Engleski

Interactive DVD

Learn ing

Systern

Speak

toMe

M

~1

ENGLISH

~

By

Christel Baach &.. Joseph Merrill

AMERICAN VIDEO

The Verb "To Be", Affirmative

~~1

""iH(:ak

Grammatical Explanations

The verb "to be" is used for state (old, sick, tired, beautiful,

American, etc.) and for location (in California, from Brazil, at home, in the park, etc.)

Contractions are generally used in conversation.

Affirmative Sentences I

am

He

She

is It old. You*

We

are

They

Note:

UNIT

1

LESSON 1

The Verb "To Be", Affirmative

Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

I'm He's She's It's old. You're We're They're Questions Am I he Is she it old? you Are we they SI>C,,::lk

"To Be", Negative

~~1

Negative Sentences I

am

He

She

is

It is

not

old.

You

We

are

They

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm

not

He

She

isn't

It

old.

You

We

aren't

They

~I><;~k~

UNIT

1

LESSON 3

"To Be", Negative

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm He's She's

It's not old.

You're We're They're

Interrogatives

D~1

Grammatical Explanations

Some of the most common interrogatives are "who", "what", "where", and "when".

For example: "WHO" > a person "WHAT" > a thing or an action > > "WHERE" > a place > "WHEN" > a time _>

the man, the child, your mother, Bob, the doctor

the cat, the telephone, the table, swimming, skiing, the lesson Note:

We also use "what" to ask about professions.

Ex.: What is she? She is

a

secretary. the United States, Australia, my house, the classroom, a restaurant, New York, the beach, the store

New Year's Eve, at 9:00, next week, in August, today, this afternoon, in 2008

UNIT

1

LESSON 11

The Alphabet

~~1

The Alphabet

A as in apple -

8

as in bed - C as in cat ­

D

as in desk -

E

as in engine -

F

as in fire ­

G

as in girl -

H

as in house -

I

as in iron -

J

as in jet ­

K

as in key -

L

as in land -

M

as in man

-N

as in newspaper

-0

as in office -

P

as in paper ­

o

as in question - R as in restaurant - S as in stereo ­

T

as in television - U as in United States ­

Vas in video -

W

as in water ­

X as in X-ray - Yas in year -

Z

as in zebra

Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii,

Jj,

Kk, LI,

Mm, Nn,

00,

Pp, Oq, Rr,

55,

Tt,

Uu, Vv,

Ww,

Xx,

Yy,

Zz..

~~1

Numbers

Repeat the following numbers:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five I II III 1111 11111 111111 1111111 11111111 111111111 1111111111 11111111111 111111111111 1111111111111 11111111111111 111111111111111 1111111111111111 11111111111111111 111111111111111111 1111111111111111111 11111111111111111111 111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111 11111 11111 11111 11111 III 11111 11111 11111 11111 1111 11111 11111 11111 11111 11111 SIH,::tk coMc® 47

-z

o

en

en

w

..J ~

,...

(]) ... .Q

Z

~

::><

-The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative

D~2

Grammatical Explanations

The present progressive tense (often called the present continuous tense) is used to describe actions which are in progress and are happening at the moment.

Contractions are generally used in conversation.

Affirmative Sentences I

am

He

She

is It

working.

You

We

are

They

UNIT

2

LESSON 1

The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative

Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

Questions I'm He's She's It's You're We're They're working. Am I he Is she it working? you Are we they

The Present Progressive Tense, Negative

~~2

Negative Sentences I am He She is It not working. You We are They

Negative Sentences with Contractions

not I'm He isn't working. She It You aren't We They Spc:ak toMe ₆₁

UNIT

2

LESSON 2

The Present Progressive Tense, Negative

'0'"

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm

He's She's

It's not working.

You're We're They're

Note:

This type of contraction is not used on this DVD.

Spc:.ak .ro.1\.f .... r'Th

W3

The Simple Present Tense

Grammatical Explanations

We use the simple present tense to talk about our daily activities.

