Quality Casting Manual

(1)

(2)

Qingdao Casting Quality Industrial Co., Ltd. P ro fe ss io n a l S u pp lie r of C a st in g P a rt s In C h in a Web Site: www.castingquality.com

Email: [email protected]

Founded in 2002, has grown from small

company to a professional supplier of casting parts. We pay much attention to the quality and inspection , Our products are much more casting and forging parts.The method include sand casting ,lost wax casting and die casting .Today, its products are marketed globally through many countries.

Qingdao Casting Quality Industrial Co., Ltd

Much buyers from all over the world purchase products from China. But do you know the

quality of products in China? Maybe you only pay the surface and price , but the inner quality is lost .

Why You Choose Casting Quality As Your

Partner?

Honesty

We will honestly inform you whether we can produce your products, and inform you the

process of products . Yes , you have the right to get the actual details include manufacture process, quality, shipment and the problems. The honesty will be beneﬁt to your ﬁrm and us .

Innovation

Our engineers are more than just designers they are pioneers. Our team use CAD/CAM to do the simulation of casting parts .Through the advanced technology , we can know the

weight and structure . We also visited so many factories to know their diﬀerence and improve our products every year.

....

Quality

We are obsessed with quality. Casting Quality constantly strives to exceed our customers

expectations in durability and performance. In fact, we will control the whole process from the original material to the ﬁnished parts ,include the technology .Uniquely-designed Quality

Control System focuses on ensuring four product goals: 1) Eligible Chemistry , 2) Hardness 3) Mechanical Property and 4) Aﬀordable Pricing. The result is the best casting products value in the industry.

Service

We are located in Qingdao, China, It has convenient transportation of road and sea.

Courteous service is part of who we are, and we do it better than anyone in the industry. With Casting Quality you can expect friendly, knowledgeable and prompt customer service.

Shipping orders complete and on-time is of paramount importance to our costumers. We will count the delivery date and result before accept your order .Casting Quality consistently ranks as one of the best in speed of delivery and ﬁll rates.

(3)

What is casting?

Casting is a mass production process which involves molten materials (such as metals, plastics or resins) being poured into a mold, allowed to solidify and then extracted for use. Casting can be thought of as a method for reproducing something - whether a mere part or a single unit by itself.

Casting is a process that can be used to manufacture complex parts which would prove too expensive or time-consuming to produce using other methods such as cutting or shaping these from solid materials.

Casting Processes Classiﬁcation 1. Type of Mould

- Consumable (sand): destroyed after each casting - Permanent (metal): reused many times

2. Type of Pattern (for making a sand mould):

- Consumable (wax): destroyed (melted) for each mould - Permanent (wood, metal): reused for many moulds 3. Type of Core (for producing a hole in a casting):

- Consumable (sand): used in both sand and metal mould - Permanent (metal): used in permanent mould only

4. Type of Filling (metal ﬂow in mould):

- Gravity: sand casting, gravity die casting - Pressure: low and high pressure die casting - Vacuum: vacuum investment casting.

(4)

What Is Sand Casting?

Sand casting is used to make large parts (typically Iron and Steel but also Bronze, Brass, Aluminum). Molten metal is poured into a mold cavity formed out of sand (natural or synthetic). The processes of sand casting are discussed in this section, include patterns, sprues and runners, design considerations, and casting allowance.

Patterns

The cavity in the sand is formed by using a pattern (an approximate duplicate of the real part), which are typically made out of wood, sometimes metal. The cavity is contained in an aggregate housed in a box called the ﬂask. Core is a sand shape inserted into the mold to produce the internal features of the part such as holes or internal passages.

Cores are placed in the cavity to form holes of the desired shapes. Core print is the region added to the pattern, core, or mold that is used to locate and support the core within the mold. A riser is an extra void created in the mold to contain excessive molten material. The purpose of this is feed the molten metal to the mold cavity as the molten metal solidiﬁes and shrinks, and thereby prevents voids in the main casting.

In a two-part mold, which is typical of sand castings, the upper half, including the top half of the pattern, flask, and core is called cope and the lower half is called drag. The parting line or the parting surface is line or surface that separates the cope and drag. The drag is first filled partially with sand, and the core print, the cores, and the gating system are placed near the parting line. The cope is then assembled to the drag, and the sand is poured on the cope half, covering the pattern, core and the gating system. The sand is compacted by vibration and mechanical means. Next, the cope is removed from the drag, and the pattern is carefully removed. The object is to remove the pattern without breaking the mold cavity. This is

facilitated by designing a draft, a slight angular oﬀset from the vertical to the vertical surfaces of the pattern. This is usually a minimum of 1?or 1.5 mm (0.060 in), whichever is greater. The

rougher the surface of the pattern, the more the draft to be provided.

Sprues and Runners

The molten material is poured in the pouring cup, which is part of the gating system that supplies the molten

(5)

vertical part of the gating system connected to the pouring cup is the sprue, and the horizontal portion is called the runners and ﬁnally to the multiple points where it is introduced to the mold cavity called the

gates. Additionally there are extensions to the gating system called vents that provide the path for the built up gases and the displaced air to vent to the atmosphere.

The cavity is usually made oversize to allow for the metal contraction as it cools down to room temperature. This is achieved by making the pattern oversize. To account for shrinking, the pattern must be made oversize by these factors, on the average. These are linear factors and apply in each direction. These shrinkage allowance are only approximate, because the exact allowance is determined the shape and size of the casting. In addition, diﬀerent parts of the casting might require a diﬀerent shrinkage allowance.

Sand castings generally have a rough surface sometimes with surface impurities, and surface variations. A machining (ﬁnish)

Sand casting is divided into many types : green sand casting, resin sand casting and Sodium silicate bonded sand casting. Green sand casting is a low cost method to get a product, which surface finish is not good. Resin sand casting will get a good surface and dimension, so it is widely used in automobile industry.

