Understanding API SIRE Reading-1 Part 1 of 2

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Understandings

APIICP-SIRE

Reading 1 Part 1 of 2

My Pre-exam self study note for APISIRE-ICP

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Adobe Acrobat Reader Hotkeys

Ctrl + G = find again Ctrl + L = full screen Ctrl + M = zoom to

Ctrl + N = go to page (insert number in box) Ctrl + Q = quit program Ctrl + + = zoom in Ctrl + - = zoom out Ctrl + 0 = fit in window Ctrl + 1 = actual size Ctrl + 2 = fit width Ctrl + 3 = fit visible Ctrl + 4 = reflow

Ctrl + Shift + A = deselect all Ctrl + Shift + F = search query Ctrl + Shift + G = search results Ctrl + Shift + J = cascade windows

Ctrl + Shift + K = tile windows horizontally Ctrl + Shift + L = tile windows vertically

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Ctrl + Shift + S = save a copy Ctrl + Shift + P = page setup

Ctrl + Shift + W = search word assistant Ctrl + Shift + X = search select indexes Ctrl + Shift + Page Up = first page

Ctrl + Shift + Page Down = last page Ctrl + Shift + + = rotate clockwise

Ctrl + Shift + - = rotate counterclockwise Ctrl + Alt + W = close all

Alt + Left Arrow = go to previous view Alt + Right Arrow = go to next view

Alt + Shift + Left Arrow = go to previous document Alt + Shift + Right Arrow = go to next document F4 = thumbnails

F5 = bookmarks F8 = hide toolbars F9 = hide menu bar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_keyboard_shortcuts

http://help.adobe.com/en_US/acrobat/using/WS58a04a822e3e50102bd615109794195ff-7aed.w.html

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Fion Zhang at Xitang

4

th

March 2016

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SME- Subject Matter Expert

我们的大学,其实应该聘请这些能干的退休 教授. 或许在职的砖头怕被排斥.

http://cn.bing.com/videos/search?q=Walter+Lewin&FORM=HDRSC3 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiEHVhv0SBMpP75JbzJShqw

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API SIRE Exam Administration -- Publications

Effectivity Sheet -2016

Listed below are the effective editions of the publications required for this exam for the date(s) shown above. Please consult the Guide for Source

Inspection and Quality Surveillance of Rotating Equipment for further guidance on specific sections.

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 API Guide for Source Inspection and Quality Surveillance of Rotating Equipment,

October 2015

 API Recommended Practice 578, Material Verification Program for New and Existing

Alloy Piping Systems, 2nd Edition, March 2010

 API Standard 610, Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas

Industries, 11th edition, September 2010

 API Standard 611, General-Purpose Steam Turbines for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas

Industry Services, 5th edition, September 2008, reaffirmed February 2014

 API Standard 614, Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing and Control-Oil Systems and Auxiliaries

for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry Services, 5th edition, April 2008

 API Standard 617, Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Expander-compressors for

Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry Services, 8th edition, September 2014

 API Standard 618, Reciprocating Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas

Industry Services, 5th Edition, December 2007

 API Standard 619, Rotary Type Positive Displacement Compressors for Petroleum,

Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries, 5th Edition, December 2010

 API Standard 677, General-Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas

Industry Services, April 2006, reaffirmed November 2010

 API Standard 682, Pumps-Shaft Sealing Systems for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps,

4th edition, May 2014

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 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/Hydraulic Institute (HI)

 HI 14.6, Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests, 2011

 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,

2013 Edition

i. Section II Materials, Part A, B, C, D

 ii. Section V Nondestructive Examination 　 Definitions in Subsection A, Article 1,

Appendix I and Subsection B, Article 30, SE-1316 　 Articles 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 23 (section 797 only)

 iii. Section VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels, Division 1

Acceptance Criteria 　 USC 56-57

Appendix 7- Examination of Steel Casting

iv. Section IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications, Welding only:

QW 100-190; QW 200-290. QW 300-380; QW 400-490; QW500-540

 American Society of Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)

SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing, 2011

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 American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM)

ASTM A703 Standard Specifications for Steel Castings, General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts, 2015

ASTM A182 Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service, 2015

 MSS- Manufacturer Standardization Society

MSS-SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges, Fittings and Other Piping Components, 2011

 SSPC Society for Protective Coatings

SSPC – PA 2 Coating Applications Standard No. 2, Procedure for Determining Conformance to Dry Coating Thickness Requirements, May 2012

 SSPC Surface Preparation Guide, the following sections only:

　 SSPC‐SP1 Solvent Cleaning, 2015 　 SSPC‐SP3 Power Tool Cleaning, 2004

　 SSPC‐SP5 or NACE 1 White Metal Blast Cleaning, 2006 　 SSPC‐SP6 or NACE 3 Commercial Blast Cleaning,2006 　 SSPC‐SP7 or NACE 4 Brush-Off Blast Cleaning, 2006 　 SSPC‐SP10 or NACE 2 Near-White Blast Cleaning, 2006 　 SSPC‐SP11 Power Tool Cleaning to Bare Metal, 2012

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http://www.yumpu.com/zh/browse/user/charliechong http://issuu.com/charlieccchong

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http://greekhouseoffonts.com/ Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

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Guide for Source Inspection and Quality

Surveillance of Rotating Equipment

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1.0 Scope/Purpose

This study guide covers the process of providing quality surveillance of materials, equipment and fabrications being supplied for use in the oil, petrochemical and gas Industry, including upstream, midstream and

downstream segments. This guide may be used as the basis for providing a systematic approach to risk-based source inspection in order to provide

confidence that mechanical rotating equipment being purchased meet the minimum requirements as specified in the project documents and contractual agreements. The activities outlined in this study guide do not intend to

replace the manufacturer’s own quality system, but rather are meant to guide source inspectors acting on behalf of purchasers to determine whether

manufacturers own quality systems have functioned appropriately, such that the purchased equipment will meet contractual agreements.

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This study guide focuses primarily on Mechanical Rotating Equipment

including but not limited to: pumps, gears, compressors, turbines, etc. and associated appurtenances. This document assumes that suppliers/vendors (S/V) have been pre-qualified by a systematic quality review process of their facilities and quality process to determine if the facility has the ability to meet the requirements of the contractual agreements. That process generally leads to a list of pre-approved S/V’s deemed acceptable to the supply chain

management of the purchaser and capable of meeting the requirements of the contract prior to it being placed. S/V’s on such a list will normally have an acceptable quality process already in place that meets the requirements of the contract. The purpose of source inspection in such a case is simply to verify that the S/V quality process is working as it should and to verify that

certain vital steps in the inspection and test plan (ITP) have been satisfactorily accomplished prior to manufacturing completion and/or shipping.

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The primary purpose of this study guide is to assist candidates intending to take the API source inspection examination to become certified source

inspectors for mechanical rotating equipment. The study guide outlines the fundamentals of source inspection and may be useful to all personnel

conducting such activities to perform their jobs in a competent and ethical manner. For more information on how to apply for Source Inspection

Certification, please visit API website at http://www.api.org/certification-programs/icp/programs and follow the links as shown in chart below.

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The Source Inspector Examination contains 100 multiple-choice questions targeting core knowledge necessary to perform source inspection of

mechanical rotating equipment. The focus of the exam is on source

inspection issues and activities rather than design or engineering knowledge contained in the reference standards. The exam is closed book and

administered via computer based testing (CBT). The bulk of the questions address mechanical rotating equipment inspection/ surveillance which are typically known by persons who have experience working as source

inspectors or persons intending to work as source inspectors who have studied the material in this study guide and the associated reference materials.

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2.0 Introduction

Like most business processes, the Source Inspection work process follows

the Plan–Do–Check–Act (PDCA) circular process first popularized in the

1950’s by Edward Deming. The “Planning” part of source inspection is covered in Sections 6 and 7 of this study guide and involves the source inspection management systems, source inspection project plan and the

Inspection and Test Plan (ITP). The “Doing” part is covered in Sections 8 and 9 and involves implementing the ITP, participating in scheduled source

inspection work process events, filing nonconformance reports and source inspection report writing. The “Checking” part, covered in Section 8.7,

involves looking back at all the source inspection activities that occurred in the Planning and Doing segments to see what went well and what should be improved based on the results of that look-back. And finally the “Act” part (sometimes called the “Adjust” part) covered in Section 8.8 involves

implementing all the needed improvements in the “Planning and Doing”

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Edward Deming’s PDCA

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■ The “Planning” involves

 the source inspection management systems,  source inspection project plan and

 the Inspection and Test Plan (ITP).

■ The “Doing” involves

 implementing the ITP,

 participating in scheduled source inspection work process events,  filing nonconformance reports and

 source inspection report writing.

■ The “Checking” involves

 looking back at all the source inspection activities that occurred in the

Planning and Doing segments to see what went well and what should be improved based on the results of that look-back.

■The “Act” part involves

 implementing all the needed improvements in the “Planning and Doing”

process before they are implemented on the next source inspection project.

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3.0 References

The following standards or other recommended practices are referenced in this study guide and are the documents from which the SI exam has been developed. API - American Petroleum Institute

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ASME (ASME International; formerly known as American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)

 Section II—Materials, Parts A, B, C, and D.

 Section V—Non-destructive Examination (Methods).