We typically use these time phrases with this tense: always usually often frequently sometimes occasionally seldom rarely never every day every week every month every year twice a week twice a month in tile afternoon in tile evening on Mondays on Thursdays in January in March at 7:30 at 9:00 in the summer in the winter Affirmative Sentences I You We eat They fish. He She eats It Note:

UNIT

3

LESSON 1

The Simple Present Tense

Questions I Do we _you they eat fish? he Does she it

Add

"es"

to verbs which end in "sh", "ch", "55" and "x". Pronounce this like "ez".

Study the following verbs: Infinitive brush wash teach kiss watch fix push relax 3rd Person Singular brushes washes teaches kisses watches fixes pushes relaxes

The Simple Present Tense

~~3

Add

"es"

to verbs ending in

a

consonant and "y"; first change the "y" to "i".

Study the following verbs: Infinitive cry study worry carry try 3rd Person Singular cries studies worries carries tries

Simply add "5" to verbs ending in

a

vowel plus "y". Study the following verbs:

Infinitive pay say buy enjoy 3rd Person Singular pays says buys enjoys ...: ... 1.

UNIT

3

LESSON 1

The Simple Present Tense

These 3rd person singular forms are irregular: Study the following verbs:

Infinitive 3rd Person Singular

have has

do does

go goes

Does she have a horse? Yes, she has a horse.

The Simple Present Tense, Negative Form

~~3

Grammatical Explanations Negative Sentences I

You

We

They

do

not

eat

fish.

He

She

It

does

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I

You

We

don't

They

eat

fish.

He

She

doesn't

It "'il~:;l.k ~_. V1.·.m\ 07

UNIT

1

LESSON 1

The Verb "To Be", Affirmative

tQti1

~~1

X5!-A1-~

t?~ "To Be"

km*-1it#iil. C::t,

±~, 3t~,

-X-M.,

~~A'~) ~ft~~£ C~~~,~~~*-,~~,~ ~

00

~f. ' ~) ~

ffl

0 :ttij~a-'fitJtj~~U~o 1fJiJo]~ I

am

He

She

is It

old.

You'

We

are

They

~~:

• You are

Jfl

*-1it

.f

tk.

Ji...

d

tk. J~

"6f

0

Sl~k

The Verb "To Be", Affirmative

im

g

?1dl~

If

:.i:

1jJ ~ I'm He's She's It's old. You're We're They're I~

If

:.i:

1jJ ~ Am I he Is she it old? you Are we they SP4::lk

UNIT

1

LESSON 3

"To Be",

~~~

~~1

~jE-tD~

I

am

He

She

is

It

is

not

old.

You

We

are

They

i1'8

a

$

B~

&

jE .IQ] ~

I'm

not

He

She

isn't

It

old.

You

We

aren't

They

STM:ak ,.1oM ..· 1.11.1

-0 0 ..., 0 c ill ill CIl _CIl '­ ill -'­

E

-Q) '­ >, ill.c CIl ::::l­ ill

-I(J)~

~~F

-UNIT

1

LESSON 11

W1

The Alphabet

The Alphabet

A as in apple - B as in bed -

C

as in cat ­

D

as in desk -

E

as in engine -

F

as in fire ­

G

as in girl -

H

as in house -

I

as in iron -

J

as in jet ­

K

as in key -

L

as in land -

M

as in man

-N

as in newspaper

-0

as in office -

P

as in paper ­

o

as in question -

R

as in restaurant - S as in stereo ­

T as in television - U as in United States ­

V as in video - W as in water ­

X as in X-ray -

Y

as in year -

Z

as in zebra

Aa, Bb, Ce, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii,

Jj,

Kk, L1,

Mm, Nn, 00, Pp,

Oq,

Rr, 55, Tt,

Uu, Vv, Ww,

Xx,

Yy,

Zz

The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative J.tt±.ift~T~

~~2

x~Jf.. ~4~ft~ (~~~~~4~~~) ~m*~~ftA~

*

lrI]

.it

~ ~ {~ 0 ~~$i-il~Jij4-1t-U-.po l1f~ii.J~ ----. I

am

-He

She

is It working. -I You

We

are

They

L

1

..I. J Sp(~~kA.' .. ~rc

UNIT

2

LESSON 1

The Present Progressive Tense, Affirmative

J..t.tui!.1T~

j?jja~~1lTjEin~

tI

rg~

in

~ I'm He's She's It's You're We're They're working. Am I he Is she it working? you Are we they

The Present Progressive Tense, Negative J.ttui!.tT~

~2

&;iii.J~ I am He She is It not working. You We are They

~

• It.

8~ ~

:i:

ii.J

~

I

I

I'm

1

not

I

I He

-I

She isn't It

1

working. ~ I You We

1

aren't They

L

j

_-.J

~I~~k__ ~n...

en

c .x

....

0 ~ .­ 0 c I <J) <J) (/) .(/) .... <J) ~ .... E • <J) ::J ... >­ <J) .c (/) <J) <J)

-I(/)~

::2s~

o

.­

it­ ~

:t

~ ~ {;;f ~ ~ ~ .. ~

-$1

itJ~

The Simple Present Tense

m

~J~tfJ*~

~~3

Grammatical Explanations

We use the simple present tense to talk about our daily activities. We typically use these time phrases with this tense:

always usually often frequently sometimes occasionally seldom rarely never every day every week every month every year twice a week twice a month in the afternoon in the evening on Mondays on Thursdays in January in March at 7:30 at 9:00 in the summer in the winter Affirmative Sentences I You We eat They fish. He She eats It Note:

Add an "s" to all third person singular verbs in the affirmative.

UNIT

3

LESSON 1

The Simple Present Tense

Questions I Do we _you they eat fish? he Does she it

Add "es" to verbs which end in "sh", "ch", "ss" and "x". Pronounce this like "ez".

Study the following verbs: Infinitiv brush wash teach kiss watch fix push relax 3rd Person Singular brushes washes teaches kisses watches fixes pushes relaxes ?1?

The Simple Present Tense, Negative Form

D~3

Grammatical Explanations Negative Sentences I You We They do

not eat fish. He

She It

does

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I You We don't They eat fish. He She doesn't It ·-;r)C:;lk

UNIT

4

LESSON 1

The Future with "Going to", Affirmative

~4

Grammatical Explanations

We use "going to" as one way to express future time. We use the future tense with such expressions as:

tomorrow tomorrow evening tomorrow aftemoon

next week next month next year

in 2020

Affinnative Sentences

I am

He

She is

It going to eat chicken tonight.

You

We are

They

2

The Future with "Going to ", Affirmative

Questions

Am I he Is she

it going to eat chicken tonight? you

Are we they

-

UNIT

4

LESSON 2

The Future with "Going to", Negative

D~4

Negative Sentences

I

I am

not going to eat chicken tonight. He She It is You We They are

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I'm not

He

She isn't

It going to eat chicken tonight. You We aren't They

--

Speak toMe® ₁₁

-UNIT

4

LESSON 5

D~4

The Future with "Will"

Grammatical Explanations

We use the helping verb "will" as another way to express future time.

Contractions are generally used in conversation.

Affirmative Sentences

I

He She

It will arrive next week.

You We They

-"l',:>k roMc:® ₂₃

24

UNIT

4

LESSON 5

The Future with "Will"

Questions

I

he she

Will it arrive next week? you

we they

UNIT

4

LESSON 6

~4

The Future with "Won't"

Grammatical Explanations