Generally, there are two equipment which used to melt metal, one is cupola, the other is electrical stove. It is more easy to control

temperature of iron water in electrical stove , so it will get a good

quality in chemistry and mechanical property. But the cupola has a large capacity , it is widely used to cast the big body of machinery in gray iron material. The best method is combine the cupola and electrical stove , the cupola get a big capacity, the electrical stove keep a suitable temperature to improve the metal. Of cause, it only be used electrical stove to get the steel and higher ductile iron.

If the products is very heavy or large size, if the tolerance is not strictly in dimension, We suggest to use sand casting in production.

Sand casting is suitable to cast those material:

● Gray Iron; Ductile Iron ● Malleable Iron

● Carbon Steel; Alloy Steel; Stainless

Steel

(6)

● Copper, Zinc and Aluminum etc.

The weight can be from 100grams to 10tons.

sand casting process production way order quantity

quality price weight(referance)

green sand casting better for iron and light alloy aluminum copper alloy

making mould by hands smaller pass no requirement making mould by lift-machine more normal under 20kg making mould by simple-machine middle superior under 30kg making mould by production-linelarger excellence under 100kg

Resin sand casting better for iron, normal for steel

baking smaller and middle

superior over 5kg no baking smaller and

middle superior over 10kg no baking by production-line larger superior over 30kg Sodium silicate bonded sand

casting better for steel

baking smaller and

middle normal over 5kg no baking smaller and

middle

pass over 10kg

dry mould casting better for iron and light alloy

baking smaller and

middle pass over 50kg

We are using the following processes to do sand casting, which you would like to choose with:

(7)

What Is Lost Wax Casting?

Lost Wax Casting( Investment casting; investment casting) is an advanced metal forming process used to produce metal parts of the highest quality, functionality and cost-eﬀectiveness. Lost Wax Casting is a one-to-one process in which one-to-one disposable pattern produces one-to-one metal part. When combined with modern

production knowledge and technologies, Lost Wax Casting can be applied to produce parts of varying degrees of complexity, in virtually any volume and for the broadest possible spectrum of applications. A highly versatile casting process, Lost Wax Casting has for some time been perceived as a comparatively expensive process. But when compared to alternative processes which require extensive welding or

machining, an investment cast component can often dramatically reduce overall part production costs. Lost Wax Casting which is also known as the "investment casting " process, traces its roots to the Sang Dynasty in China from 1766 B.C. to 1122 B.C. The method was brought into modern industrial use when American manufacturers applied Lost Wax Casting( Investment casting) to make high quality military parts during World War II. It was found practical for many wartime needs - and during the postwar period it

expanded into many non-aircraft applications. Today, Lost Wax Casting( Investment casting) is recognized and used worldwide as a technique for producing close-tolerance metal parts at highly competitive costs. When performed by experienced and knowledgeable casting specialists, Lost Wax Casting( Investment casting):

Allows greater design freedom for very simple to highly complex parts

Provides superior repeatability Can utilize a wide variety of alloys

Yields lighter, stronger metal parts with superior ﬁnishes

Reduces labor, tooling and machining costs Allows very rapid prototype development

Of course, Lost Wax Casting( Investment casting) is not the appropriate process for every metal part

requirement. However, for many challenging part applications, Lost Wax Casting( Investment casting) oﬀers a proven and cost-eﬀective metal forming solution.

AS professional supplier of casting

part, the quality and prompt delivery is

very important. WE have owned

(8)

What Is Lost Wax Casting?

How to control the lost wax casting : Casting size and shape determines the tolerance required to allow for process variables. Many process factors aﬀect investment casting tolerances, such as:

1. wax temperature 2. wax die temperature

3. the amount of pressure applied to inject into a die 4. ﬁring temperature of the ceramic shell

5. ceramic mold refractory composition 6. cooling rate of the metal

(9)

What Is Lost Wax Casting?

There are three type lost wax casting in China. One is Sodium Silicate process investment casting, one is investment casting, another is combined process casting (combined

sodium silicate process). The sodium silicate investment casting is low cost investment casting, it mainly cast carbon steel. The colloidal silica

investment casting is high cost investment casting ,but it can be resisted to high temperature to cast stainless steel ,and it can get a very strictly

tolerance and good surface ﬁnish with very small weight. The combined

technology is the intergraded in the other two type investment casting. It can also do carbon steel and stainless steel.

Colloidal Silica Technology

Colloidal Silica and

We can use those three type lost wax casting to do carbon steel, alloy steel and stainless steel. We also can cast ductile iron as purchaser’s

speciﬁcation.

The products is following:

● 1. Valve parts : valve body , disc, bonnet and others .

● 2. Pipe fittings : Stainless steel threaded fittings , ductile iron fittings and malliable iron fittings . ● 3. Automobile parts

● 4. Pump parts

(10)

Products List

Our line of products include the parts for the automobile industry. We manufacture diﬀerent types of cast or forge parts for various applications in the automobile industry ranging from the engine to the brakes and the all possible accessories as per

customers¡¯ requirements, our parts with positive quality has win the high reputation from the customers of automobile manufacturer, parts manufactured under ISO or QS process.

Automobile Parts

When you send us a inquiry , Pls indicate the following items :

∉ ∉ ∉ ∉

Weight ( roughness part or ﬁnished part) Material ( Detailed Steel or Iron Grade) T olerance

Q uant it y

(11)

Products List

The casting part are popular used in pump industry, such as Pump accessories Pump Shell 06 Pump Part 04 Multistage Pump Part. The material are grey iron, ductile iron, carbon steel, alloy steel and stainless steel. Especially, the lost wax casting can get a good quality in pump ﬁeld.

