cognition OR "cognitive functioning" OR "cognitive function" OR memory Job OR Retirees OR Retirement AND

Supplemental Table 1. Complete search strategy for Medline

Job OR Retirees

OR Retirement

AND

cognition OR

"cognitive functioning"

OR

"cognitive function"

OR memory

Supplemental Figure 1. PRISMA flow chart.

RD: retirement duration; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; DSST: Digit Symbol Substitution Test.

+: indicates positive effect of retirement on cognition; -: indicated negative effect of retirement on cognition; *: indicates that the reported effect is statistically significant Study (year)

Outcomes Cognitive

performance

Episodic memory

Immediate recall

Delayed recall

Working memory

Verbal memory

Executive function

Attention Cognitive flexibility

Abstract reasoning

Inductive reasoning

Speed processing

Word reading

Verbal fluency

Phonetic fluency

Semantic fluency

Numeracy

Andel et al., 2015²² +

Atalay et al., 2019⁶ Women

Men

- -

+ -

+ -*

Bianchini and Borella., 2014²³ -

RD:+

Bonsang et al., 2012²⁴ -*

RD: -*

Bosma et al., 2003²⁵ Mental demands Strong concentration Great precisión Time pressure Task complexity

+ +*

+*

+*

+

Carr et al.,2019²⁶ -*

Celidoni et al., 2017²⁷ -*

Clouston and Denier., 2017²⁸ +*

RD: -*

Coe et al., 2011²⁹ White collar Blue collar

RD: -*

RD: - -*

-

-*

- - -*

- -

De Grip et al., 2015³⁰ + + -* -

Denier et al., 2017³¹ -

RD: -

-* -*

Fisher et al., 2014³² -

RD: -*

Hamm et al., 2020³³ - -

Lee et al., 2019³⁴ +*

Luo et al., 2019³⁵ Agricultural work Nonagricultural employed Nonagricultural self-employed Never worked

+*

+ - +

+*

+ - -

Mazzona and Peracchi., 2012³⁶ RD: -* -* -*

Mazzona and Peracchi., 2015³⁷ +

RD: -*

Mosca and Wright., 2018³⁸ RD: -* RD: -*

Oi, 2019³⁹ -*

Oi., 2020⁴⁰ -*

Potter et al., 2008⁴¹ General intelectual demands Human interaction and communication Physical activity

Visual attention

+*

+ -*

+

Roberts et al., 2010⁴² - -* -

Romero-Starke et al., 2019⁷ RD: -* RD: - RD: -*

Sabbath et al., 2016⁴³ MMSE: +

DSST: -*

+ + Trail A: -

Trail B: +

+ - -

Schwingel et al., 2009⁴⁴ Retire, non-volunteering Retired and volunteering

+ + Vercambre et la., 2016⁴⁵ Worse QoL

Improved QoL

+ +*

+ +*

- +*

+ + Wickrama et al., 2013⁴⁶ Fully retired

Not worked Partially retired

- - -

- - - Xiaoyan and Hong, 2018⁴⁷ Men

Women

+ -*

Xue et al., 2018⁴⁸ -* -* -* -*

doi: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106892 –8.

:1 0 2020;

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Alvarez-Bueno C

Supplemental Table 3. Risk of bias of included studies assessed by Newcastle-Otawa scale.

selection comparability outcome

Study (year) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Andel et al., 2015²² * * * * * - * *

Atalay et al., 2019⁶ * * * * * - * *

Bianchini and Borella., 2014²³ * * * * * - * *

Bonsang et al., 2012²⁴ * * * * * - * *

Bosma et al., 2003²⁵ * * * * * - * *

Carr et al., 2019²⁶ * * * * * - * *

Celidoni et al., 2017²⁷ * * * * * - * *

Clouston and Denier., 2017²⁸ * * * * * - * *

Coe et al., 2011²⁹ * * * * * - * *

De Grip et al., 2015³⁰ * * * * * - * *

Denier et al., 2017³¹ * * * * * - * *

Fisher et al., 2014³² * * * * * - * *

Hamm et al., 2020³³ * * * * * - * *

Lee et al., 2019³⁴ * * * * * - * *

Luo et al., 2019³⁵ * * * * * - * *

Mazzona and Peracchi., 2012³⁶ * * * * * - * *

Mazzona and Peracchi., 2015³⁷ * * * * * - * *

Mosca and Wright., 2018 ³⁸ * * * * * - * *

Oi., 2019³⁹ * * * * * - * *

Oi., 2020⁴⁰ * * * * * - * *

Potter et al., 2008⁴¹ * * * * * - * *

Roberts et al., 2010⁴² * * * * * - * *

Romero-Starke et al., 2019⁷ * * * * * - * *

Sabbath et al., 2016⁴³ * * * * * - * *

Schwingel et al., 2009⁴⁴ * * * * * - * *

Vercambre et la., 2016⁴⁵ * * * * * - * *

Wickrama et al., 2013⁴⁶ * * * * * - * *

Xiaoyan and Hong., 2018⁴⁷ * * * * * - * *

Xue et al., 2018⁴⁸ * * * * * - * *

Supplemental Figure 2. Forest plot for the longitudinal association between retirement with global cognition and memory-related skills.

doi: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106892 –8.

:1 0 2020;

Occup Environ Med , et al.

Alvarez-Bueno C

Supplemental Table 4. Sensitivity analyses by removing studies one by one for longitudinal analysis.

Global cognition

ES: Effect size; LL: low limit; UL: upper limit

Memory-related skills

ES: Effect size; LL: low limit; UL: upper limit

Reference ES LL UL

Schwingel et al., 2009 -0.0087 -0.0184 0.0010 Vercambre et la., 2016 -0.0095 -0.1944 0.0004 Sabbath et al., 2016 -0.0029 -0.0264 0.0205

Oi., 2019 0.0194 -0.0224 0.0612

Reference ES LL UL

Andel et al., 2015 -0.0947 -0.1744 -0.0151

De Grip et al., 2015 -0.0949 -0.1738 -0.0161 Vercambre et la., 2016 -0.0965 -0.1757 -0.0174 Sabbath et al., 2016 -0.0985 -0.1758 -0.0212 Denier et al., 2017 -0.0911 -0.1739 -0.0083

Xue et al., 2018 -0.0688 -0.1419 0.0043

Xiaoyan and Hong, 2018 -0.5810 -0.1166 0.0004 Atalay et al., 2019 -0.0917 -0.1712 -0.0132 Romero-Starke et al., 2019 -0.0783 -0.1564 -0.0003

Hamm et al., 2020 -0.0842 -0.1616 -0.0068

Oi., 2020 -0.0811 -0.1643 0.0021

Supplemental Table 5. Meta-regression of retirement and memory-related-skills by follow-up period, percentage of women and mean age at baseline of included studies.

Coef: Coeficient; LL: low limit; UL: upper limit

Reference Coef LL UL p

Follow-up period 0.0066 -0.0064 0.0197 0.277

%Women 0.0016 -0.0014 0.0048 0.249

Mean age at baseline 0.0078 -0.0088 0.0243 0.304

doi: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106892 –8.

:1 0 2020;

Occup Environ Med , et al.

Alvarez-Bueno C