To form the negative of "will" simply add the word "not" or use the contraction "won't".

I

will + not

=

won't

Negative Sentences

I

He

She

It won't arrive tonight. You

We

They

S""ok

UNIT

4

LESSON 7

Possibility in the Future with "Might"

~4

Grammatical Explanations

We frequently use the helping verb "might" as a way to express possibility in the future when we are not sure.

Affirmative Sentences

I

He She

It might arrive next week. You We They Negative Sentences I He She

It might not arrive next week. You

We They

32

Possibility in the Future with "Might"

"Might" is seldom used to ask questions. We usually ask questions using "will" and "going to".

For example:

Will you buy a car?

100% Yes

₌

I will buy a car. 100% No = I won't buy a car.

50% ??

₌

I might buy a car. Or:

Are you going to buy a car?

100% Yes

₌

I'm going to buy a car. 100% No

₌

I'm not going to buy a car.

UNIT

4

LESSON 9

Contractions with "Going to", Affirmative

D~4

Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

I'm

He's She's

It's going to arrive next week. You're We're They're ,~p<'"k (oMc® ~, 41

Contractions of "Wi!!", Affirmative

D~4

Affirmative Sentences with Contractions

' - , -

- ­

arrive next week. I'll He'll She'll It'll You'll We'll They'll Speak toi'-le® ₄₅

UNIT

4

LESSON 12

Numbers

400 - 1,000,000

D~4

Repeat the following numbers:

400 500 700 1,001 1,118 1,952 2,000 3,000 4,000 10,000 14,000 27,000 125,000 175,540 282,993 500,000 1,000,000 four hundred five hundred seven hundred one thousand one

one thousand one hundred eighteen one thousand nine hundred fifty-two two thousand three thousand four thousand ten thousand fourteen thousand twenty-seven thousand

one hundred twenty-five thousand

one hundred seventy-five thousand five hundred forty two hundred eighty-two thousand nine hundred ninety-three

five hundred thousand one million

Past Tense

Grammatical Explanations

We use the past tense to describe completed actions or events.

We generally use it with such expressions as:

last night yesterday ten minutes ago last week yesterday morning five hours ago last year yesterday afternoon two weeks ago last summer yesterday evening seven years ago last Monday last November Affirmative Sentences I He She It drank water. You We They 57

58

UNIT

5

LESSON 1

Past Tense Questions Did I he she it you we they drink water? Speak to l\-1cc.F)

Past Tense, Regular Verbs Ending with

a "d" Sound

Grammatical Explanations

All regular verbs end in "ed" but are pronounced differently depending on the last sound of the verb in the infinitive.

Ending Sound [d}

-

_{The final "ed" is pronounced [d} after the following (voiced)}

sounds:

"n", "b", "z", ifW ", {(I", "dg", and "r".

Infinitve Past Tense

clean cleaned rub rubbed live lived close closed interview interviewed fill filled judge judged Sp.;ak roMc® ₅₉

UNIT

5

LESSON 2

Past Tense, Regular Verbs Ending with

a

"t" Sound

Grammatical Explanations

Ending Sound [t]

The final ited" is pronounced [t] after the following (voiceless) sounds: Infinitve work stop laugh wash watch practice fix .":ip<_·;lk fo~'Tc® Past Tense worked stopped laughed washed watched practiced fixed 63

Past Tense, Regular Verbs Ending with an Hid" Sound

Grammatical Explanations

Ending Sound lid]

The final sound tied" is pronounced rid] when the infinitive ends in

a

"t" or

a

"d". Infinitive paint want visit celebrate add need decide .~pc"k roMc® Past Tense painted wanted visited celebrated added needed decided 69

UNIT

5

LESSON 3

Past Tense, Special Spelling Rules for Regular Verbs

Grammatical Explanations

A.

When the infinitive ends in

one vowel and one consonant

»

double the consonant before adding "ed" nap stop clap stab stub rub napped stopped clapped stabbed stubbed rubbed ~ never double "x" or "w"

B.

When the infinitive ends in

a

consonant plus

'y"

» change

'y"

to "i" before adding

"00" study wony try cry deny studied worned tried cried denied Spc:ak roMc ( ₇₅

76

Past Tense, Special Spelling Rules for Regular Verbs

c.

When the infinitive ends in

a

vowel and

a

'}I"

employ play pray enjoy stay

»

do not change the verb,

just add "00" employed played prayed enjoyed stayed

As

a

general rule, most verbs of more than two syllables

are

regular