Pump Parts

∉ ∉ ∉ ∉

Q uant it y

(12)

Products List

The valve casting is diﬀerent with others , our foundry have more the 10 years

experience in this ﬁeld, We can use sand casting to do grey iron and ductile iron, and use lost wax casting to do carbon steel and stainless steel. The casting part can reach 10tons in ductile iron valve body.

Valve Parts and Pipe Fittings

∉ ∉ ∉ ∉

Q uant it y

(13)

Products List

The products include machinery body, base and other accessories. We can use sand casting and investment casting to do all parts.

Machinery accessories

∉ ∉ ∉ ∉

Q uant it y

(14)

Products List

Fastener: Bolt & Nut

The fastener factory is mainly supply high strength bolt , The Standard can be applied to :

∉ ∉ ∉ ∉ ∉

Bolt: DIN 6914/ DIN 6915/ DIN 6916

Nut: DIN 931/ DIN 601/ DIN 7790/ DIN934/ DIN 555 BS1083/ BS 1768/ BS 1769

ASTM A193-B7/ ASTM A194-2H ISO 4014

∉ ∉ ∉ ∉ ∉

Thread Type (DIN, ISO or NC)

Material ( Carbon Steel or Alloy Steel) Length

Washers Q uant it y

(15)

Products List

Butterﬂy Valve and Gate Valve

Tieling Valve (Group) Machinery Co., Ltd. is the biggest valve maker in China. It mainly supply

low pressure valves, especially in large size valves. As export oﬀice, pls send us the English inquiry to us.

The material is ductile iron and grey iron in valve body and disc. The size can reach 2.8m. We also have perfectly machining capacity and testing machinery.

(16)

International Standard

I

S

O

8

0

6

2 :

C

a

s

t

in

g

s

-S

y

s

te

m

o

f

d

im

e

n

s

io

n

a

l

to

le

ra

n

ce

s

Casting Tolerance

(17)

International Standard

I

S

O

8

0

6

2 :

C

a

s

t

in

g

s

-S

y

s

te

m

o

f

d

im

e

n

s

io

n

a

l

to

le

ra

n

ce

s

Tolera nc e gra des f or lon g-ser ies pr odu ctio n raw c astings

(18)

International Standard

I

S

O

8

0

6

2 :

C

a

s

t

in

g

s

-S

y

s

te

m

o

f

d

im

e

n

s

io

n

a

l

to

le

ra

n

ce

s

RMA grades recommended for particular metals and alloys and manufacturing methods are presented in table B.I.

(19)

Email: [email protected] Inde x C ou nt ry G re y Iro n G ra de 1 C hi na — HT3 50 H T3 00 H T250 H T2 00 H T150 H T1 00 2 Ja pa ne se — FC35 0 FC 30 0 FC 25 0 FC 20 0 FC 150 FC 10 0 3 U S A N O .6 0 N O .50 N O .4 5 NO .35/ N O .4 0 N O .30 N O .2 5 N O .2 0 4 R us si a C Ч40 CЧ 35 C Ч30 C Ч2 4/C Ч25 C Ч18 /C Ч20 /C Ч21 C Ч 15 C Ч 10 5 G er m an y G G 40 G G 35 G G 30 G G 25 G G 20 G G 15 G G 10 6 Ita ly — G 35 G 30 G 25 G 20 G 15 G 10 7 Fr an ce FG L4 00 FG L3 50 FG L3 00 FG L2 50 FG L200 FG L1 50 — 8 E ng la nd 40 0 350 30 0 26 0 18 0/22 0 15 0 10 0 9 P ol an d Z1 40 Z135 Z1 30 Z1 25 Z1 20 Z1 15 — 10 In di a FG 40 0 FG 35 0 FG 30 0 FG 26 0 FG 20 0 FG 15 0 — 11 R om an ia FC 400 FC 35 0 FC 30 0 FC 25 0 FC 20 0 FC 15 0 — 12 S pa ni sh — FG 35 FG 30 FG 25 FG 20 FG 15 — 13 B el gi um FG G 40 FG G 35 FG G 30 FG G 25 FG G 20 FG G 15 FG G 10 14 A us tra lia T400 T3 50 T3 00 T2 60 T2 20 T1 50 — 15 S w ed en O 14 0 O 13 5 O 13 0 O 125 O 12 0 O 11 5 O 110 16 H un ga ry O V 40 O V 35 O V 30 O V25 O V 20 O V 15 — 17 B ul ga ria — Vch 35 V ch 30 V ch25 V ch 20 V ch15 — 18 IS O — 350 30 0 25 0 20 0 15 0 10 0 19 C O P A N T FG 40 0 FG 35 0 FG 30 0 FG 25 0 FG 20 0 FG 15 0 FG 10 0 20 Taiw an (Chi na ) — — FC30 0 FC 25 0 FC 20 0 FC 15 0 FC 100 21 H ol an d — G G 35 G G 30 G G 25 G G 20 G G 15 — 22 Lu xe m bu rg FG G 40 FG G 35 F GG 30 FG G 25 FG G20 FG G 15 — 23 A us tri a — G G 35 G G 30 G G 25 G G 20 G G 15 — 24 E ur op a-N orm E N-G JL -3 5 0 E N -G JL -3 00 EN -G JL -2 50 E N-G JL -2 00 E N -G JL -1 50

G

re

y

Ir

o

n

C

o

m

p

a

ri

s

o

n

(20)

