the patient’s needs A1.1.6. devise and implement a patient monitoring plan to ensure achievement of desired therapeutic

outcomes

A1.1.6.1. identify social factors associated with medication nonadherence A1.1.6.2. identify behavioral factors associated with medication nonadherence A1.1.6.3. identify strategies to improve medication adherence

A1.1.6.4. monitor patient-specific objective parameters for drug efficacy A1.1.6.5. monitor patient-specific objective parameters for drug toxicity A1.1.6.6. assess appropriate parameters at appropriate time intervals A1.1.6.7. determine whether patient-specific goals have been met

A1.1.6.8. make ongoing adjustments to the patient care plan to reflect new goals over the course of treatment

A1.1.6.9. anticipate, identify, monitor for, report, and manage adverse events and drug interactions A1.1.6.9.1. anticipate adverse events

A1.1.6.9.2. anticipate drug interactions A1.1.6.9.3. identify adverse events A1.1.6.9.4. identify drug interactions A1.1.6.9.5. monitor for adverse events A1.1.6.9.6. monitor for drug interactions A1.1.6.9.7. report adverse events A1.1.6.9.8. report drug interactions A1.1.6.9.9. manage adverse drug events A1.1.6.9.10. manage adverse drug reactions

A1.1.6.10. refer patients to other health care professionals when indicated

A1.2. Educate patients, care givers and other involved health care providers to engender a team approach to patient care

A1.2.1. educate patients and/or caregivers about drug therapy

A1.2.1.1. identify sources of patient education information that meet the patient’s needs A1.2.1.2. educate patients/caregivers about the disease state

A1.2.1.3. educate patients/caregivers about the dosage for a given drug

A1.2.1.4. educate patients/caregivers about the indication for a given drug

A1.2.1.5. educate patients/caregivers about the storage requirements for a given drug A1.2.1.6. educate patients/caregivers on the symptomatology of adverse drug reactions A1.2.1.7. educate patients/caregivers on the significance of adverse drug reactions A1.2.1.8. educate patients/caregivers on the frequency of adverse drug reactions A1.2.1.9. educate patients/caregivers on the management of adverse drug reactions A1.2.1.10. explain any action that should be taken in the event of a missed dose

A1.2.1.11. demonstrate proper administration technique for a given drug delivery system A1.2.1.12. confirm patient understanding of information provided

A1.2.1.13. educate patients/caregivers on the economic factors of drug therapy

A1.2.2. educate patients and/or caregivers about the proper use of medical goods and devices

A1.2.2.1. identify sources of patient education information on medical devices and goods that meet the patient’s needs

A1.2.2.2. demonstrate the proper use of medical goods and devices to ensure effective use A1.2.2.3. provide instructions regarding storage needs for medical goods and devices A1.2.2.4. provide instructions regarding calibration needs for medical goods and devices A1.2.2.5. provide instructions on the maintenance of medical goods and devices

A1.2.2.6. determine patient understanding of instructions about medical goods and devices A1.3. Prepare and dispense medication(s) prescribed or recommended as part of the patient’s care plan

A1.3.1. Review and interpret prescription orders for patients

A1.3.1.1. determine the acceptability of prescription order transmission A1.3.1.2. determine the legitimacy of the prescription source

A1.3.1.3. determine the validity of the patient-prescriber relationship A1.3.1.4. clarify prescription order information when necessary A1.3.1.5. determine the lawfulness of the prescription order

A1.3.1.6. describe procedures for addressing suspected cases of prescription drug abuse A1.3.1.7. describe procedures for addressing and resolving problem prescriptions

A1.3.2. accurately prepare and dispense medication/nutrition formulations and/or supervise the preparation of medication/ nutrition formulations

A1.3.2.1. correctly count the medication amount needed to be dispensed A1.3.2.2. correctly measure the amount of medications needed to be dispensed A1.3.2.3. correctly mix the amount of medications needed to be dispensed

A1.3.2.4. correctly reconstitute the amount of medications needed to be dispensed A1.3.2.5. correctly calculate the amount of medications needed to be dispensed A1.3.2.6. correctly prepare the label for the finished prescription