Infinitive consider inquire introduce operate recommend diagnose negotiate continue sympathize demonstrate remember verbalize Past Tense considered inquired introduced operated recommended diagnosed negotiated continued sympathized demonstrated remembered verbalized

UNIT

5

LESSON 4

Past Tense, Irregular Verbs

Grammatical Explanations

ItTegular vetbs tend to be short words, of one or 000 syllables, which are frequently used in the language.

-

Study these vety common irregular verbs in the infinitive and past tense forms:

Infinitive Past Tense Infinftive Past Tense

-do make have leave rise win lose find forget speak tear stand sit swim ring pay feed sleep keep sell did made had left rose won lost found forgot spoke tore stood sat swam rang paid fed slept kept sold go went eat ate see saw fall fell lay laid lie lay run ran get got break broke steal stole wear wore unde~tan~ood drink give gave begin began say said meet met sweep swept feel felt tell told Sp<:"k lOMc® ₇₇

-~

78

Past Tense, Irregular Verbs

Infinftive grow fly blow ride write think teach seek shake hide spend lend mean sting hang Past Tense grew flew blew rode wrote thought taught sought shook hid spent lent meant stung hung Infinftive know throw drive dive come fight catch bring take slide bite send bend hear swing Past Tense knew threw drove dove came fought caught brought took slid bit sent bent heard swung S)"",,k t,o Mcql~

UNIT

5

LESSON 5

Past Tense, Negative Form

-Grammatical Explanations Negative Sentences I He She It You We They

did not eat yesterday.

Negative Sentences with Contractions

I He She

It didn't eat yesterday.

You We They

Past Tense, Verb "To Be}}, (Was/Were)

Grammatical Explanations

Use the past tense of the verb "to be" for state:

Present Tense

I am hungry. He is very old. They are students. or for location:

Present Tense

We are at home. She is in Italy.

We are at the beach.

Past Tense

I was hungry. He was very old. They were students.

Past Tense

We were at home. She was in Italy. We were at the beach.

We typically use the past tense of the verb "to be" with past tense time expressions. For example: last Sunday last night last week last year yesterday yesterday afternoon in 1980 in 2001

two months ago five days ago two weeks ago ten years ago

102

UNIT

5

LESSON 9

Past Tense, Verb "To Be" (Was/Were)

Affirmative Sentences

I

He

She was

It _{here last week.}

You We were They Questions I Was he she it

here last week? you

Were we they

Speak

Past Tense, Verb "To Be", Negative Form Grammatical Explanations Negative Sentences I He She It was

not here yesterday.

-l

You We They

were

Negative Sentences wfth Contractions

I He She wasn't It here yesterday. You We weren't They Sp"ok toMc® ₁₀₉

UNIT

6

LESSON 1

Helping Verb "Can"

D~6

Grammatical Explanations

-

{lean" is the helping verb we use to show ability (physical or mental)

and opportunity. Examples: Questions I he she

Can it play tennis? you we

-

_they Affirmative Sentences I He She

It can play tennis. You

We They

-

Sp,:ak

116

Helping Verb "Can"

Short Answers

Yes,

I

he

she

it

you

we

they

can. Spcnk tol'tTc:ii'

UNIT

6

LESSON 2

Helping Verb "Can't"

-

Grammatical Explanations To form the negative of "can", simply add the word "not" or use the contraction "can't".

I

can + not = can't I

Questions with "Can"

-

Can I he she it you we they play cards? Negative Sentences I He She

It can't play cards. You We They ,~p<'"k toMc®

-

121

122

Helping Verb "Can't"

Short Answers with "Can't"

No, I

he

she

it

you

we

they

can't. Sp<'''k loMe@:'

-

-UNIT

6

LESSON 3

-

Helping Verb "Should"

~6

Grammatical Explanations

UShould" is the helping verb we use to give advice or to make recommendations.

Example: People should eat fruit.

(It's good for everybody's health.)

Questions

I

he she

Should it eat fruit? you

we they

-Affirmative Sentences with "Should"

I

He She

It should eat fruit. You

We They

Srx"k

126

Helping Verb "Should"

Short Answers with uShould"

Yes, I he she it you we they should. Sp....flk (oMcC1I.~

UNIT

6

LESSON 3

Helping Verb "Shouldn't"

D~6

Grammatical Explanations

To form the negative of "should", simply add the word "not"

or

use the contraction "shouldn't",

I

should + not

=

shouldn't Questions with "Should"

Should I he she it you we they smoke? Negative I He She It shouldn't smoke. You We They Speak roMc® ₁₂₇

128

He/ping Verb "Shou/dn't"

Short Answers with IlShouldn't"