D

u

c

ti

le

Ir

o

n

C

o

m

p

a

ri

s

o

n

Inde x C ou nt ry D uc til e Iro nG ra de 1 C hi na Q T4 00 -1 5 Q T4 00 -1 8 Q T4 50 -1 0 Q T5 00-7 Q T6 00 -3 Q T7 00 -2 Q T8 00-2 Q T9 00 -2 2 Ja pa ne se FC D40 0 — FCD 45 0 FC D 50 0 FC D 60 0 FC D 70 0 FC D 80 0 — 3 U S A 60 -4 0-18 65 -4 5-12 70 -5 0-05 80 -6 0-03 10 0-70 -03 12 0-90 -0 2 — 4 R us sia B Ч40 — BЧ45 B Ч50 B Ч6 0 B Ч70 B Ч80 B Ч 100 5 G er m an y G G G 40 — — GG G 50 G G G 60 G GG 70 G G G 80 — 6 Ita ly G S 37 0-17 G S 40 0-12 G S 50 0-7 G S 60 0-2 G S 70 0-2 G S 80 0-2 — 7 Fr an ce FG S 40 0-15 FG S 40 0-18 FG S 45 0-10 FG S 50 0-7 FG S60 0-3 FG S 70 0-2 FG S 80 0-2 FG S 90 0-2 8 E ng la nd 40 0/ 18 45 0/ 10 50 0/7 60 0/ 3 70 0/ 2 80 0/ 2 90 0/ 2 9 P ol an d ZS 38 17 ZS 40 12 ZS 45 05 ZS60 02 ZS 70 02 ZS 80 02 ZS 90 02 5002 10 In di a S G 37 0/17 S G 40 0/ 12 S G 50 0/ 7 S G 600/ 3 S G 70 0/ 2 SG 80 0/ 2 — 11 R om an ia — — — — FG N 70 -3 — — 12 S pa ni sh FG E38 -1 7 FG E 42 -1 2 FG E 50 -7 FG E 60 -2 FG E 70 -2 FG E 80 -2 — 13 B el gi um FN G 38 -1 7 FN G 42 -1 2 FN G 50 -7 FN G 60 -2 FN G 70 -2 FN G 80 -2 — 14 A us tra lia 30 0-17 40 0-12 50 0-7 60 0-3 70 0-2 80 0-2 — 15 S w ed en 07 17-0 2 — 0727 -0 2 07 32 -0 3 07 37 -0 1 0864 -0 3 — 16 H un ga ry G ǒ V 38 G ǒV40 G ǒV 50 G ǒV60 G ǒV7 0 — — 17 B ul ga ria 38 0-17 40 0-12 45 0-5 60 0-2 70 0-2 80 0-2 90 0-2 50 0-2 18 IS O 40 0-15 40 0-18 45 0-10 50 0-7 60 0-3 70 0-2 80 0-2 90 0-2 19 C O P A N T — FM N P 45 00 7 FM NP 55 00 5 FM N P 6500 3 FM N P 70 002 — — 20 Fi nl an d G R P 40 0 — G R P 50 0 G R P 60 0 G R P 70 0 G R P 80 0 — 21 H ol an d G N 38 G N 42 G N 50 G N 60 G N 70 — — 22 Lu xe m bu rg FNG 38 -1 7 FN G 42-1 2 FN G 50 -7 FN G 60 -2 FN G 70-2 FN G 80 -2 — 23 A us tri a S G 38 S G 42 S G 50 S G60 S G 70 — — 24 E ur op a-N orm E n-G JS -4 0 0-15 E n-G JS -400 -1 8 E n-G JS -4 50 -1 0 E n-GJS -5 00 -7 E n-G JS -6 00 -3 E n-G JS -7 00 -2 E n-G JS -8 00 -2 E n-G JS -9 00 -2

(21)

C

a

s

t

S

te

e

l

&

A

ll

o

y

S

te

e

l

C

o

m

p

a

ri

s

o

n

Inde x Chi na Ja pa ne se US A Rus si a G er m an y Italy Fr an ce Eng la nd S w ed en IS O Ta iw an C hi na ( G B ) ( JI S ) A S TM U N S ( TO C T) DIN W -N r. ( U N I) ( NF) ( B S ) ( S S 14 ) IS O CN S 1 ZG 20 0-40 0 S C 360 — J0 17 00 15 Л GS -3 8 1. 04 16 FeG 42 E 20 -4 0M A W 1, C LA 9 10 35 20 0-40 0 S C (37) C G S -C K 16 1. 11 42 2 ZG 23 0-45 0 S C 410 LC 8 J0 30 03 25 Л G S -5 2 1. 05 51 — E23 -4 5M C LA 1G r.B 15 05 23 0-45 0 S C (4 2) C G S -C K 25 1. 11 55 3 ZG 27 0-50 0 S C 480 — J0 40 00 35 Л GS -6 0 1. 05 53 — — A2 — 27 0-48 0 S C (4 9)C G S -6 2 1. 05 55 4 ZG 31 0-57 0 S C C5 80 -4 0 J0 50 02 45 Л G S -7 0 1. 05 54 — — A3 1606 34 0-55 0 SC O G S -C K 45 1. 11 91 A W 2 5 ZG 34 0-64 0 — — J0 50 00 55 Л — — — — — — — — 6 ZG 40 M n S C M n3 — — — G S -4 0M n5 1. 1168 — — AW 3 — — S C M n3 7 ZG 40 C r — — — 40X Л — — — — — — — — 8 ZG 20 S iM n S C W 480 LC C J0 25 05 20 TC Л G S -2 0 Mn5 1. 11 2 Fe G 42-2 FB -M — — — SC W 48 0 9 ZG 35 S iM n S C S iMn2 — — 35C TЛ G S -3 7M nSi5 1. 51 22 — — — — — S C S iM n2 10 ZG 35 C rM o S C C rM3 — J1 30 48 35 X M Л G S -3 4C rM o4 1.72 2 — — — 2234 — S C C rM 3 11 ZG 35 C rM nS i S C M nC r3 — — 35X TC Л — — — — — — — S C M nC r3 12 — S C M n2 — — 30TЛ G S -3 0M n 5 1. 11 65 — — — — — S C M n2 13 — S C Mn3 — — 35TЛ G S -3 6M n 5 1. 11 67 — — — — — S C Mn3 14 — S C P H 11 LC 1 J1 2522 — G S -2 2M o4 1. 5419 G 22 M o5 FC 1-M 240 — — S C P H 11 B1 15 — S C P H 21 W C 11 J118 72 — G S -1 7C rM o5 5 1.73 57 — — — — — S C P H 21 16 — S C P H 32 -C F W C 9 J2 18 90 — G S -1 2C rM o9 10 1. 73 8 G 14 C rMo 9 10 — 622 2224 — S C P H 32 -C F B3 17 — S C P H 61 C 5 C P5 J4 20 45 — G S -1 2C rM o1 9 5 1. 73 63 X G 15 CrM o 5 — 625, B 5 — — S C P H 61 18 — S C P H 23 9 J2 16 10 — G S -1 7C rM oV 5 11 1. 77 06 — — — — — S C P H 23 19 — S C P L2 1 B2N J2 25 01 — GS -2 4N i8 1. 5633 G 22 N i1 0 FC 2-M — — — S C P L2 1 B2Q J2 25 00 20 — S C P L3 1 B 3N J3 1500 — G S -1 0N i1 4 1. 5638 G 12 N i1 4 FC 3-M BL2 — — S C P L3 1 CLA 10 21 — — B4N J4 15 01 — GS -1 0N i1 9 1. 5681 — — — — — — B 4Q 22 ZG M n1 3-1 — B-4 J9 11 49 T13Л G -× 12 0M n1 3 1. 38 02 — — BW 10 21 83 — — ZG M n1 3-2 B -3 J9 11 39 G -× 120M n1 2 1. 34 01 B-2 J9 11 29 A J9 11 09 23 ZG M n1 3-3 S C M nH1 B-1 J9 11 19 10 0T13 Л — — — — — — — S C M nH 1 ZG M n1 3-4 S C M nH2 S C M nH 2 S C M nH 3 S C M n3