A1.3.2.7. select an appropriate container based on the chemical and physical properties of the drug A1.3.3. accurately compound individual and bulk medications

A1.3.3.1. locate accurate information on extemporaneous formulations

A1.3.3.2. determine the suitability of an extemporaneously compounded formula A1.3.3.3. calculate the correct quantity of ingredients

A1.3.3.4. use correct gravimetric measuring procedures to obtain the desired quantity of the formulation compound

A1.3.3.5. use correct volumetric measuring procedures to obtain the desired quantity of the formulation compound

A1.3.3.6. use good compounding practices in the extemporaneous production of a patient-specific drug-delivery system

A1.3.3.7. describe the role and function of inert ingredients in different types of dosage forms A1.3.3.8. describe the dosage form features that influence the therapeutic outcome

A1.3.3.9. identify physical incompatibilities among components of a given formulation A1.3.3.10. identify chemical incompatibilities among components of a given formulation A1.3.3.11. recommend appropriate alternatives to avoid incompatibilities

A1.3.3.12. use good manufacturing practice standards A1.3.4. accurately prepare and dispense sterile dosage forms

A1.3.4.1. calculate the correct quantity of components when preparing a sterile product A1.3.4.2. use proper aseptic techniques to prepare sterile dosage forms

A1.3.4.3. use sterilization methods that are appropriate for the pharmaceutical product A1.3.4.4. calculate the rate of drug administration based on the prescription order

A1.3.4.5. calculate the rate of drug administration based on the type of infusion pump used

A1.3.4.6. determine a patient’s fluid, electrolyte and nutritional needs and calculate the amount and composition of parenteral nutritional sources that meet those needs

A1.3.4.6.1. determine a patient’s fluid needs A1.3.4.6.2. determine a patient’s electrolyte needs A1.3.4.6.3. determine a patient’s nutritional needs

A1.3.4.6.4. calculate the amount of parenteral nutritional sources to meet patient nutritional needs A1.3.4.6.5. calculate the composition of parenteral nutritional sources to meet patient nutritional

needs

A1.3.4.7. perform proper quality control procedures A1.3.4.8. evaluate the stability of sterile formulations A1.3.4.9. evaluate the compatibility of sterile formulations A1.3.4.10. use good manufacturing practice standards A2. Provide population-based care

A2.1. Develop and implement population-specific, evidence-based disease management programs and protocols based upon analysis of epidemiologic and pharmacoeconomic data, medication use criteria, medication use review and risk reduction strategies

A2.1.1. assess the health needs of a specific patient population

A2.1.1.1. analyze epidemiologic data of a specific patient population

A2.1.1.2. identifying risk factors that would adversely affect patient health in a specific patient population

A2.1.2. identify the appropriate disease therapy guidelines for a given disease for a specific population A2.1.3. describe how to conduct medication use reviews in specific populations

A2.1.4. evaluate pharmacoeconomic data relevant to appropriate disease-specific treatment plans A2.1.5. design evidence-based disease management programs

A2.1.5.1. develop outcome indicators for disease management problems A2.1.5.2. develop drug treatment protocols for disease management problems A2.1.5.3. develop risk reduction strategies for disease management problems A2.1.5.4. develop education programs for health care providers and patients

A2.1.6. design a review process to assess that relevant members of a patient population receive needed services

B. Systems Management

cooperation with patients, prescribers, other health care providers and administrative and supportive personnel, to promote health; to provide, assess and coordinate safe, accurate and time-sensitive medication distribution; and to improve therapeutic outcomes of medication use

B1. Describe and demonstrate appropriate utilization of management principles, and use of health care resources in the American health care system

B1.1. identify the key features of private and public payers of heath care

B1.1.1. differentiate modes and mechanisms of paying for health and pharmaceutical care services B1.1.1.1. differentiate modes and mechanisms of paying for health care

B1.1.1.2. differentiate modes and mechanisms of paying for pharmaceutical care services B1.1.2. describe benefits provided under Medicare and Medicaid

B1.1.3. describe the role of government in financing and administering Medicare and Medicaid B1.2. describe the objectives of health insurance and managed health care programs