 Section VIII—Division 1 Appendices (Acceptance Criteria).

 Section IX-Qualification Standard for Welding and Brazing Procedures,

Welders, Brazers, and Welding & Brazing Operators.

Note:

• BPVC Section II-Materials-Part A-Ferrous Materials Specifications • BPVC Section II-Materials-Part B-Nonferrous Material Specifications • BPVC Section II-Materials Part C-Specifications for Welding Rods

Electrodes and Filler Metals

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ASTM 703- Casting

ASTM 182- Forging

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4.0 Definitions, Abbreviations and Acronyms

For the purposes of this study guide, the following definitions, abbreviations and acronyms apply.

4.1 AARH

Arithmetic Average Roughness Height (a measure of surface roughness).

4,2 Alarm Point

Preset value of a parameter at which an alarm warns of a condition requiring corrective action.

4.3 Allowable Operating Region

Portion of a pump's hydraulic coverage over which the pump is allowed to operate, based on vibration within the upper limit of this International

Standard or temperature rise or other limitation, specified by the manufacturer.

4.4 Amplitude

The magnitude of vibration. Displacement is measured in peak-to-peak.

Velocity and acceleration are measured in zero-to-peak or root mean square (rms).

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4.5 Anchor Bolts

Bolts used to attach the mounting plate to the support structure (concrete foundation or steel structure).

4.6 Annealing Heat Treatment

Heating an object to and then holding it at a specified temperature and then cooling at a suitable rate for such purposes as: reducing hardness, improving machinability, facilitating cold working, producing a desired micro-structure, or obtaining desired mechanical properties.

4.7 ANSI

American National Standards Institute.

4.8 API

American Petroleum Institute.

4.9 ASME

ASME International (formerly known as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers).

4.10 ASNT

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang 4.11 ASTM

ASTM International (formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials).

4.12 Axially (horizontal) Split

Split with the principal joint parallel to the shaft centerline.

4.13 Barrel Pump

Horizontal pump of the double-casing type.

4.14 Baseplate

A fabricated (or cast) metal structure used to mount, support, and align,

machinery and its auxiliary components. Baseplates may be directly grouted to concrete foundations (after proper leveling) or bolted to pre-grouted

chockplates.

4.15 Bellows Seal

Type of mechanical seal that uses a flexible metal bellows to provide secondary sealing and spring loading.

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang 4.16 BEP

Flowrate at which a pump achieves its highest efficiency at rated impeller diameter.

Note: Best Efficiency Point

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/best-efficiency-point-bep-d_311.html

4.17 BHP

Brake Horsepower. The actual amount of horsepower being consumed by the rotating equipment.

4.18 Blades

Rotating air foils for both compressors and turbines unless modified by an adjective.

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang BEP

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang 4.19 BOK

Body of Knowledge (in this case the BOK for the Source Inspector examination).

4.20 Booster Pump

Oil pump that takes suction from the discharge of another pump to provide oil at a higher pressure.

4.21 BPVC

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (published by ASME).

4.22 Buffer Fluid

Externally supplied fluid, at a pressure lower than the pump seal chamber pressure, used as a lubricant and/or to provide a diluents in an Arrangement 2 seal.

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4.23 Certification

Documented and signed testimony of qualification. Certification generally refers to the confirmation of certain, specified characteristics of a product or confirmation of a person meeting requirements for a specific qualification.

4.24 Calibration

A comparison between measurements—one of known magnitude or

correctness (the standard) compared to the measuring device under test in order to establish the accuracy of a measuring device.

4.25 Cartridge Seal

Completely self-contained unit (including seal/rings, mating ring/s, flexible

elements, secondary seal, seal gland plate, and sleeve) that is preassembled and preset before installation.

4.26 Circulating Oil System

A system which withdraws oil from the housing of bearings equipped with oil rings and cools it in an external oil cooler before it is returned to the bearing housing.

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4.27 Cladding

A metal integrally bonded onto another metal (e.g. plate), under high pressure and temperature whose properties are better suited to resist damage from the process fluids than the underlying base metal.

4.28 Cold Working

Plastic deformation (forming, rolling, forging, etc.) of metals below the recrystallization temperature of the metal.

4.29 Coast Down Time

Period required after the driver is tripped for the equipment to come to rest.

4.30 Compressor Rated Point

The intersection on the 100% speed curve corresponding to the highest capacity of any specified operating point.

4.31 Console

Total system whose components and controls are packaged as a single unit on a continuous or joined baseplate.

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang 4.32 Cr

The chemical symbol for chromium which may appear on an MTR.