(22)

C

a

s

t

S

ta

in

le

ss

S

te

e

l

C

o

m

p

a

ri

s

o

n

Inde x Chi na Ja pa ne se U S A R us si a G er m an y Italy Fr an ce Eng la nd In di a S pa ni sh Mex ic o A us t ralia S w ed e n B ul ga ri a Ta iwan Chi na ( G B) ( JI S ) A S TM U N S ( TO CT) DIN W -N r. ( U N I) ( N F) ( B S ) ( IS) ( U N E ) ( D G N)( A S ) ( S S 14 ) ( B D S ) CN S 1 ZG 1C r1 3 S C S 1 CA -1 5 J9 11 50 15X 13 Л G -X 7C r1 3 1. 4001 G X 12 C r1 3 Z1 2C13 M 41 0C 21 — — — H3A 23 02 1C h1 3 S C S 1 G-X 10 C r1 3 1. 4006 2 ZG 2C r1 3 S C S 2 C A -4 0 J9 11 53 20X 13 Л G -X 20 C r1 4 1. 40 27 G X 30 C r1 3 Z2 0C 13M 42 0C 29 7t yp el — C A -4 0 — — — S C S 2 3 ZG 1C r1 7 ∽ S C S 24 — — 12X 17 ∽ X 8C r18 1.40 15 — — — — — — — — — ∽ S C S 24 4 ZG C r2 8 — — — — G -X 70 C r2 9 1. 4085 — Z130 C 29 M 45 2C 11 — — — — 2320 — — G -X 12 0Cr2 9 1. 40 86 5 ZG 00 C r1 8N i1 0 S C S 19 C F-3 J9 25 00 03 X 18 H 11 G -X 2C rN i1 89 1. 43 06 G X 2C rN i1 9 10 Z2C N 18 .1 0M 30 4C 12 — A M -X 2C rN i1 9 10 — — — 000C h1 8N 11 S C S 19 6 ZG 0C r1 8N i9 S CS 13 C F-8 J9 26 00 07 X 18 H 9Л G -X 6C rN i1 8 9 1.43 08 — Z6C N 18 .1 0M 304C 15 — AM -X 7C rN i2 0 10 C F-8 H 5A 23 52 0C h1 8N 9L S CS 13 Z6C N 19 .9 M 7 ZG 1C r1 8N i9 S C S 12 — — 10X 18 H 9Л G -X 10C rN i1 8 8 1. 4312 — Z10C N 18 .9 M 30 2C 25 — — — — 2333 — S C S 12 S C S 13 A S C S 13 A 8 ZG 0C r1 8N i9 T iS C S 21 C F-8C J9 27 10 08 X 18H 9T G -X 5C rNiN b1 8 9 1. 45 52 — Z4C N N b1 9. 10 M 347C 17 — AM -X 7C rN i2 0 10 C F-8C — — 0Ch1 8N 9L S C S 21 9 ZG 1C r1 8N i9 T i — — — 12X 18 H 9T — — — — — — — — — — — — 10 ZG 0C r1 8N i1 2 M o2Ti — C F-8M J9 29 00 — — — G X 6G rN iM o 20 11 — — — AM -X 7C rN iM o20 10 C F-8M H 6C — 0Ch1 8N 10 M2L — 11 ZG 1C r1 8N i1 2 M o2Ti SC S 22 — — — G -X5C rN iM oN b1 8 10 1.45 81 — Z4C N D N b1 8. 1 2-M 318C 18 — — — — 2343 — SC S 22 12 — SC S 14 C N -7M J9 51 50 — G-X 12 C r1 4 1. 4008 — Z12C N 13 -M 31 6C16 — — CN -7 M — — — SC S 14 13 — SC S 5 — — — G -X 5C rN i1 3 4 1.43 13 — Z4C N D 13 .4 -M 425C 11 — — — — — — SC S 5 S C S 6 S C S 6

(23)

