PDHPE PRELIMINARY NOTES

What does health mean to individuals?

Definitions

1913: The state of being hale, sound or whole, in body, mind or soul; especially, the state of being free from physical disease or pain.

1947: World Health Organisation: A state of complete, physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease infirmity.

1957: WHO: Health is a condition or quality of the human organism which expresses adequate functions under given genetic and environmental conditions.

1986: Australian Better Health Commission ( In ‘Looking Forward to Better Health’):

To the community, good health means a higher standard of living, greater participation in making implementing community health policies and reducing health costs.

Dimensions

Physical Health

 Efficient functioning of the body

 Capacity to participate in everyday activities  Absence of disease

 Can include: - Body size/shape - Level of fitness - Energy level - Weight - Ability to recover from illness

Mental Health

 Includes: emotion, spiritual and social health

 Ability to adapt to change  Cope with adversity

 Communication/relating skills  Resilience

 Self-esteem

Emotional Health

 Ability to express emotions when appropriate

 Avoid expressing inappropriately and control them

 Ability to develop good self-esteem  Positive image

 Resolve conflict

 Realistic perspectives into situations

Social Health

 Ability to form and maintain satisfying relationships

 May include: Parents, friends, family, teachers

 Following accepted behaviours  Interacting positively in groups

Spiritual Health

 A belief in a supreme being  Way of life prescribed by religion  Greater scheme

 Assists to make decisions  Feelings of unity and belonging  Sense of guidance and value

Relative Nature of Health

 In relation to another period of time  Potential

 Relative to different communities

Dynamic Nature of Health

 Health changes over time

Health is an interaction between the dimensions.

Eg severe cold influences us to be socially less interactive

-Lifestyle-related disease is the prime cause of morbidity (level of illness)

and mortality (death rate).

Health continuum: Measures our health status at any moment of time.

Perceptions of Health

 Understanding develops over time  Subjective rating

HEALTH INEQUALITIES

- Age - Gender - Ethnicity

- Social/Economic Status - Disability - Geographic location SOCIO-ECONOMIC EXAMPLES

- Material Resources

- Childhood living conditions

- Exposure to racism and discrimination - Access to educational resources - Safe working conditions

- Effective health services

By studying perception, reasons of why particular problems occur in group can be identified. SOCIO-ECONMOICALLY DISADVANTAGED GROUPS

- Indigenous Australians - Prisoners

- Remote/rural areas where people live - People born overseas

- Defence force members - Homeless people

 Concepts can change through life changes  Babies and their mothers

 Children  Adolescents  Adults  65 yrs +

Implications of different perceptions of Health

 Major implications for public health

 Public health: Planned response to protect and promote health and to prevent its illness, injury and disability.

 Basis for identifying public health issues and priority areas

 Focus on prevention, promotion and protection (rather then treatment)  An individual perception of health determines:

Whether or not they take appropriate action.

 Perceptions of health influence the extent and quality of health services

 Affect range of determinants; socio-economic, environmental and behaviour of individuals.

Health as a Social Construct

 Social circumstances depicts an individual’s personal meaning of health.  Varies from one society to another

 Socio-cultural perspective – viewpoint of society in whole.  Identifies contributing factors relating to health status  Health is not only an individual concern

 Interrelated socio-cultural influences

 Social Environment: Social, cultural, physical, political and economic.

 People with a low socio-economic status are more likely than people from a higher socio-economic groups to smoke, drink alcohol and participate in drug-taking and have an inadequate diet.



Health as a social construct means health is not solely the responsibility of the

individual.

Public Health Approach

 Developing Social solutions

 A social construct identifies the factors in the health of the community as a whole  Greater access to health services for disadvantaged social groups

 Including health literacy skills – ability to understand health information and apply knowledge by selecting appropriate health services.