4.33 Critical Equipment

Equipment that has been risk assessed and determined that if it were to fail in service, it would have an unacceptable impact on process safety,

environment, or business needs and therefore deserves a higher level of source inspection attention to make sure the equipment being delivered is exactly as specified.

4.34 Critical Service

Critical service is typically defined as those applications that are

unspared/single-train installations whereby loss of operation would result in significant loss of production, loss of primary process containment, or threat to personnel safety.

4.35 Critical Speed

Shaft rotational speed at which the rotor-bearing-support system is in a state of resonance.

4.36 Cu

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4.37 Datum Elevation

Elevation to which values of NPSH are referred.

4.38 Destructive Testing

Various tests that are performed on metals for the purposes of determining mechanical properties and which involve testing (usually breaking) of sample coupons. Examples of such tests include tensile testing, bend testing and Charpy impact testing. A destructive testing work process involves extracting samples /coupons from components and testing for characteristics that

cannot otherwise be determined by nondestructive testing. The work process involves breaking and/or testing coupons/ samples to failure, thus usually

rendering the component from which the samples were extracted unfit for continued service.

4.39 Deviation

A departure from requirements in the contractual agreements or its

referenced PO, engineering design, specified codes, standards or procedures.

4.40 DFT

Dry Film Thickness (of paint and coatings) which is measured by a DFT gauge.

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4.41 Displacement

A vibration measurement that quantifies the amplitude in engineering units of mils (1 mil = 0.001 in.) or micrometers.

4.42 Double Casing

Type of pump construction in which the pressure casing is separate from the pumping elements contained in the casing.

4.43 Drive-Train Component

Item of the equipment used in series to drive the pump.

4.44 Dwell Time

The total time that the penetrant or emulsifier is in contact with the test surface, including the time required for application and the drain time.

4.45 Electrical Runout

A source of error on the output signal from a non-contacting probe system resulting from non-uniform electrical conductivity properties of the observed material or from the presence of a local magnetic field at a point on the shaft surface.

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Mechanical Runout

Run-out or runout is an inaccuracy of rotating mechanical systems,

specifically that the tool or shaft does not rotate exactly in line with the main axis. For example; when drilling, run-out will result in a larger hole than the drill's nominal diameter due to the drill being rotated eccentrically (off axis instead of in line). In the case of bearings, run-out will cause vibration of the machine and increased loads on the bearings.[1]

Run-out is dynamic and cannot be compensated. If a rotating component, such as a drill chuck, does not hold the drill centrally, then as it rotates the rotating drill will turn about a secondary axis.

Run-out has two main forms:

Radial run-out is caused by the tool or component being rotated off centre, i.e. the tool or component axis does not correspond with the main axis. Radial

run-out will measure the same all along the main axis.

Axial run-out is caused by the tool or component being at an angle to the axis. Axial run-out causes the tip of the tool (or shaft) to rotate off centre relative to the base. Axial run-out will vary according to how far from the base it is

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In addition, irregular run-out is the result of worn or rough bearings which can manifest itself as either axial or radial run-out.

Runout will be present in any rotating system and, depending on the system, the different forms may either combine increasing total runout, or cancel

reducing total runout. At any point along a tool or shaft it is not possible to determine whether runout is axial or radial; only by measuring along the axis can they be differentiated.

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Electrical Runout

Electrical runout ( ERO) reflects the heterogeneity of electromagnetic

characteristics on surface of shaft. On-site measurement can inspect whether the ERO satisfies the processing and the machine operating requirements. It is very important for controlling the product quality and ensuring the working property. An on-site measurement technology of ERO on shaft based on eddy current was presented. Firstly, the working principle of eddy current sensor and the distribution of eddy were introduced. Then, a finite element analytical model for measuring ERO was developed. Finally, an onsite measurement system was set up to measure the ERO of air compressor main shaft. The results verify the validity of measurement system.

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Measurement of Runout:

Vibration measurement of rotating components is well known and largely understood due to online vibration monitoring systems such as Prosig’s PROTOR system. One major component of such systems is the ability to

measure shaft vibration using non-contact probes such as eddy-current shaft proximity probes. These probes measure the distance between the probe tip and the shaft surface. One important aspect to be aware of when using this type of probe is a phenomenon known as Runout. The DATS Rotor Runout Measurement option allows easy measurement of runout.

Runout is the combination of the inherent vibration measurement of a rotating object together with any error caused by the measurement system. Runout may consist of two components:

■ Mechanical Runout – An error in measuring the position of the shaft

centerline with a displacement probe that is caused by out-of-roundness and surface imperfections.

■ Electrical Runout – An error signal that occurs in eddy current displacement measurements when shaft surface conductivity varies.

