Plant test reviewChapter 19-22

Name: __________________________________________ Biology 412

Plant test review Chapter 19-22

Chapter 19

1. Complete the following table.

Phyla Example Reproduce

on land (y or n)

Lignin/

vascular tissue (y or n)

Seeds (y or n)

Flowers (y or n)

Characteristics Dominant generation (sporophyte or

gametophyte) Bryophyte Moss

Y N N N

Gametophyte

Pteridophyte Fern Y Y N N Sporophyte

Gymnosperm Conifers Y Y Y N Sporophyte

Angiosperm Flowering Plants

Y Y Y Y Sporophyte

Note: Algae or plant-like protists were the ancestors of plants. Algae ARE NOT plants they are protists.

They DID NOT live on land.

2. Using the above table create a cladogram of the evolution of plants. Begin with green algae and

include derive characteristics as well.

3. Define a plant. Identify the 4 struggles plants faced due to life on land and an adaptation for each.

Definition: A multicellular autotroph in which the embryo develops inside the parent.

Challenges of life on Land:

 Obtaining resources (leaves, roots, shoots; vascular tissue)

 Staying upright (lignin in cell walls)

 Maintaining moisture (waxy cuticle, stomates)

 Reproducing (pollen can be wind dispersed and seeds protect and nourish embryo)

4. What is meant by alternation of generation? Using the picture below identify the stages that are diploid and the ones that are haploid.

Red is diploid and Blue is haploid.

5. What is a “naked” seed? Which phylum has these?

A seed that is not enclosed in an embryo or fruit. Pine cones of gymnosperms have them.

b 6. Label the flower and plant diagrams with the correct terms on the right. (1 pt each)

CHAPTER 20

7. Differentiate between primary growth and secondary growth of a stem. Be sure to include the type of tissue associated with each and in which direction (vertical/height or horizontal/width) they each occur.

Primary growth (increased height) occurs at the meristems located at the tips of roots and the buds of shoots.

Secondary growth (increased width) is the growth in woody plants and vines that increases the width of the trunk. It occurs in the vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem.

8. Draw a cross section of a stem. Identify the 3 main tissue layers (dermal, ground, and vascular) in it and state their main function.

 Dermal

o protects the plant from injury or water loss

 Vascular

o water and nutrients are conducted by this throughout the plant

 Ground

o Most of the plant body is made of this. Fills spaces between vascular and dermal.

Functions in photosynthesis, storage and support

9. Label the apical meristem in the diagram below. What is it’s function in growth?

A is the apical meristem. It is where active mitosis is occurring and making the plant grow in height.

CHAPTER 21:

10, The picture below shows structures in the dermal tissue on the underside of a leaf. Label them.

Include the name of the 2 cells on each side, the entire structure, and the hole. What enters the leaf here? What exits?

a. Explain what happens in part (a) to allow for the opening of the stomata.

Potassium enters the guard cells and then water follows. This increases the turgor pressure against the cell wall and causes the guard cells to swell and take on the bean shape. This results in an opening between them called the stoma. When water leaves as in (b) the guard cells lose their shape an the stoma closes.

b. What is the job of the stomata? To regulate water loss and gas exchange by opening and closing.

Transpiration and the movement of water from the roots to the leaves relies on evaporation of water out of the stomata.

Stoma or

stomatal pore

Guard cells

11. List the nutrients that enter through roots. Does CO

enter primarily through roots or leaves?

Enters through roots: Water and Macronutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Sulfur, and all the micronutrients.

CO

enters through the stomata in the leaves.

Note: Roots also function in anchorage of the plant into the ground and storage of nutrients such as sugars and starches. Sugars are not produced in the roots.

12. Using the terms transpiration, adhesion, cohesion, root pressure, and xylem, explain how water moves through a plant.

Water enters the root vascular system from the soil. There is high pressure in the root. As water sticks to itself (cohesion) and the sides of the xylem (adhesion), and water is pulled from the stomata by transpiration, water is pulled up through the xylem and out through the stomata.

13. The pressure flow mechanism explains how ____sugar (sap)______________________ moves through a plant. It starts out in an area of ___high____________________ concentration, known as the

___source__________________, and moves to an area of _______low________________ concentration, or ____sink______________.

14. What part of the vascular tissue is responsible for the movement of water? Identify the two cells that it is made up of.

Xylem move water. They consist of tracheids and vessel elements.

15. The phloem moves ___sugar (sap)_______________ through a plant. It is made up of the following two cells

a. sieve tube members b. companion cells

16. Explain the importance of nitrogen for plants.

Nitrogen is critical to all living things. It is needed as a major component of amino acids, the building

blocks of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and ATP.

17. If plants can’t use N

from the atmosphere what must happen in order for a usable form to be created. Briefly explain this.

Nitrogen fixing bacteria take the nitrogen from the atmosphere (which is triple bonded and impossible for plants to break) and the turn it into ammonia. Nitrifying bacteria then change it over to nitrate and ammonium which is then taken into the roots and used by plants. Humans can also convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into fertilizer using a lot of energy from fossil fuels.

CHAPTER 22

18. Differentiate between an epiphyte and a parasitic plant. Give an example of each.

An epiphyte is a plant that grows on other plants but it does not harm the plant (commensalism). A parasitic plant grows on other plants but and negatively impact is by causing the other plant to lose nutrients either by tapping into the phloem or preventing the plant from having sun.

19. What type of soil/environment would you find a carnivorous plant? Why?

An environment low in nitrogen such as a peat bog. The plants still do photosynthesis but they get nitrogen by digesting insects.

Matching: Match the hormone to the correct statements You only need to know about ethylene.

20. responsible for ripening of fruit __E__________

21. Leads to changing of leaf colors and falling off. ___A and E_______

22. Responsible for germination and fruit development ___A_______

23. Prevents water loss when plants are in water stress. ____D________

24. Slows the aging of fruit and often sprayed on fruit prior to shipment ___C_____

**Note: Ethylene is sprayed on plants to cause them to ripen. You can put fruit in a paper bag to make it ripen faster because the ethylene it produces will build up in the bag.

25. Explain vegetative reproduction. How closely related are offspring to parent?

Plants can develop new plants via asexual reproduction via runners underground or pieces that break off and form a new plant. They are clones of the parent, genetically identical.

a. Auxin

b. Cytokinins

c. Gibberelins

d. Abscisic acid

e. Ethylene