No, I he she it you we they shouldn't.

-Sp("~lk to Mc®

-

UNIT

6

LESSON 4

Helping Verb "Could"

Grammatical Explanations

tlCould" is the helping verb we use to show:

>> the past tense of the helping verb tlcan" (ability or opportunity in the past)

Example:

I could run all day when I was a child. ( I can't anymore.)

>> ability in a situation which we are imagining (conditional sentences) Example:

tf I had a lot of money, I could travel around the world.

(But I don't have a lot of money, so I can't travel around the world.)

'~J.X:ak

134

Helping Verb "Could" (Past of "Can")

Questions with "Could"

I he Could she it you sleep well last night? we they

Affirmative Sentences with "Could"

-Yes, I he she it you we they

could sleep well last night.

"l)(,'ak

UNIT

6

LESSON 4

Helping Verb "Could" (Past of "Can'')

D~6

Short Answers with "Could"

Yes, I he she it you we they could. Sp<:ak tol\1c®

-

135

136

6

Helping Verb "Couldn't"

Negative Sentences with "Couldn't"

No, I he she it you we they

couldn't sleep well last night.

Short Answers with "Couldn't"

No, I he she it you we they couldn't. Sp(~ak (oi\1c®

UNIT

6

LESSON 5

"Could", Conditional Use

Questions with "Could"

Could I he she it we you they win the race if I he she it we you they were faster?

Affirmative Sentences with "Could"

I He She It We You They

could win the race if I he she it we you they were faster. 139

140

"Could", Conditional Use

Short Answers with IICould"

Yes, I he she it you we they could. Spc:"tk loMc®

UNIT

6

LESSON 6

Helping Verb "Would"

Grammatical Explanations

"Would" is the helping verb we use to show:

»

a situation which we are imagining but is not really happening (conditional sentences)

Example:

I would go swimming if it were a bright and sunny day. (But it's raining and cold.)

»

a

wish

or

desire

Example:

If only I would win the lottery!

»

preferences (usually with "rather" or "prefer") Example:

I would rather eat fish than meat.

I would prefer to eat at 7:00 P.M. than at 8:00 this evening.

Speak

"Would" Conditional Use

~6

Questions with "Would"

Would I he she it we you they win the race if I he she it we you they were faster?

Affirmative Sentences with "Would"

I He She It We You They

would win the

race if I he she it we you they were faster. Sp<:nk toi\lc::® 147

148

UNIT

6

LESSON 6

"Would", Contitional Use

Short Answers with "Would"

Yes, I he she it you we they would. Sp<:ak to Me@'

"Wouldn't", Contitional Use

D~6

Questions with uWould"

~ Would I he she it we you they win the race if I he she it we you they were slow?

Negative Sentences with "Wou/dn't"

I He She It We You They

wouldn't win the race if I he she it we you they were slow. Spc:ak loMe® ₁₄₉

150

UNIT

6

LESSON 6

"Wouldn't", Contitional Use

Short Answers with "Wouldn't"

No, I he she it you we they wouldn't.

--

_•

-,...

_.

UNIT

6

LESSON 9

Automobile Vocabulary

D~6

Repeat each word after it is spoken by your instructor:

-" _~

grill hood windshield

-windshield wipers - fender -bumper - tire ­

'!

hubcap - sidemirror - trunk - spare tire ­

-"

.4

jack - body side moulding

gas tank door - gas cap ­

--,.

\4

steering wheel - horn - turn signal ­

emergency brake ­

-~

_{accelerator or gas pedal}

-"",:_41

brake pedal - speedometer ­

-

tachometer - gas gauge - gear shift ­

~

-

.4

glove box - headrest ­

rear view mirror - bucket seat ­

- ,

- ' 4

engine - battery - battery cable ­

- ,

_'C

oil dip stick - headlights ­

brakelight - license plate

,4

- ,

~~4

--

-4

- ,

_.

-,.

_ I Spc"k to i'\lc:(!l) ₁₆₅ - r . -'

-,.

-...'

UNIT 7 LESSON 1

The Present Perfect Tense

~7

Grammatical Explanations

We use the present perfect tense to show:

1) an action which began in the past and may still be going on

Example:

I have been in the United States for 25 years.

( I came to the United States 25 years ago and I'm still here.)

2) something that occured in the recent past when time is not mentioned

Examples:

I have seen my mother recently

I have just eaten breakfast.

3) things one has or hasn't done in his life (with ever/never)

Examples:

Have you ever gone to Spain? No, I have never gone to Spain.

4) an action that

we are

expecting to take place (with already/yet)

Examples:

Has the bus stopped here yet?

No, it hasn't stopped here yet. (We

are