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Measurement of Runout:

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Measuring Shaft Runout on Electric Motors Shaft Runout Tolerances & Standards

What is meant by mechanical runout? It is the measure of a shaft's deviation from an absolute uniform radius as the circumference of the shaft is traversed. Mechanical runout is frequently the result of machining processes such as

lobing, tool chatter, and/or improper feed rate and speed of the cutting tools; dents from handling; patches of rust; bowed rotor; and defective or worn

bearings in the supports of the machine or lathe.

A proximity probe will measure both (1) mechanical and (2) electrical runout in which case the whole measurement is known as TIR or “Total Indicated Runout”. In order to bring TIR within acceptable tolerances, mechanical runout must be mitigated prior to addressing electrical runout. One must make a precise measurement of the physical profile of the shaft in order to ascertain mechanical runout. Mechanical runout should be measured with an electronic dial indicator with digital readout or a LVDT (Linear Variable

Differential Transformer) 线性可变差动变压器 for accuracy. Either of these tools is capable of resolving increments as small or smaller than 0.1mil, rendering the more commonly owned mechanical dial indicator impractical.

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LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)

线性可变差动变压器

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It is common practice when performing machinery diagnostics is to subtract a known runout signal from the overall vibration waveform to obtain a "runout-free" waveform. Known as compensation, it is a way of dealing with both mechanical and electrical runout. Compensation can be valuable as the runout signal can generally be validated and updated as needed as part of the diagnostic process but is not recommended as part of a permanent

monitoring system since runout signals can change over time and skew true results. These changes are most often due to surface scratches incurred during operation or maintenance, and/or changes in the amount and

distribution of shaft magnetism. Therefore, compensation could be used for diagnostics only and not for ongoing machinery protection.

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Standards for new and refurbished motors are set by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and are frequently cited. Generally, API specifications require that the shaft be supported in v-blocks; the probe be perpendicular to one face of the v-block; and that runout be measured in terms of peak-to-peak probe output. For example, API Standard 687 (Repair of Special Purpose Rotors) provides a very detailed description of how to measure runout.

Standard 612 (Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries - Steam Turbines - Special-purpose Applications) deals with TIR requirements of

mechanical drive steam turbines, requiring the TIR to be 0.25 mil pp or 25% of allowable vibration, whichever is greater. API 617 (Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Expander-compressors for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry Services) has identical runout requirements dealing specifically with process centrifugal and axial compressors as well as turbo-expanders while API Standard 670 (Machinery Protection Systems) deals with the subject of using compensation in permanent monitoring systems.

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 Mechanical Runout : An error in measuring the position of the shaft

centerline with a displacement probe that is caused by out-of-roundness and surface imperfections.

 Electrical Runout : An error signal that occurs in eddy current

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4.46 Elevation

The height of any point on a vessel, structure, or assembly as shown on a drawing e.g. nozzle, manway, or longitudinal weld as measured from a base plate or other reference line.

4.47 Employer

The corporate, public or private entity which employs personnel for wages, salaries, fees or other considerations e.g. the employer of the source

inspector.

4.48 Engineered Equipment

Equipment that is custom designed and engineered by the client and/or EPC to perform a project-specific function. Engineered equipment will typically

require more source inspection than non-engineered equipment.

4.105 Non-engineered Equipment

Equipment that is designed and fabricated by S/V’s, which includes off-the-shelf items such as valves, fittings, as well as some skid units, instruments, pumps and electrical gear. Such equipment is usually purchased by catalog model numbers, etc. Non-engineered equipment will typically require less source inspection than engineered equipment.

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang 4.49 EPC

Engineering/Procurement/Construction contract company.

4.50 Equipment Train

Two or more rotating equipment machinery elements consisting of at least (1) one driver and (2) one driven element joined together by a coupling.

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4.51 Examiner

A person who performs specified nondestructive examination (NDE) on

components and evaluates the results to the applicable acceptance criteria to assess the quality of the component. Typically NDE examiners (sometimes called NDE technicians) are qualified to ASNT NDE personnel qualification practices e.g. SNT-TC-IA or CP-189.

4.52 Fe

The chemical symbol for iron which may appear on an MTR.

4.53 Ferrous Materials

Alloys that are iron based, including stainless steels.

4.54 Flush

Fluid that is introduced into the seal chamber on the process fluid side in

close proximity to the seal faces and typically used for cooling and lubricating the seal faces and/or to keep them clean.

4.55 Gear

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4.56 Gear Rated Power

The maximum power specified by the purchaser on the data sheets and stamped on the nameplate.

4.57 Gear-Service Factor (sf)

The factor that is applied to the tooth pitting index and the bending stress number, depending upon the characteristics of the driver and the driven

equipment, to account for differences in potential overload, shock load, and/or continuous oscillatory torque characteristics.