B1.2.1. differentiate between insuring health and managing health care B1.2.2. describe the evolution of pharmacists’ roles in the health care system

B1.2.3. describe the impact of health care costs on the medication distribution and use systems B1.2.4. define the role of the pharmacist in providing medication therapy management

B1.2.5. describe the role of pharmacists in providing access to patient-centered care for all patients B1.2.6. describe health disparities and means of addressing the problem

B2. Manage pharmacy operations

B2.1. evaluate a pharmacy for ownership or management using principles of financial management and business indicators

B2.2. conduct a basic analysis to diagnose and resolve financial and management problems B2.3. establish a mission statement with component goals and actions

B2.4. develop a strategic plan to achieve the identified goals.

B2.5. apply the principles of business planning to develop a business plan that supports the implementation and provision of patient-centered care services, identifies and acquires necessary resources, and assures financial success of the practice, i.e.,

B2.5.1. identify the financial, legal, accounting, and managerial role of the management/technical team.

B2.5.2. determine the cost to dispense a prescription and the appropriateness of pricing strategies B2.5.3. determine a budget for financial resource allocation

B2.5.4. predict patient care needs and professional service opportunities B2.5.5. establish effective time management and priority-setting procedures B2.5.6. determine strategies for managing organizational change

B2.5.7. evaluate the achievements of a practice in relation to the established mission, fiscal resources, and customer needs

B2.6. apply marketing principles to effectively promote pharmacy or pharmaceutical care services

B2.6.1. assess demand (among patients, providers, and payers) and competition, and identify a viable market within a target location

B2.6.1.1. assess demand among patients, providers, and payers B2.6.1.2. assess competition

B2.6.1.3. identify a viable market within a target location

B2.6.2. develop strategies to address marketing needs (products/services, price, promotion, place, personnel).

B2.6.3. document services and outcomes to enhance marketing and reimbursement

B2.6.4. develop direct-selling skills for approaching patients, providers, and payers to engage in medication therapy management or patient care services

B2.6.4.1. develop direct-selling skills for approaching patients to engage in medication therapy management or pharmaceutical care patient care services

B2.6.4.2. develop direct-selling skills for approaching providers to engage in medication therapy management or pharmaceutical care patient care services

B2.6.4.3. develop direct-selling skills for approaching payers to engage in medication therapy management or pharmaceutical care patient care services

B2.7. identify the impact of the government and third party payers on pharmacy operations

B2.8. recognize the basic principles/strategies for negotiating contracts with payers B2.9. develop strategies for compensation of pharmacy services

B3. Manage personnel

B3.1. determine the organizational structure of a pharmacy B3.2. identify the components of a job description

B3.3. identify a staff of persons (professional, technical and supportive) capable of fulfilling the practice mission

B3.4. interpret state and federal regulations that affect personnel policies B3.5. explain the role of staffing plans in maintaining workforce productivity B3.6. determine the process used to recruit, retain, and reward an individual

B3.6.1. determine the process used to recruit an individual B3.6.2. determine the process used to retain an individual B3.6.3. determine the process used to reward an individual

B4. Optimize physical and technological resources required to fulfill the practice mission.

B4.1. evaluate a pharmacy’s layout

B4.2. design/redesign a pharmacy to maintain efficiency and enhances patient-focused care services B4.3. utilize automated medication storage and distribution systems

B4.3.1. determine the benefits of medication storage and distribution systems, medication packing systems, and bar-code labeling systems

B4.3.1.1. determine the benefits of medication storage systems B4.3.1.2. determine the benefits of medication distribution systems B4.3.1.3. determine the benefits of medication packing systems B4.3.1.4. determine the benefits of bar-code labeling systems B4.3.1.5. identify the drawbacks of any new pharmacy technology

B4.3.2. identify electronic information systems that assists in the transfer of patient information needed for medication management

B4.3.3. identify the role of pharmacists when computerized prescriber order-entry systems are utilized B5. Manage medication distribution and control systems

B5.1. utilize inventory control concepts to develop and implement an inventory control system B5.1.1. determine optimal inventory mix/level

B5.1.2. identify processes used to maintain optimal inventory mix/level

B5.1.3. select drug products based on bioequivalence and therapeutic equivalence B5.1.3.1. select drug products based on bioequivalence

B5.1.3.2. select drug products based on therapeutic equivalence

B5.1.4. assess the utility of automated medication storage and distribution devices B5.1.5. maintain inventory records

B5.1.6. perform drug control, storage and security functions

B5.2. design, implement, and/or manage drug distribution systems for various practice settings B5.2.1. recognize distinguishing characteristics of drug distribution systems in a variety of settings,

including automated systems

B5.2.2. develop appropriate job descriptions for a given drug distribution system.