still waiting for it. ) Yes, it has already stopped here.

SIXak

2

The Present Perfect Tense

We form the present pettect tense with the present tense of the verb ''to have" plus the past participle of the main verb.

Examples:

I have worked.

He has worked.

We form the past participle ofregular vetbs by adding "ed" or "d" to the simple form of the verb. (They have exactly the same form as the simple past. Consult the verb list in Set

2

ofSpt'ak to Mc1~J for all the spelling /1Jles.) The past participles of irregular verbs vary Study the past participles of the following irregular verbs:

Infinftive Past Participle Infinitive Past Participle

do done go gone

make made eat eaten

have had see seen

leave left fall fallen

rise risen lay laid

win won lie lain

lose lost run run

find found get gotten

forget forgotten break broken speak spoken steal stolen

tear torn wear worn

stand stood understand understood

sit sat drink drunk

.~p<,"k

...,l

=-=t ~

~

UNIT

7

LESSON 1

The Present Perfect Tense

~7

~

Infinitive Past Participle Infinitive Past Participle

swim swum give given

ring rung begin begun

pay paid say said

feed fed meet met

sleep slept sweep swept

keep kept feel felt

sell sold tell told

grow grown know known

fly flown throw thrown

blow blown drive driven

ride ridden dive dove

write written come come

think thought fight fought

teach taught catch caught

seek sought bring brought

shake shaken take taken

hide hidden slide slidden, slid

spend spent bite bitten, bit

lend lent send sent

mean meant bend bent

sting stung hear heard

hang hung swing swung

Spc:tk

4

The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever", Affirmative

Questions with "Ever"

I Have you

we they

ever eaten lobster? he

Has she it

Affirmative Answers to Questions with "Ever"

I you have we Yes, they eaten lobster. he she has it Sp(:;lk loMc@

UNIT

7

LESSON 1

D:tI27

The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever" Affirmative

Short Answers to Questions with "Ever"

! !

•

..

!! I you have. we Yes, they he she has. it Speak {O~Jc® ₅

The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever" Affirmative

D~7

Short Answers

to

Questions with "Ever"

Yes, I you we they have. he she has. it

UNIT 7 LESSON 2

The Present Perfect Tense, "Never" Negative

D:i!}7

Questions with "Ever/Never"

Have

I

you we they

ever lived in Rome? he Has she it I you have '~~ they

No, never lived in Rome. he

she has

it

.-;~-nk

D:tJj7

The Present Perfect Tense (and the Continuous Form)

Another tense similar to the present perfect is the present perfect

continuous tense. We use this tense to show an action that began in the past and is still going on.

Example:

I have been studying English for two years.

We use this tense when we are interested in the action itself rather than the result of the action.

Example:

They have been painting the room all day. ( We don't know if they have finished painting it.)

~

!!!!!!!!

-

_{is more important.} We use the (simple) present perfect when the result of the action

!!!!!

!!!!! Example:

!'!!

~

They've painted the room blue.

(We know that the painting is finished.)

~ ~ ~ ~ Spcok toMe ₁₃

•

UNIT

7

LESSON 3

The Present Perfect Tense, "Since/For"

Grammatical Explanations

We use both "since" and ufor" to say how long something has

been going on:

...

1< ---

f~~:ri~~rs

--- >

I

v

v

since July 3

July 1 (now)

(beginning of period)

* We use "since" to show the starting point in time.

* We use "for" to show the length of time. Affirmative Sentences with uSince/For"

I You We They

have

been in the U.S.

since 2005 since last March since Friday. since last week.

---­

for a week. for two days. for five months. for a few years. He She It has Spc:,k 14 to:'tlc~

The Present Perfect Tense, "Since/For"

D~7

Questions with the Present Pet1ect Continuous

How long have I you we they

been studying English?

has he she it

Affirmative sentences with the Present Pet1ect Continuous

I

You We They

have

been studying English for many years. He She It has S[X,k roMe ₁₅

UNIT

7

LESSON 4

The Present Perfect Tense, "Already/Yet"

~7

Questions with 'tyet"

It's 7:00 A.M.

I

Have you we they

eaten breakfast yet? he

Has she it

Affinnative Sentences with "Already"

We ate at 6:30 A.M. Yes, I you we they have

tr=

_,"ready

~

v _{eaten breakfast.} v he she has it Sp<:ak toMe ₁₉