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4.588 Gear Wheel

The lowest speed rotor in a gearbox.

4.59 Gearing

The pinion(s) and gear wheel combination(s). A gear mesh is a pinion and gear wheel that operates together. A gear wheel may mesh with more than one pinion, and therefore be part of more than one gear mesh.

4.60 General Purpose

Usually spared or in non-critical service.

4.61 HAZ

Heat Affected Zone, the area of base metal directly adjacent to the weld that has had its metal structure affected by the heat of welding.

4.62 Hot Working

Plastic deformation (forming, rolling, forging, etc.) of metals at a temperature above the metal recrystallization temperature.

4.63 Hunting Tooth Combination

Exists for mating gears when a tooth on the pinion does not repeat contact with a tooth on the gear until it has contacted all the other gear teeth.

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4.64 Hydrodynamic Bearings

Bearings that use the principles of hydrodynamic lubrication.

4.65 ICP

Individual Certification Program (of the API) under which this source inspector certification program is administered.

4.66 Inlet Volume Flow

Flow rate expressed in volume flow units at the conditions of pressure,

temperature, compressibility and gas composition, including moisture content, at the compressor inlet flange.

4.67 Inspection

The evaluation of a component or equipment for compliance with a specific product specification, code, drawing and/or standard specified in the

contractual requirements, which may include the measuring, testing or

gauging of one or more characteristics specified for the product to determine conformity.

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4.68 Inspection Coordinator

Individual who is responsible for the development of the source inspection strategy, coordination of the source inspection visits, and implementation of the source inspection activities on a project.

4.69 Inspection Waiver

Permission to proceed with production/shipment without having a purchaser source inspection representative present for a specific activity.

4.70 ITP

Inspection and Test Plan—A detailed plan (checklist) for the source

inspection activities which will guide the source inspector in his/her quality

assurance activities (QA) at the S/V site with reference to applicable technical

information, acceptance criteria and reporting information. The

supplier/vendor should also have their own ITP to guide their fabrication

personnel and quality assurance personnel (QA) in the necessary quality

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4.71 Lamination

A type of discontinuity with separation or weakness generally aligned parallel to the worked surface of a plate material. In a forging it can rise to the surface or occur internally; it is generally associated with forging at too low of a

temperature or in plate material may be caused by the tramp elements that have congregated in the center of the plate during rolling.

4.72 Leakage rate

Volume or mass of fluid passing through a seal in a given length of time.

4.73 Levelness

The position of a surface of a component or structure that is horizontal (within tolerances) with the base plate and at 90 degrees to the vertical plumb line. Nozzle and attachment levelness tolerances are not addressed in ASME

BPVC Section VIII, Division 1; however, in the pressure vessel hand-book, a ½ tolerance is permissible. For levelness checking of a nozzle on a vessel, a level gauge is used. If the bubble is in the middle of the designated lines, the nozzle is level. A level gauge would be used for verification and measurement that the angle of a hill-side (tangential) nozzle is properly installed relative to the vessel centerline.

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang 4.74 MAWP

Maximum Allowable Working Pressure; maximum continuous pressure for which the manufacturer has designed the rotating equipment (or any part to which the term is referred) when operating on the specified liquid or gas at the specified maximum operating temperature (does not include mechanical seal).

4.75 Manufacturer

The organization responsible for the design and manufacture of the equipment.

4.76 Maximum Allowable Continuous Rod Load

The highest combined rod load at which none of the forces in the running gear (piston, piston rod, crosshead assembly, connecting rod, crankshaft, bearings etc.) and the compressor frame exceed the values in any

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4.77 Maximum Allowable Speed

Highest speed at which the manufacturer's design permits continuous operation.

4.78 Maximum Allowable Temperature

Maximum continuous temperature for which the manufacturer has designed the pump (or any part to which the term is referred) when pumping the

specified liquid at the specified maximum operating pressure.

4.79 Maximum Continuous Speed

The speed at least equal to 105% of the highest speed required by any of the

specified operating conditions.

4.80 Maximum Discharge pressure

Maximum specified suction pressure plus the maximum differential pressure the pump with the furnished impeller is able to develop when operating at rated speed with liquid of the specified normal relative density (specific gravity).

(76)

Maximum Continuous Speed

The speed at least equal to 105% of the highest speed required by any of the

(77)

Maximum Discharge pressure

Maximum specified suction pressure + the maximum differential pressure the pump with the furnished impeller is able to develop.

suction pressure differential pressure

suction Discharge

(78)

4.81 Maximum Exhaust Casing Pressure

The highest exhaust steam pressure that the purchaser requires the casing to contain, with steam supplied at maximum inlet conditions.