Determinants of Health



Biomedical and genetic factors



Health Behaviours



Socio-economic Factors



Environmental

Individual

 Knowledge, skills and attitudes  Genetics

Socio-cultural Factors

 Family  Peers  Media  Religion  Culture  Aboriginality (marginalisation)

Socio-economic

 Employment  Education  Income

Environmental Factors

 Geographic Location  Access to health  Access to technology

The degree of control individuals can exert over their health – Modifiable and non-modifiable health determinants

 Individual behaviours can be changed

 Factors that influence behaviour include predisposing, enabling and reinforcing.

 Predisporing: experiences, knowledge, culture and ethnicity, age, sex, income, family background, educational, background and access to health care.

 Skills and Ability: Physical, emotional and mental capabilities, community and government priorities and approaches to health, health resources and facilities are enabling factors. Positive enablers: encourage positive behaviour

Negative enablers: barriers, work against intention to change unhealthy behaviours  Reinforcing: Presence of support/encouragement

What strategies help to promote the health

of individuals?

 Process that enables people to improve or have greater control over their health  Identify and realise aspirations

 Satisfy needs

 Change with the environment

Health Promotion

 Preventative health services  Organisational Development  Public Policies  Economic/regulatory activities  Health education  Environmental health  Community-based work

Responsibility for health

 Individuals

 Community groups/schools  Non-government organisations  Government

 International organisations

Promotion & Stratergies

Lifestyle/behaviour approaches

- Individual Lifestyle - Socio-environmental - Harm minimisation - Zero tolerance

Preventative Medical Approaches Public health Approaches

- Health Promoting schools - Health Promoting workplaces

Stratergies

1. Enabling

2. Creating environments that are supportive of health 3. Advocating to create essential conditions for health

Ottawa Charter as an effective health promotion framework

 1978: WHO + UNICEF: health care conference

 Declaration of Alma Ata  1986: Ottawa Charter

- Develop personal skills

- Create supportive environments

- Strengthen community action

- Reorient health services

- Build health public policy

Principles of Social Justice

- Equity

- Diversity

- Supportive environments -

How do the musculoskeletal and

cardiorespiratory systems of the body

influence and respond to movement?

Anatomy & Physiology

 Anatomy: Study of body structure and relationship between body structures.  Physiology: Study of how the body works and various functions of the body.  Helps to understand how the body reacts to stress.

 Musculoskeletal: Muscular and skeletal system  Protects vital organs

 Ability to Move SKELETAL SYSTEM

 Bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage and periosteum (membrane around bones)  Support – provide framework for attachment of soft connective tissue

 Movement – contractions of muscles pull bones

 Blood cell production – cell formation occurs in red bone marrow  Storage of energy – yellow bone barrow; stored source of lipids

Major bones involved in movement

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

- Curved shape; absorb shock & distribute pressure

- Diaphysis (long shaft) covered by membrane - Medullary cavity (red bone marrow in childhood – yellow bone marrow in adulthood - Two end portions (epiphyes) – covered by articular

cartilage – reduce friction

- Cubed shaped - Wrists, ankles, fingers and toes

- Flattened out

- Skull + breastbone - Don’t fit in other categories - Unusually shaped - Fit variety of positions - Vertebra, facial bones, shoulder blade

 206 bones  2 parts

 Axial Skeleton

- Forms long axis of the body and includes the skull, vertebra, ribs, sternum and hyoid bone.

- Vertebral column protects the spinal cord, 42 movable vertebrae. - 7 Cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 Lumbar - Sacrum: 5 fused - Coccyx: 4 fused  Appendicular Skeleton

- Bones of the pectoral girdle - Upper body

- Pelvic Girdle - Lower body

Structure and Function of Joints

 Joints provide mobility  The point where bones meet  Hold skeleton together  Allow movement

 Provide resistance to forces pulling alignment from bones Function and stability of a joint is determined by

1. How articulating bones fit

2. Flexibility of connective tissue binding the joint 3. Position of the muscle, tendons and ligament

Joint Classification

Fibrous – no cavity between bones

- held together by strong connective tissue Cartilaginous – no cavity between bones