B5.2.3. develop policies and procedures that provide quality assurance/control for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of a given drug distribution system

B5.2.4. identify the role of the pharmacist in handling drug samples B5.2.5. Describe the role of the pharmacist in telemedicine

B6. Apply quality control standards to medication distribution and control systems.

B6.1. participate in the process for reporting and managing medication errors

B6.1.1. identify and report medication errors to appropriate individuals and organizations (including institutional and federal)

B6.1.2. evaluate information obtained from medication error reporting systems to identify preventable causes

B6.1.3. recommend actions to minimize the occurrence of medication errors B6.2. participate in the process for reporting and managing adverse drug reactions

B6.2.1. identify and report adverse drug reactions to appropriate individuals and organizations (including institutional and federal)

B6.2.2. evaluate information obtained from adverse drug reactions reporting systems to identify preventable causes

B6.2.3. recommend actions to minimize the occurrence of adverse drug reactions

B6.3. participate as part of a multidisciplinary team in the process for conducting medication use evaluations B6.3.1. develop appropriate criteria and outcome indicators

B6.3.1.1. identify appropriate drugs for review

B6.3.1.2. identify appropriate criteria or indicators developed by national organizations and regulatory agencies

B6.3.1.3. adapt existing criteria for use in a given situation

B6.3.1.4. develop criteria and/or indicators based on analysis of the literature, and site-specific considerations

B6.3.2. conduct medication use evaluations

B6.3.2.1. collect data for a medication utilization review B6.3.2.2. apply criteria to collected drug utilization review data B6.3.2.3. implement corrective actions to improve drug use

B6.3.2.4. assess outcomes of these corrective actions through a multidisciplinary system B6.4. participate in the development and implementation of a formulary system

B6.4.1. develop standards for drug product inclusion in the formulary

B6.4.1.1. evaluate relevant scientific literature and drug use data across patients and prescribers within the system

B6.4.1.2. develop therapeutic interchange guidelines B6.4.2. manage the formulary system

B6.4.2.1. compile and evaluate data necessary to review therapeutic and/or generic classes of drugs and new products for formulary considerations

B6.4.2.2. monitor compliance with formulary standards

B6.4.2.3. recommend corrective action if variances from the formulary standards occur B6.4.2.4. communicate with stakeholders regarding formulary decisions

B6.4.2.5. devise plan for continual evaluation of formulary decisions and their impact on patient care B6.5. apply principles of outcomes research and quality assessment methods to the evaluation of

pharmaceutical care services

B6.5.1. identify appropriate outcome measures to evaluate the quality of pharmaceutical care services B6.5.1.1. apply principles of pharmacoeconomics in evaluating pharmaceutical care decisions B6.5.1.2. apply principles of humanistic outcomes in determining impact of pharmaceutical care

services on patient’s quality of life

B6.5.2. apply elements of continuous quality improvement to evaluate the quality of pharmaceutical care services

B6.5.3. apply appropriate drug use management methods to evaluate the quality of pharmaceutical care services

B6.5.4. identify appropriate critical pathways, clinical practice guidelines, and disease management protocols in the evaluation of the quality of pharmaceutical care services

B6.5.5. determine if documentation pertaining to quality assurance activities is in accordance to the specifications of relevant accrediting and regulatory bodies

B6.5.6. explain the use of report cards in assessing the quality of health care

C. Public Health

C1. Identify public health problems

C1.1. Apply population-specific data, quality assurance strategies and research processes to identify public health problems