4.82 Mg

The chemical symbol for magnesium which may appear on an MTR.

4.83 Mn

The chemical symbol for manganese which may appear on an MTR.

4.84 Mo

The chemical symbol for molybdenum which may appear on an MTR.

4.85 Mechanical Runout (see electrical runout)

A source of error in the output signal of a proximity probe system resulting from surface irregularities, out-of-round shafts, and such.

(79)

4.86 Minimum Allowable Speed

Lowest speed at which the manufacturer's design permits continuous operation.

4.87 Minimum Allowable Suction Pressure

The lowest pressure (measured at the inlet flange of the cylinder) below

which the combined rod load, gas load, discharge temperature, or crankshaft torque load (whichever is governing) exceeds the maximum allowable value during operation at the set pressure of the discharge relief valve and other specified inlet gas conditions for the stage.

4.88 Minimum Continuous Stable Flow

Lowest flow at which the pump can operate without exceeding the vibration limits imposed by this International Standard.

4.89 Minimum Exhaust Pressure

The lowest exhaust steam pressure at which the turbine is required to operate continuously.

(80)

4.90 Minimum Inlet Pressure

The lowest inlet steam pressure and temperature conditions at which the turbine is required to operate continuously.

4.91 Misalignment

The degree to which the axes of machine components are non-collinear, either in (1) offset or (2) angularity.

4.92 Mounting Plates

A structure (baseplate or a mounting plate), with machined surfaces, to allow the mounting and accurate alignment of items of equipment, which may or may not operate.

4.93 MSS

Manufacturers Standardization Society.

4.94 Maximum Static Sealing Pressure

Highest pressure, excluding pressures encountered during hydrostatic testing, to which the seals can be subjected while the pump is shut down.

(81)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang 4.95 MT

Magnetic Particle Testing (Examination).

4.96 MTR

Material Test Report or Mill Test Report—A document that certifies that a

metal/material product is in conformance with the requirements (e.g. chemical and mechanical properties) of a specified industry standard—such as ASTM, ASME, etc.

4.97 Multistage Pump

Pump with three or more stages.

4.98Nb

The chemical symbol for niobium which may appear on an MTR.

4.99 NCR

Nonconformance Report—A report filled out by the SI detailing an issue that has been discovered to be not in accordance with project contractual

agreements such as the (1) PO, (2) engineering design, (3) specified codes, (4) standards or (5) procedures.

(82)

4.100 NDE Map

A drawing which identifies specific locations where NDE has been conducted on a product/component.

4.101 NDE/NDT

Nondestructive Examination (the preferred terminology)/Non-destructive Testing (the outdated terminology). A quality process that involves the

examination, testing and evaluation of materials, components or assemblies without affecting its functionality e.g. VT, PT, MT, UT, and RT.

4.102 NDT

Nondestructive Testing—Means the same as NDE, which is now the preferred terminology.

4.103 Ni

(83)

4.104 Nonconformance

A departure/deviation from project contractual agreements such as the PO, engineering design, specified codes, standards or procedures.

4.105 Non-engineered Equipment

Equipment that is designed and fabricated by S/V’s, which includes off-the-shelf items such as valves, fittings, as well as some skid units, instruments, pumps and electrical gear. Such equipment is usually purchased by catalog model numbers, etc. Non-engineered equipment will typically require less source inspection than engineered equipment.

4.48 Engineered Equipment

Equipment that is custom designed and engineered by the client and/or EPC to perform a project-specific function. Engineered equipment will typically

require more source inspection than non-engineered equipment. 4.106 Non-ferrous Materials

(84)

4.107 Normalizing Heat Treatment

A heat treating process in which a ferrous material or alloy is heated to a specified temperature above the transformation range of the metal and subsequently cooled in still air at room temperature. Typically normalizing

heat treatments will refine the grain size and improve the impact properties of steels.

4.108 NPS

Nominal Pipe Size—A standard for designating pipe sizes (inches) and

associated wall thickness (schedule) e.g. the nominal pipe size for a four inch pipe is normally shown as NPS 4.

4.109 NPSHa

NPSH determined by the purchaser for the pumping system with the liquid at (1) the rated flow and (2) normal pumping temperature.

4.110 NPSHr

NPSH that results in a 3% loss of head (first-stage head in a multistage pump) determined by the vendor by testing with water.

(85)

4.111 Normal Operating Condition

The condition at which usual operation is expected and optimum efficiency is desired. This condition is usually the point at which the vendor certifies that performance is within the tolerances stated in this standard.

4.112 Normal Operating Point

Point at which usual operation is expected and optimum efficiency is desired. This point is usually the point at which the vendor certifies the heat rate is

within the tolerances stated in this standard.