- held together by cartilage Synovial – joints have cavity

- held together by ligaments - synovial fluid is in the cavity - all synovial joints are movable

Flexion/extension - Head - Arm - Hand - Forearm - Trunk Pronation/supination - Forearm Abduction/Adduction - Fingers - Arm Elevation/depression Protraction/retraction Dorsiflexion/Panter flexion Inversion/eversion Rotation - Hand

Agonist:

- Prime movers - Main force

Antagonists

- Muscles that react

- Opposes or reverses or a particular movement

Stabilisers

- Synergists and fixators

- Aids agonists by promoting the same movement or by reducing unnecessary movement

Muscle of muscle contraction

Isotonic

 Fibres produce tension or force, as they fit lift the load the movement range  Shorten and lengthens – tension develops

 Concentric Isotonic: Shortens to pull bones and bring them close together  Eccentric Isotonic: Muscle lengthens

 Examples: squats, pull ups, push ups, kicking ball Isometric

 Tension develops but no shorten or lengthening  Produce energy with out movement

 Few muscles operate in isolation

Muscular System

- Skeletal muscle - Cardiac muscle - Smooth muscle

Respiratory System

 Metabolic reactions: cell uses oxygen to create energy  Respiration: provides oxygen, eliminates CO2 & other wastes  Organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs.

Components of blood

 Blood: specialled connective tissue  8% of total body weight

 Transports nutrients, oxygen CO2, waste products and hormones  Protects us from bleeding to death

 Acts as a regulator of temperature

 Erythrocytes – red blood cells; carry haemoglobin

 Leucocytes – white blood cells; combat infection and inflammation

 Thrombocytes – platelets; process of clotting, help repair slightly damaged vessels

The heart

 Involuntary muscle with striated muscle fibres  Two chambers – atrium & ventricle

 Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries

Pulmonary circulation

- Circulates blood from right side of heart to lungs, then back to heart Systemic circulation

- Pumps blood from left side of the heart to all body tissue, then back to right side

Blood Pressure

 Force that the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels  Millimetres of mercury ( mmHg )

 Systolic  Diastolic

What is the relationship between physical

fitness, training and movement efficiency?

Components of fitness

 Cardiorespiratory endurance

 Supply nutrients and oxygen efficiently to working muscles  Multistage fitness / step tests

 Muscular Strength

 Maximal for or tensions  Dynamometers  Muscular endurance

 Sustain/repeat muscular effort  Situps/pushups

 Flexibility

 Range of movement preformed in and around a joint  Sit and reach

 Body composition

 Proportions of various tissues and their influence on body mass  BMI/Skinfold Skill-related components  Power  Strength x speed  Vertical jump  Speed

 Rate of change in position  20-60m sprint tests  Agility

 Change direction/position rapidly  Shuttle run/burpee test

 Coordination

 Flow of movement  Catch

 Balance

 Stable position/equilibrium  Stork Stand/ one foot balance  Reaction time

 Time to respond to stimulus  Ruler reaction test

Measuring physical fitness

 Evaluate progress

 Make comparisons with others  Develop accurate training programs  Set realistic, achievable fitness goals  Identify baseline and follow ups

 Asses individual weaknesses and strengths  Identify medical problems

 Motivate to improve results

Aerobic

 Help break down metabolise energy resources to create movement  Low moderate intensity

 Extended time

 Beneficial; cardiorespiratory system

 Frequency: how often aerobic should occur  Intensity: level

 Maximum heart rate = 220 - Individuals age  60 – 85 % = Target heart rate (THR)

Anaerobic

 Short duration – Intense

 Stored energy limited + lactic acid build up = short time & slows or impairs contraction  Eg sprinting

Immediate physiological response to training

- Heart rate increases with intensity

- Ventilation rate

- Stroke volume – the amount of blood ejected with each contraction of the heart also increases - Cardiac output – volume of blood that is pumped out of the heart per/min (Q=HR x SV)