C1.1.1. Identify features of target population

C1.1.1.1. identify attitudes, behaviors and lifestyles

C1.1.1.2. identify cultural, ethnic and socioeconomic factors C1.1.1.3. define determinants of health and illness

C1.1.1.4. identify factors contributing to health promotion C1.1.1.5. identify factors contributing to disease prevention C1.1.1.6. identify factors influencing the use of health services C1.1.1.7. identify factors contributing to health care disparities

C1.1.2. Apply epidemiological methods to define and assess the health status of individuals and populations C1.1.2.1. identify the incidence of diseases

C1.1.2.2. identify the prevalence of diseases C1.1.2.3. identify at-risk populations

C1.1.3. Define the role of screening tools in identifying public health problems C2. Solve public health problems

C2.1. Develop a plan for provision of informational and preventive efforts and identify potential methods and/or plans to generate physical or financial support from internal and external sources

C2.1.1. Design a plan to address public health problems

C2.1.1.1. describe how disease control and prevention health care services will be delivered C2.1.1.1.1. describe the role of immunization in preventing public health problems

C2.1.1.2. identify ways to collaborate with other members of the health care team to provide additional services

C2.1.1.3. identify ways to collaborate with local, state and federal organizations to resolve public health problems

C2.1.1.4. Prioritize pharmacy-based programs on identifiable criteria and standard

C2.1.1.5. evaluate the quality and effectiveness of interventions designed to address public health problems

C2.1.1.6. develop plan for the continuous assessment and monitoring of at-risk populations C2.1.1.7. describe the role of the pharmacist in providing public health services

C2.1.1.7.1. identify the role of pharmacists in disease prevention and control

C2.1.1.7.2. identify the role of pharmacists in emergency preparedness planning and response C2.1.1.7.2.1. identify the roles pharmacists play in bioterrorism emergencies

C2.1.1.7.2.2. identify the roles pharmacists play in chemical terrorism emergencies C2.1.1.7.2.3. identify the roles pharmacists play in natural disaster emergencies C2.1.1.7.2.4. identify medication dispensing activities in emergencies

C2.1.1.7.2.5. identify information provision activities in emergencies C2.1.1.7.2.6. identify the activities of vaccination response teams C2.1.1.7.2.7. identify the activities of the medical reserve corps

C2.1.1.7.2.8. identify how pharmacist emergency activities are implemented on the local community level

C2.1.1.7.2.9. identify how pharmacist emergency activities are implemented on the national level

C2.1.1.7.3. describe how to provide patients with access to poison prevention and treatment information

C2.1.1.7.3.1. describe basic poison treatment modalities

C2.1.1.7.3.2. recognize patients requiring emergency referral for poisoning C2.1.1.7.3.3. provide patients with poison prevention strategies and devices C2.1.1.7.4. use poison prevention and treatment information resources

C2.1.2. Promote patient education on wellness, health improvement, and disease prevention and control C2.1.2.1. educate patients about behaviors that maintain wellness

C2.1.2.2. educate patients about behaviors that promote health improvement C2.1.2.3. educate patients about behaviors that prevent disease

C2.1.2.4. educate patients about behaviors that control disease

C2.1.2.5. provide education materials and services tailored to the needs of a given audience C2.1.2.6. provide education materials and services tailored to the background of a given audience C2.1.3. Identify potential methods and/or plans to generate physical or financial support from internal and

external sources

C2.1.3.1. identify financial resources for implementing public health initiatives

C2.1.3.2. identify principles of pharmacoeconomics in public health policy development

C3. Advocate for improved public health polices that increase access to health services and reduce health risks C3.1. define the role of professional organizations in the development of public health policy

C3.2. describe how professional standards and guidelines are incorporated into specific public health policies C3.3. identify methods to recruit the support from pertinent local and state organizations, health care

providers and policy makers responsible for the development of the public health initiatives

C3.4. develop strategic efforts to collaborate with stakeholders to promote public health and resolve public health problems

D. Professional Competence

commitment to ethical actions

D1. Communicate and collaborate with patients, caregivers, prescribers, other health care providers, policy makers and administrative and supportive personnel

D1.1. develop effective skills to communicate with audiences from any background D1.1.1. use appropriate listening skills

