22.2 22.2 (i) (i) (ii) (ii) 298 298
Accounting and Finance Accounting and Finance for Managers
for Managers
LESSON
LESSON
22
22
CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORIES
CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORIES
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
21.0 21.0 22.1 22.1 22.3 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.6 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.9 22.9Aims and Objectives Aims and Objectives Introduction
Introduction
Assumption of the Capital Structure Theories Assumption of the Capital Structure Theories Net Income Approach
Net Income Approach
Net Operating Income Approach Net Operating Income Approach Modigliani–Miller Approach Modigliani–Miller Approach Traditional Approach
Traditional Approach Types of Dividend Policies Types of Dividend Policies
22.7.1 Cash Dividend Policy 22.7.1 Cash Dividend Policy 22.7.2 Bond Dividend Policy 22.7.2 Bond Dividend Policy 22.7.3 Property Dividend Policy 22.7.3 Property Dividend Policy 22.7.4 Stock Dividend Policy 22.7.4 Stock Dividend Policy Let us Sum up Let us Sum up Lesson-end Activity Lesson-end Activity 22.10 Keywords 22.10 Keywords
22.11 Questions for Discussion 22.11 Questions for Discussion 22.12 Suggested Readings 22.12 Suggested Readings
22.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
22.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this lesson is to
The purpose of this lesson is to identify the optimum capital structure for business fleeces.identify the optimum capital structure for business fleeces. After studying this lesson you will be able
After studying this lesson you will be able to:to: describe different theories of capital structure describe different theories of capital structure
explain aspects of capital structure decision-making explain aspects of capital structure decision-making (iii) describe different types of dividend policies
(iii) describe different types of dividend policies
22.1 INTRODUCTION
22.1 INTRODUCTION
The capital structure theories are facilitating
The capital structure theories are facilitating the business fleeces to identify the optimumthe business fleeces to identify the optimum capital structure. The optimum capital structure of the
capital structure. The optimum capital structure of the organization differs from oneorganization differs from one approach to another due the assumption which are underlying with
approach to another due the assumption which are underlying with reference to manyreference to many factors of influence. The success of the firm is normally depending upon
factors of influence. The success of the firm is normally depending upon the rate atthe rate at which the financial resources are raised, differs from one organisation to
which the financial resources are raised, differs from one organisation to another dependsanother depends upon the needs. The cost of capital
(i) (ii) (i) (ii) (v) 299 firm; which directs affects the amount of earnings available to the investors, that finally
reflects on the value of the firm. The more earnings available at the end will lead to
greater return on investment holdings of the investors, would enhance the value of shares
due to greater demand. There are two set of approaches with reference to capital structure; which normally influences the Value of the firm through the cost of overall capital(Ko) is one approach called relevance approach capital structure theories and
other do not have any influence on the va lue of the firm is known as irrelevance approach. The debt finance in the capital structure facilitates the firm to enhance the value of EPS
on one side on the another side it is subject to the financial leverage with reference to
trading on equity. The application of leverage in the capital structure enhances the value
of the firm through the cost of capital.
The following are the various capital structure theories:
Net income approach
Net operating income approach (iii) Modigliani and Miller approach (iv) Traditional approach
22.2 ASSUMPTION OF THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE
THEORIES
There are only two resources in the capital structure viz Debt and Equity share capital
The dividend pay out ration 100% which means that there is no scope for the retained earnings
(iii) The life of the firm is perpetual
(iv) The total assets of the firm do not change
The total financing remains constant through balancing taking place in between the
debt and share capital
(vi) No corporate taxes; this was removed later
22.3 NET INCOME APPROACH
Algebraically, the relationship between the cost of equity, cost of overall capital and debt-equity ration are explained as follows:
Ke=Ko+ (Ko–Ki)B/S
Net income approach
was developed by Durand, in this he has portrayed the influence of the leverage on the value of the firm, which means that the value of the firm is subjectto the application of debt i.e., leverage.