C

a

s

t

S

ta

in

le

ss

S

te

e

l

C

o

m

p

a

ri

s

o

n

Inde x C hi na Ja pa ne se U S A R us si a Ger m an y Italy Fr an ce Eng la nd In di a S pa ni sh Mex ic o A us tr alia S w ed en B ul ga ri a Ta iwan C hi na ( G B ) ( JI S ) A S TM U N S ( TO C T) DIN W -N r. ( U N I) ( N F) ( B S ) ( IS) ( U N E ) ( D G N)( A S ) ( S S 14 )( B DS ) （ CN S ） 14 — — C F-3 J9 27 00 — G -X 2C rN iM o1 810 1. 44 04 G X 2CrN i1 9 10 Z2C N D 18 .1 2-M — — A M -X 2C rN iMo1 9 11 C F-3M — 2385 000C h1 7 N14 M 2 — C F-3M J9 28 00 Z3C N D 19 10 -M 15 — — CA -1 5 J9 11 50 — G -X 5N iC rM o1 34 1. 44 07 G X 12 C r1 3 Z6 C N D 13 .0 4-M 40 5C 29 — — — — 2348 — — 16 — — — J9 28 10 — G -X 6C rN iM o1 812 1. 44 37 — Z4C N D 19 .1 3-M — — — — — — — — 17 — — CG -8 MJ9 30 00 — G -X 6C rN iM o1 713 1. 44 48 G X 6C rN iM o2 0 11 03 — 317C 16 — AM -X 7C rN iM o2 0 11 C G -8 M H 6A 23 53 — — 18 — S C S 14 A — — — G -X 10 C rN iM o18 8 1. 44 1 — Z5C N D 20 .1 0-M — — — — — — — S C S 14 A 19 ZG 5C r2 5N i2 S CH 2 H C J9 26 05 — G -X 40 C rN i2 4 5 1. 48 22 G X 35 C r2 8 — 452C 11 — AM -X 40 C r2 8 H C — — 4Ch2 6S L S C H 2 G -X 40 C rN iS i27 4 1. 48 23 20 ZG 3C r1 8N i2 5 S i2 S C H 19 H N J9 42 13 — — — — — 3X18 H 2 5C2 11 — HN — — — S C H 19 21 ZG 1C r2 5N i2 0 S i2 S C H 21 H K -3 0 J942 03 15X 23 H18 Л G -X 15 C rN iS i25 20 1. 48 4 GX 40 C rNi2 6 20 — — 10 A M -X 40 C rN i25 20 — — — — S C H 21 22 ZG 4C r2 5N i2 0 S i2 S C H 22 HK J9 42 24 — G -X 40 C rN iS i25 20 1. 48 48 GX 40 C rN i2 6 20 — 310C 40 11 A M -X 40 C rN i25 20 H K H 8E 2 — — S C H 22 HK -4 0 J9 42 04 310C 45 23 — SC H 13 A H H J9 35 03 40X 24 H12 C Л G-X 40 C rN iS i2 5 21 1. 48 37 G X 35 C rN i2 5 12 — 309C 30 7tgp el — HH H 8B — — S C H 13 A SC H 17 S CH 17 24 ZG 4C r2 5N i3 5 S i2 S C H 24 H P J9 57 05 — G -X 45 C rN iS i35 25 1. 48 57 G X 50 N iC r3 5 25 — — — — HP — — — S C H 24 25 — S C H 16 HT J9 46 05 — G -X 40 C rN iS i38 18 1. 48 65 GX 50 N iC r3 9 19 — — 12 — — — — — S C H 16 S C H 15 S C H 15 26 — S C H 1 CA -4 0 J9 11 53 — G -X 40 C r1 3 1. 4034 G X 35 C r1 3 Z30C 13 -M — — — — — 2183 — S C H 1 S C H 3 Z2 8C 13 -M S C H 3

(24)