20

The Present Perfect Tense, "Already/Yet"

Negative Sentences with "Yet"

We are going to eat at 7:30.

No, I you we they haven't

eaten breakfast yet. he she it hasn't Spc;",k roi\lcCE

UNIT

7

LESSON 5

The Passive Voice

¥J7

Grammatical Explanations

We use the passive construction when the object (or the action) is more important than the doer of the action. In

a

sentence in the passive voice, the subject doesn't

do or make anything: something is done to it.

Example:

The house was built last year.

In this sentence, the house is more important than the people who built it. (We may not even know who constructed it) When we want to mention who or what

did the action, we can mention the doer in a phrase with

"by".

Example:

The house was built by ABC Builders, Inc.

25

-The Passive Voice

We form the passive voice by using the appropriate tense of the verb "to be" and the past participle of the main verb. Examples: is is being was was being is going to be has been can be

The car should be made in Korea. will be

might be could be would be

might have been should have been could have been may have been

Speak

----...

-UNIT

7

LESSON 5

The Passive Voice

~7

Examples of passive sentences without mentioning the person who performs the action:

* This boat was produced in Canada.

* The diamond will be set in a ring.

* Milk is delivered to the supermarket every day.

Examples of passive sentences mentioning the person who performs the action:

* The song "One Love" was written by Bob Marley.

* The Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by France.

--.

Example: Note:

We sometimes use the verb "to get" instead of "to be" to form the passive.

!!!!!f

---, She got promoted 'from vice-president to president.

We may also form the passive using the expression "have ... done" in place of the verb " to be".

Examples:

I had my car fixed yesterday.

I will have my furniture delivered tomorrow.

Conditional Sentences in the Past

D~9

Grammatical Explanations

Conditional Questions in the Past

Frank invested too much money in the stock market and lost it because he didn't take John's advice.

Could Should Would Frank I he she we

have taken John's advice? you

they

Affirmative Conditional Sentences in the Past

Frank

I

He could

She should have taken John's advice. We would

You They

UNIT

9

LESSON 1

Conditional Sentences in the Past

Grammatical Explanations

We use conditional sentences in the past to talk about past situations that didn't happen because

a

condition was not met.

Examples:

* If I had made a lot of money last year, I would have gone to Europe on vacation.

(But I didn't make enough money, so I couldn't go!)

* If Marco Polo hadn't gone to China, we wouldn't have had spaghetti in the west.

(But he did go to China, so we all enjoy spaghetti!) Note:

tI 'd" is the short form of "had" and "would".

Example:

I'd have gone to the party if I'd been invited.

(I would have gone to the party if I had been invited.)

Speak

toMc@> 88

Conditional Sentences in the Past

D~9

We form condtional sentences in the past with several different helping verbs. Their meanings are slightly different:

"Must have"

indicates probability (something very likely). Example:

He must have left the house (His car is gone.)

"Might have"

"Could have"

"May have"

indicate possibility (something was likely). Examples:

He might have gone to the store. He could have gone to the movies. He may have gone to a restaurant. (We don't know.)

"Should have"

indicates obligation. Example:

He should have told us where he was going or left a note.

UNIT

9

LESSON 1

Conditional Sentences in the Past

"Would have" indicates willingness.

Example:

We would have let him know where we were going.

Conditional sentences in the past are formed with two clauses:

a

conditional clause and an "if" clause. The condidional clause uses the above compound verbs (might have, should have, etc.) and the "if" clause uses the past perfect (had + past participle of the main verb), i. e. had gone, had been, etc.

'>peak

The Present Perfect Tense, "Ever", Affirmative

Yes, I you we they he she it have has eaten lobster. I Have you we they eaten lobster? ever he Has she it 132

UNIT

7

LESSON 1

The Present Pet1ect Tense, "Ever" Affirmative

~7

m

UEver" M~@]~M9 Yes, I you we they have. he she has. it ~[Xak roMc® 133