ACTION RESEARCH
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(2) Approaches, Methods and tools for data collection in Action Research 1) Approaches of Action Research: Qualitative and Quantitative - Concept & Need 2)Methods of Action Research: Experimental, Survey& Case Study. (Meaning, Purpose, Process and limitations).
(3) 3.Tools for data collection;-. (Characteristics, uses & limitations) a) Questionnaire- (open & closed ended) b) Audio-Video recording c) Interviews (structured & unstructured) d) Observation- (Participant & non-participant).
(4) APPROACHES OF ACTION RESEARCHCONCEPT AND NEED Qualitative Approach: Approach in Social Science research that involves watching people in their own territory and interacting with them in their own language, on their own terms Kirk and Miller(1986) Refers to the essence of what , why, how of things. Relies on non-numerical data- concepts, contexts, descriptions and settings. Emphasis is on the study of meanings of phenomenon and interpreting them The researcher and respondents influence each other.
(5) Aim of research is to develop an. idiographic body of knowledge. Goal is to portray multiple realities and develops deep and complete understanding of phenomenon under investigation Inferences and conclusions are descriptive in nature Evolving research method as the study proceeds.
(6) Sample under study is usually small Use of Inductive logic Use of observations , both participant and Non-Participant,. interviews , documents, audio and video recordings Involves exploration of incidents in-depth Naturalistic and uncontrolled observations Continuous analysis using inductive approach. The strategies of data analysis is through Analytic Induction(Way of Building explanations by constructing and testing causal links between events and actions) Constant comparison ( every time some new text is coded it has to be compared with the text that has already been coded ) Triangulation(Uncovering information from more than one vantage point which assists in confirming validity of findings)e.g. Data Triangulation: Time space and person Not generalizable as sample is small..
(7) Steps of Qualitative research. Deciding upon the goals of the study Deciding upon the population and . settings of the study Gaining entry into the group Gaining rapport with the subjects Observations and recording of field notes Dealing with crisis Exit from observational scene Drawing conclusions Report writing.
(8) Need The qualitative research examines the WHOLE to gain an understanding of phenomenon which is essential to throw light on existing policies. Multiple realities are studies in qualitative analysis..
(9) QUANTITATIVE APPROACH Quantitative research is ‘Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics)’. Gunderson (2000),. Aliga and. Refers to amount of something Relies on numerical data Reality measured using the tools Researcher is detached from the respondents The aim of the research is to develop a. nomothetic body of Knowledge expressed in terms of generalizations.
(10) The goal is to test theories and establish . . facts by use of statistical techniques Sample is generally large Use of deductive logic Use of tools and techniques for data collection like rating scales, questionnaires, test scores etc. Obstructive and controlled measurement Verifiable, confirmatory and outcome oriented..
(11) Steps of Quantitative research . Problem identification Review of literature Stating aims objectives and hypotheses Selecting the research design selecting the tools Collection of data Scoring/Coding and analysis of data Interpretation of findings Report writing.
(12) Need it enables the scientist to identify the causes. of his or her observations. Experiments are conducted in an attempt to answer certain questions. They represent attempts to identify why something happens, what causes some event, or under what conditions an event does occur..
(13) Methods of Action Research Meaning, Purpose, Process and limitations Experimental Survey Case Study.
(14) EXPERIMENTAL It is a type of investigation which employs. . the technique of experimentation to arrive at inferences and drawing conclusions Systematic and logical method for answering questions Done under carefully controlled conditions Manipulation of stimuli treatments or environmental conditions Deliberate and systematic manipulation of conditions Provides method of hypotheses testing.
(15) purpose To establish relationships between two variables Dependent and independent variables Experimenter makes use of experimental designs while conducting the research Limitations Some variables cant be manipulated Ethical problems Difficult to work under ideal conditions.
(16) Steps/process in Experimental Research . Select and define problem. Select subjects and [measurement] instruments. Select design. Execute procedures. Analyze data. Formulate.
(17) Limitations Controlling extraneous variables Researchers influence Ethical considerations Expensive Time consuming.
(18) SURVEY For Collection of information and opinion of people about a person, institution or situation which exists ,practices that prevail, beliefs and attitudes that are going on, and trends that are developing Facts are recorded as they appear First step towards collecting basic information for research work Process/steps The problem to be investigated should be identified The review of researches carried out related to the problem Design and procedure for execution Collection of data Classifying the data Tabulating the data Analyzing the data Interpreting the data.
(19) Limitations Survey do not reveal forecasts of. things to come Depend on the responses of the sample which may be misleading at times if not answered truthfully. Large sample is taken for study so the characteristic of an individual cant be studied ..
(20) CASE STUDY Method of exploring and analysing life of a. person group community or institution. It also means building systematic past of a person. It involves deep study of individual group or. institution. Deals with qualitative data Case studies are complex because they. generally involve multiple sources of data, may include multiple cases within a study, and produce large amounts of data for analysis..
(21) process Determine and define the present study of the case Determination of the most probable antecedants of the case i.e. formation of hypotheses Verification of the hypothesis Further validation of the diagnosis that is formulation of a remedial programme Case follow up- assessment of the remedial programme.
(22) Limitations: Time consuming Information may not always be trustworthy Involvement of pure objectivity in data gathering may be difficult Difficulty in drawing generalizations.
(23) Tools for Data Collection The Questionnaire What is a questionnaire? The charactersitics of a good questionnaire. Types of questionnaires- open and closedended Guidelines for preparing a good questionnaire. Uses of the questionnaire. Limitations of the questionnaire.
(24) Audio-Video Recordings What are audio recordings? What are video recordings? Characteristics of Audio-video recordings. Uses of Audio-video recordings. Limitations of Audio-video recordings. Ethical considerations in the use of Audio-video recordings..
(25) Interviews What are interviews? Purpose of the Interview Types of Interviews- Structured & Unstructured Characteristics of Structured and Unstructured Interviews. Steps in conducting an Interview. Advantages & disadvantages of the use of Interviews as a technique for data collection..
(26) Observation What is meant by Observation as a technique for data collection? Types of Observations- Participant and Nonparticipant. Characteristics of the Participant and Nonparticipant observation techniques. Steps in conducting the participant observation. Steps in conducting the non-participant observation. Advantages & disadvantages of the participant observation technique. Advantages & disadvantages of the nonparticipant observation technique..
(27) References Best John : Research in Education. Craig A. Mertler: Action Research- Teachers. as Researchers in the classroom. Jean McNiff: Action Research: Principles and Practice. Lokesh Kaul : Research Methodology Creswell : Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches..
(28) Thankyou.
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