In this approach, the cost of debt is identified as cheaper source of financing than equity
share capital. The more application of debt in the capital structure brings down the
overall capital, more particularly 100% application of debt finance leads to resemble the
over all cost of capital as cost of debt. The weighted average cost of capital will come
down due to more application of leverage in the capital structure, only with reference to
cheaper cost of raising than the equity share capital cost. Ko= Ke(S/V)+Ki(B/V)
The value of the firm is more in the case of lesser overall cost of capital due to more application of leverage in the capital structure. The optimum capital structure is that at
(i) (ii)
(i) (ii)
300
Accounting and Finance
for Managers when the value of the firm is highest and the overall cost of capital is lowest.
V=B+S V= EBIT/Ko
This approach highlights that the application of leverage influences the overall cost of capital and that affects the value of the firm.
22.4 NET OPERATING INCOME APPROACH
This another approach developed by Durand, which has underlying principle that the application of leverage do not have any influence on the value of the firm through the overall cost of capital. The more application of leverage leads to bring down the explicit cost of capital on one side and on the other side implicit cost of debt is expected to go up. How the implicit cost of debt will go up? The more application of debt leads to increase the financial risk among the investors, that warranted the equity share holders to bear additional financial risk of the firm. Due to additional financial risk, the share holders are requiring the firm to pay additional dividends over the existing. The increase in the
expectations of the shareholders with reference to dividends hiked the cost of equity. Under this approach, no capital structure is found to be a optimum capital structure. The major reason is that the debt-equity ratio does not influence the cost of overall capital, which always nothing but remains constant.
It is finally concluded that this approach highlights that application of leverage never makes an attempt to enhance the value of the firm, in other words which is known as unaffected by the application of leverage.
22.5 MODIGLIANI–MILLER APPROACH
It is the approach, attempts to explain the application of leverage does not have any influence on the value of the firm through behavioural pattern of the investors. The
behavioural pattern of the investors is taken into consideration for explaining the value of the firm which is unaffected by the application of debt/leverage in the capital structure through arbitrage process. The MM approach has three different propositions:
The overall capital structure of the firm is unaffected by the cost of capital an degree of leverage
The cost of equity goes up and offset the increase of leverage in the capital structure (iii) The cut off rate for the investment purposes is totally independent.
For discussion, the proposition is only considered for the study of usage of leverage in the capital structure, which do not have any impact in the value of the firm.
Assumptions of the MM approach:
This approach is discussed under the perfect market conditions Securities are divisible infinitely.
Investors are allowed to buy and sell securities (iii) Investors are rational to access the information
(iv) No transaction costs involved in the process of the buying and selling of securities
Arbitrage process:
It is the process facilitates the individual investors to buy the investments at lower price at one market and sells them off at higher price in another market. With the help of arbitrage process, the investors are permitted to shift holding of the Levered firm to the unlevered firm which is known as undervalued. These two firms are identical in business risk except in the application of debt finance in the levered firm. In order to maintain the similar amount of the financial risk of the firm, the investor is required to undergo for personal leverage or home made leverage t o maintain the sameproportion of investment in the unlevered firm. During this process, the investor could save something and this continuous arbitrage process will level the value of the both firms. It means that the value of the firm is unaffected by the application of leverage which is explained through the arbitrage process, nothing but behavioural pattern of the investors.
The same thing could be applied in the case of reverse arbitrage process in between the Unlevered and levered. This also another kind of process in which the investor could gain through the transfer of the holdings from the unlevered firm to levered firm. The value of the firm is unaffected by the application of the leverage in the capital structure.
22.6 TRADITIONAL APPROACH
The traditional approach is known as intermediate approach in between the Net income
approach and NOI approach. The value of the firm and the cost of capital are affected
by the NI approach but the assumptions of the NOI approach are irrelevant. The cost of
overall capital will come down due to the application cheaper source of financing viz Debt financing to some extent, after certain usage, the application of debt will enhance the financial risk of the firm, which will require the share holders to expect additional
return nothing but is risk premium. The risk premium which is expected by the investors
will enhance the overall cost of capital.