S

ta

in

le

s

S

te

e

l

C

o

m

p

a

ri

so

n

Inde x Type Chi na R us si a G er m an y Fr an ce Ja pa ne se US A E ng la nd IS O S w ed en ( G B ) ( TO C T) ( DIN ) ( N F) ( JI S) A IS I/ A S TM U N S S A E ( B S ) ( IS O) ( S S 14 ) 1 氏体不锈 Aust en it ic Stai nl es s Stee l 1Cr1 7M n6 N i5 N 12 X 17 T9 A H 4 — — S U S 20 1 20 1 S 2010 0 30 20 1 — A-2 — 2 1Cr1 8M n8 N i5 N 12 X 17 T9 A H 4 X8C rM nN i1 89 Z15C N M 19 .0 8 SU S 20 2 20 2 S 2020 0 30 20 2 28 4S16 A -3 23 57 3 1Cr1 8M n1 0N i5 M o3 N — — — — — — — — — — 4 2Cr1 3M n9 N i4 20X 13 H 4T 9 — — — — — — — — — 5 1Cr1 7N i7 09 X 17H 7Ю X 12 C rN i17. 7 Z1 2C N 17 .0 7 S U S 30 1 30 1 S 30 10 0 30 30 1 30 1S 21 14 — 6 1Cr1 7N i8 — X12 C rN i1 7. 7 — S U S 30 1J 1 — — — — — — 7 1Cr1 8N i9 12 X 18H 9 X 12 C rN i1 8. 8 Z1 0C N 18 .09 S U S 30 2 30 2 S 30 20 0 30 30 2 30 2S 25 12 23 31 8 Y 1C r1 8N i9 — X 12 C rN iS 18 .8 Z1 0C N F1 8. 09 S U S 30 3 30 3 S 3030 0 30 30 3 303S 21 17 23 46 9 Y 1C r1 8N i9 S e 12X 18 H 10 E — — S U S 30 3S e 30 3S e S 30 32 3 30 303S e 30 3S 41 17 — 10 1Cr1 8N i9 S i3 — X 12 C rN iS i1 8. 8 — S U S 30 2B 30 2B S 30 21 5 30 30 2B — — — 11 0Cr1 8N i9 08 X 18H 10 X 5C rN i1 8. 9 Z6 C N 18 .0 9 S U S 30 4 30 4 S 30 40 0 30 30 4 304S 15 11 2332 2333 12 00C r1 8N i1 0 03 X 18 H 11 X 2C rNi1 8. 9 Z2 C N 1 8.09 S U S 30 4L 304L S 30 40 3 3030 4L 30 4S 12 10 — 13 0Cr1 9N i9 N — — — S U S 40 4N 1 30 4N S 30 45 1 — — — — 14 0Cr1 9N i1 0N bN — X5C rN iN b1 8. 9 — S U S 30 4N 2 X M 21 S 30 45 2 — — — — 15 00C r1 8N i1 0N — X 2C rN iN18 .1 0 Z2C N 18 .1 0 S U S 30 4L N 30 4LN S 30 45 3 — 304S 62 — 2371 ( A z) 16 1Cr1 8N i1 2 12 X18 H 12 T X 5C rNi1 9. 11 Z8 C N 18.1 2 S U S 30 5 305 S 30 50 0 30 305 30 5S 19 13 — 17 0Cr1 8N i1 2 8X18 H 12 T 06X 18 H 11 X5C rN i1 9. 11 Z8C N 18 .1 2 — — — — — — — 18 0Cr2 3N i1 3 — X 7C rN i2 3. 14 — S U S 30 9S 30 9S S 30 90 8 30 30 9S — — — 19 0Cr2 5N i2 0 — — — S U S 31 0S 31 0S S 31 00 8 30 31 0S — — 2361 20 0Cr1 7N i1 2M o2 08 X 17 H 13 M 2T X 5C rN iM o1 8. 10 Z6 C N D 17 .12 S U S 31 6 31 6 S 31 60 0 30 31 6 316S 16 20 ,2 0a 23 47 21 1Cr1 7N i1 2M o2 10 X 17 H 13 M 2T — — — — — — — — — 22 0Cr1 8N i1 2M o2 Ti 08 X 17 H 13 M2T X 10 C rN iM oTi1 8. 10 Z6 C ND T1 7. 12 — — — — 320S 31 — 2343 320S 17 -2 35 0 23 1Cr1 8N i1 2M o2 Ti 10 X 17 H 13 M2T X 10 C rN iM oTi1 8. 10 Z8 C ND T1 7. 12 — — — — — — 2350 24 00C r1 7N i1 4M o2 03 X 17 H 14 M 2 X 2C rN iM o1 8. 10 Z2 C N D 17 .12 S U S 31 6L 31 6L S 31 60 3 30 316L 31 6S 12 19 ,1 9a 23 53 25 0Cr1 7N i1 2M o2 N — — — S U S 31 6N 31 6N S 31 65 1 — — — —

(25)

S

ta

in

le

s

S

te

e

l

C

o

m

p

a

ri

so

n

Inde x Ty pe Chi na R us si a G er m an y Fr an ce Ja pa ne se US A E ng la nd IS O S w ed en ( GB ) ( TO CT) ( DIN ) ( NF) ( J IS) A IS I/ A S TM U N S S A E ( B S ) ( ISO ) ( S S 14 ) 26 氏体不锈 Aust en it ic Stai nl es s Stee l 00C r1 7N i1 3M o2N — X2C rN iM oN 18 .12 Z2C ND 17 .1 2 S U S 31 6L N 31 6LN S 31 65 3 — 316S 61 — 2375 ( A Z) 27 0Cr1 8N i1 2M o2 C u2 — — — S U S 31 6J 1 — — — — — — 28 00C r1 8N i1 4M o2C u2 — — — S U S 31 6J 11 — — — — — — 29 0Cr1 8N i1 2M o3 Ti 08 X 17 H 15 M3T — Z6C N D T1 7. 13 — — — — — — — 30 1Cr1 8N i1 2M o3 Ti 10 X 17 H 13 M3T X 10 C rN iM oTi1 8. 12 Z8 C ND T1 7. 13 B — — — — — — — 31 0Cr1 9N i1 3M o3 08 X 17 H 15 M 3T X 5C rN iM o1 7. 13 — S U S 31 7 31 7 S 3170 0 30 31 7 31 7S16 25 — 32 00C r1 9N i1 3M o3 03 X 16 H 15 M 3 X 2C rN iM o1 8. 16 Z2 C N D 19 .15 S U S 31 7L 31 7L S 31 70 3 — 317S 12 24 23 6 7 33 0Cr1 8N i1 6M o5 — — — S U S 31 7J 1 — — — — — — 34 1Cr1 8N i9 Ti 12 X 18 H 9T X 12 C rNiT i1 8. 9 Z1 0CN T1 8. 10 S U S32 1 32 1 S 32 100 30 32 1 32 1S 20 — 2337 35 0Cr1 8N i1 0T i 08X 18 H 10 T X 10 C rN iT i1 8. 9 Z6C N T1 8. 11 S US 32 1 32 1 S 32 100 30 32 1 32 1S 12 15 — 36 1Cr1 8N i1 1T i 12X 18 H 10 T — — — — — — 321S 20 — — 37 0Cr1 8N i1 1N b 08X 18 H 12 B X 10 C rN iN b1 8. 9 Z6C N N b1 8. 10 S U S 34 7 34 7 S 3470 0 30 34 7 34 7S17 16 23 38 38 1Cr1 8N i1 1N b 12X 18 H 12 B — — — — — — — — — 39 0Cr1 8N i9 C u3 — — Z6C N U 18 .1 0 S US X M 7 X M 7 S 30 430 — — D32 — 40 0Cr1 8N i1 3S i4 — — — S U S X M 15 J 1 XM 15 S 38 10 0 — — — — 41 氏体 ∣ 铁体型钢 Aus te ni tic -Ferr iti c 0Cr2 6N i5 M o2 08X 21 H 6M 2T X 8CrN iM o2 75 — SU S 32 9J 1 32 9 S32 90 0 — — — 2324 42 1Cr1 8N i1 1S i4 A lT i 15 X 18 H 12C 4T Ю — — — — — — — — — 43 1Cr2 1N i5 Ti 12 X 21 H 5T — — — — — — — — — 44 00C r1 8N i5 M o3 S i2 — — — — — — — — — — 45 00C r2 4N i6 M o3 N — — — — — — — — — — 46 素体不锈 Fe rriti c S ta in le ss Ste el 0Cr1 3A 1 1X 12 CЮ X 7C rA l1 3 Z 6CA 13 S U S 40 5 405 S 40 50 0 51 405 40 5S 17 2 23 02 47 00C r1 2 — — — S U S 41 0L — — — — — — 48 1Cr1 5 — — — S U S 42 9 42 9 S 4290 0 51 42 9 — — — 49 00C r1 7 — — — S U S 43 0L X — — — — — — 50 1Cr1 7 12 X 7 X 8C r1 7 Z8 C 17 S U S 43 0 43 0 S 43 000 51 43 0 43 0S 15 8 23 20 51 Y 1C r1 7 — X 12 C rM oS 17 Z10C F1 7 S US 43 0F 43 0F S 43 02 0 51 43 0F — 8a 23 83 52 1Cr1 7M o — X 6C rM o1 7 Z8 C D17 .0 1 S U S 43 4 43 4 S 43 40 0 5143 4 43 4S 17 9c 23 25 53 00C r1 7M o — — — S U S 43 6L — — — — — — 54 00C r1 8M o2 — — — S U S 44 4 18 C r2 Mo — — — — — 55 1Cr2 5T i 15 X 25 T X 8C r2 8 — — 446 S 44 60 0 51 446 — — 2322 56 00C r2 7M o — — Z01C D 26 .1 S U S X M 27 X M 27 S 4462 5 — — — — 57 00C r3 0M o2 — — — S U S 44 7J 1 — S 44 70 0 — — — —