D1.1.2. use appropriate verbal communication skills D1.1.3. use appropriate nonverbal communication skills D1.1.4. use appropriate written communication skills

D1.1.5. provide information in language appropriate for the target audience

D1.1.5.1. choose communication methods that are sensitive to the social background of the target audience

D1.1.5.2. choose communication methods that are sensitive to the cultural background of the target audience

D1.2. develop interview skills that promote positive pharmacist-patient interactions D1.2.1. identify techniques to establish rapport

D1.2.2. identify techniques to elicit information from the source D1.2.3. identify techniques to provide information to the source D1.2.4. describe techniques to exhibit a professional demeanor

D1.2.5. outline techniques that promote patient adherence to appropriate therapy D1.2.6. identify strategies that encourage patient involvement

D1.2.7. describe techniques to demonstrate sensitivity to cultural factors

D1.3. formulate a response to a drug-information request that is appropriate to the requester’s level of understanding

D1.4. properly cite references on all sources utilized when providing information D2. Demonstrate proficiency in informatics

D2.1. define basic terminology (data, information, knowledge, hardware, software, networks, information systems, and information system management)

D2.2. describe reasons for systematic processing of information in health care

D2.3. describe the benefits of using information and communication technology in health care D2.4. describe the constraints of using information and communication technology in health care

D3. Retrieve, analyze and interpret the professional, lay and scientific literature to make informed, rational and evidence-based decisions

D3.1. identify the types and quality of information that are available in primary, secondary and tertiary information sources, including electronic resources and those intended for lay audiences

D3.1.1. identify appropriate information sources for the information needed

D3.1.2. identify the type of information available within sources (primary, secondary, tertiary—electronic, lay)

D3.1.3. evaluate the quality of information within a source

D3.1.4. employ efficient search strategies to find appropriate sources of drug and health information using a variety of information resources

D3.2. critically analyze relevant literature D3.2.1. critique study methodology D3.2.2. critique study findings D3.2.3. critique study conclusions

D3.2.4. determine relevant literature’s applicability to the information needed

D3.3. draw conclusions by integrating evidence from the literature and clinical expertise

D4. Apply patient-specific data, population-specific data, quality assurance strategies and research strategies to make informed, rational and evidence-based decisions

D4.1. Apply patient-specific data to make informed, rational and evidence-based decisions D4.2. Apply population-specific data to make informed, rational and evidenced-based decisions D4.3. Apply quality assurance strategies to make informed, rational and evidence-based decisions D4.4. Apply research processes to make informed, rational and evidence-based decisions

D5. Acquire skills that promote self-directed life-long learning

D5.1. maintain professional competence by identifying and analyzing emerging issues, products and services that may impact pharmacy practice

D5.2. maintain professional competence by identifying and analyzing emerging issues, products and services that may impact pharmacy policies

D5.3. create and utilize self-assessment portfolios to foster professional development D6. Conduct oneself in accordance with legal, social, ethical, and professional guidelines

D6.1. conduct oneself in accordance with legal guidelines

D6.1.1. conduct oneself in accordance with legal guidelines when dispensing medications D6.1.2. conduct oneself in accordance with legal guidelines in the delivery of patient care

D6.1.3. conduct oneself in accordance with legal guidelines in managing medication distribution systems D6.1.4. conduct oneself in accordance with legal guidelines in providing public health services

D6.2. Conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines

D6.2.1. conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines when dispensing medications D6.2.2. conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in the delivery of patient care

D6.2.3. conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in managing medication distribution systems D6.2.4. conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in providing public health services

D6.2.5. conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in learning and classroom environments D6.2.6. conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in relation to one’s peers

D6.2.7. conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in occupational and professional activities D6.2.8. conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in one’s community

D6.3. conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines

D6.3.1. conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines when dispensing medications D6.3.2. conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in the delivery of patient care D6.3.3. conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in managing medication

distribution systems

D6.3.4. conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in providing public health services

D6.3.5. conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in learning and classroom environments

D6.3.6. conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in relation to one’s peers D6.3.7. conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in occupational and professional

activities

D6.3.8. conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in one’s community