The optimum capital structure "the marginal real cost of debt, defined to include both
implicit and explicit will be equal to the real cost of equity. For a debt-equity ratio before
that level, the marginal cost of debt would be less than that of equity capital, while
beyond that level of leverage, the marginal real cost of debt would exceed that of equity.
22.7 TYPES OF DIVIDEND POLICIES
The dividend policy is the policy that facilitates the firm to decide how much should be
declared as a dividend. The declaration of dividend is normally to be taken with reference
to the future prospects of the firm. The dividends are normally decided by the board of directors during the board meeting which may affect other important decisions of the firm. Most of the companies never think off about the future prospects before the
declaration of the dividends to the shareholders. As a finance manager should emphasize
the importance of declaring or non declaring the dividends which are having greater influence on the futuristic decisions of the enterprise.
Types of dividend policies:
Capital Structure Theories
(i) (ii)
Cash dividend Bond dividend (iii) Property dividend (iv) Stock dividend
22.7.1 Cash Dividend Policy
The dividends are paid in terms of cash. This type of dividend normally leads to cash outflow which has greater influence on the cash position of the firm. At the moment of declaring the cash dividend, future cash needs should be predetermined and dividends declared to the share holders.
22.7.2 Bond Dividend Policy
Instead of paying dividend in terms of cash, some companies are issuing bond dividends, which facilitate them to postpone the immediate cash outflows. Immediately after the
1. 2.
1.
Accounting and Finance
for Managers issuance of bonds, the bond holders are receiving the interest on their holdings besides
the bond values to be paid on the due date. This method is not popular in India.
22.7.3 Property Dividend Policy
Instead of paying dividends in cash, some assets are given to the shareholders as dividend payments. This is also not existing in India.
22.7.4 Stock Dividend Policy
Instead of making the payment of cash dividend, the stock are issued to the existing shareholders. The company shares are issued to existing share holder which is known other words as stock dividends.
Check Your Progress
Write a note on the Modigliani–Miller approach. Explain the various types of dividend policies.
22.8 LET US SUM UP
The capital structure theories are facilitating the business fleeces to identify the optimum capital structure. The optimum capital structure of the organization differs from one approach to another. The cost of capital is having greater influence on the EBIT level of the firm; which directs affects the amount of earnings available to the investors, that
finally reflects on the value of the firm. Net income approach, the cost of debt is identified as cheaper source of financing than equity share capital. Net Operating income approach developed by Durand, which has underlying principle that the application of leverage do not have any influence on the value of the firm through the overall cost of capital. The more application of leverage leads to bring down the explicit cost of capital on one side and on the other side implicit cost of debt is expected to go up. Under this approach, no capital structure is found to be a optimum capital structure. Arbitrage process is the process facilitates the individual investors to buy the investments at lower price at one market and sells them off at higher price in another market. The traditional approach is known as intermediate approach in between the Net income approach and NOI approach.
22.9 LESSON-END ACTIVITY
Assuming the condition of the original M & M (Miller-Modigliani) approach, state whether the following statement is true or false:
“In a world of perfect capital market, an increase in financial leverage will increase the market value of the firm.”
Provide an intuitive explanation of your answer.
22.10 KEYWORDS
Arbitrage process Dividend Policies Cash dividend policy
22.11 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
Write the various assumption of the capital structure theories.
3. 5. 6.
Elucidate the Net operating approach. Capital Structure Theories
Explain briefly about the traditional approach. What is meant by the dividend policy?
22.12 SUGGESTED READINGS
R.L. Gupta and Radhaswamy, “Advanced
Accountancy”.
V.K. Goyal, “Financial
Accounting”,
Excel Books, New Delhi. Khan and Jain, “ManagementAccounting”.
S.N. Maheswari, “Management
Accounting”.
S. Bhat, “Financial
Management”,
Excel Books, New Delhi.Prasanna Chandra, “Financial
Management – Theory and Practice”,
Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi (1994).I.M. Pandey, “Financial
Management”,
Vikas Publishing, New Delhi.Nitin Balwani, “Accounting