(26)

S

ta

in

le

s

S

te

e

l

C

o

m

p

a

ri

so

n

Inde x Ty pe Chi na R us si a G er m an y Fr an ce Ja pa ne se US A E ng la nd IS O S w ed en ( G B ) ( TO CT) ( DIN ) ( N F) ( JI S ) A IS I/ A S TM U N S S A E ( B S ) ( ISO ) ( S S 14 ) 58 氏体不锈 Mar te ns ite Sta in le ss S te el 1Cr1 2 — — — S U S 40 3 40 3 S 4030 0 51 40 3 40 3S17 — 2301 59 0Cr1 3 08 X 13 X 7Cr1 3 X 7C r14 Z6C 13 S US 41 0S 41 0S S 41 00 8 — 430S 17 1 — 60 1Cr1 3 12 X 13 X 10C r1 3 Z1 2C 13 S U S 41 0 41 0 S 4100 0 51 41 0 410S 21 3 23 02 61 1Cr1 3M o — X15 C rM o1 3 — S U S 41 0J 1 — — — — — — 62 Y 1C r1 3 — X 12 C rS 13 Z1 2C F1 3 S U S 41 6 416 S 41 60 0 51 416 41 6S 21 7 23 80 63 2Cr1 3 20 X 13 X 20C r1 3 Z2 0C 13 S U S 42 0J 1 42 0 S 42 00 0 51 42 0 42 0S 37 4 23 0 3 64 3Cr1 3 30 X 13 X 30C r1 3 Z30C 13 Z30C 14 SU S 42 0J 2 — — — 420S 45 5 23 04 65 3Cr1 3M o — — — — — — — — — — 66 Y 3C r1 3 — — Z30C F1 3 S U S 42 0F 42 0F S 42 02 0 51 42 0F — — — 67 4Cr1 3 40 X 13 X 46C r1 3 X 40 Cr1 3 Z40C 13 Z40C 14 SU S 42 0J 2 — — — — — — 68 3Cr1 6 — — — S U S 42 9J 1 — — — — — — 69 1Cr1 7N i2 14 X 17H 2 X 22 C rN i1 7 Z1 5C N 16 -0 2 S U S 43 1 43 1 S 4310 0 51 43 1 431S 29 9 23 21 70 7Cr1 7 — X 40 C rM o1 5 Z4 5CS D 10 S U S 44 0A 44 0A S 44 00 2 51 44 0A — — — 71 8Cr1 7 — — — S U S 44 0B 44 0B S 44 00 3 51 44 0B — — — 72 9Cr1 8 95 X 18 — — S U S 44 0C — — — — — — 73 11C r1 7 — X 10 5C rM o1 7 Z100 CD 17 S U S 440C 44 0C S 44 004 51 44 0C — A -1 6 — 74 Y 11 C r1 7 — — — SU S 44 0F 44 0F S44 02 0 51 44 0F — — — 75 9Cr1 8M o — — — — — — — — — — 76 9Cr1 8M oV — X90 C rM oV 18 — S U S 44 0B 44 0B S 44 00 3 51 44 0B — — — 77 Indu ra tio n 0Cr1 7N i4 C u4 Nb — X5C rN iC uN b1 7.4 Z6 C N U 17 .0 4 S U S 63 0 63 0 S 17 40 0 17 -4 P H — 1 — 78 0Cr1 7N i7 A 1 09 X 17 H 7Ю 1 X 7C rNiA l1 7. 7 Z8 CN A 17 .7 S U S 63 1 63 1 S 17 70 0 17-7 P H — 2 — 79 0Cr1 5N i7 M o2 A1 — X7C rN iM oA 15 .7 Z8 C N D 15 .7 — 632 S 15 70 0 — — 3 —

(27)