4.113 Normal Transmitted Power

The power at which usual operation is expected and optimum efficiency is desired. The normal transmitted power may be equal to or less than the gear-rated power.

4.114 Nozzles

(86)

(87)

4.115 Oil Mist Lubrication

Lubrication provided by oil mist produced by atomization and transported to the bearing housing, or housings, by compressed air.

4.116 Observed Inspection (Observed test) (non-hold point?)

Inspection or test where the purchaser is notified of the timing of the inspection or test and the inspection or test is performed as scheduled, regardless of whether the purchaser or his representative is present.

4.117 Open Cycle

One which the working medium enters the gas turbine from the atmosphere and discharges to the atmosphere directly or indirectly through exhaust heat recovery equipment.

4.118 Operating Region

Portion of a pump's hydraulic coverage over which the pump operates.

4.119 Overhung Pump

Pump whose impeller is supported by a cantilever shaft from its bearing assembly.

(88)

(89)

(90)

Overhung Pump

The impeller(s) is mounted on the end of a shaft which is cantilevered or “overhung” from its bearing supports.

(91)

(92)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang 4.120 P

The chemical symbol for phosphorus which may appear on an MTR.

4.121 Peak to Peak Value

The difference between positive and negative extreme values of an electronic signal or dynamic motion.

4.122 Pinion

(93)

4.123 Piston Rod Drop

A measurement of the position of the piston rod relative to the measurement probe mounting location(s) (typically oriented vertically at the pressure

(94)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Rod Drop

The vast majority of Reciprocating Compressors are designed with horizontal Cylinders and Pistons. This is primarily due to foundation requirements and the popularity of opposed-balanced machine designs.

The force of gravity causes the Piston to "RIDE" more in the bottom of the Cylinder than in the top. In turn, this causes the Piston to wear more in the "DOWN" direction. Machine

manufactures provide wear or rider rings to provide a replaceable wearing surface. For lubricated Cylinders, glass embedded Teflon may be used. For non-lubricated Cylinders, Teflon may be used.

The wear or rider rings are allowed to wear sacrificially. They are rotated or replaced before

damage to the Cylinder lining occurs. There are several methods used to determine when to replace or rotate the rings. One method is to operate a new machine for a given number of hours or days. Then a valve is removed, and the wear is measured by using a feeler gauge. A calculation is then performed with this information. The results determine the length of time the machine can be safely operated with periodic inspections of the rings. Obviously, this is a very frustrating method of performing preventative maintenance.

Currently, one popular safety device for detecting Rod Drop is a unit mounted under the rod at a gap determined by the allowable wear of the wear ring. When the rod contacts the safety unit white metal is worn through allowing instrument air to escape. This in turn causes a

pneumatic flag on the control panel to change status.

(95)

There are several disadvantages to the above-mentioned methods of Rod Drop detection:

1. A real trend of ring wear cannot be established with a short amount of operating time.

2. Since the machine must be shut down, halting production, periodic inspections for ring wear are expensive.

3. A change in processed gas, load changes, and foreign matter can cause an extreme change in ring wear rate.

For several years, Eddy Probe systems have been utilized to measure Rod Drop. This method of Rod Drop measurement has been gaining positive recognition with

Reciprocating Machine users. This is especially true on larger machines, or when the customer has become frustrated with the previously mentioned methods.

(96)

To measure Rod Drop with an Eddy Probe system, the probe is installed in the vertical direction viewing the rod. The preferred installation would have a probe bracket adapted to the packing gland plate, mounted internal to the distance piece. As an alternate solution, some users have used the CMCP801 Eddy Probe Housing, providing an external adjustment (through the distance piece) of the probe gap. As the Eddy Current field emitted from the probe tip will penetrate the rod surface 15 mils, it is important that the observed rod be homogenous in nature and free of any surface irregularities. The Eddy Probe system is interfaced to a CMCP545 Position

Transmitter to measure the probes DC output (Probe Gap). The CMCP545 will provide a 4-20 mA output that is proportional to the DC Gap Voltage. If a CMCP545A Monitor is used, two levels of alarms with corresponding Alert and Danger relays are provided. By trending the DC Gap

voltages from the eddy probe, it is possible to measure the average horizontal running position of the piston rod. This method of Rod Drop measurement offers advantages over the previously described methods:

1. An immediate trend of ring wear can be established.

2. The periodic inspections that require a machine shutdown and disassembly are eliminated. 3. Wear rate changes can be observed.

4. Both Warning and Shutdown alarms can be provided.

Monitoring the Rod Drop of a Reciprocating Machine using an Eddy Probe offers the following benefits:

1. Prevents Cylinder and Piston damage caused by the Piston contacting the liner.

2. Stops unnecessary periodic inspections that require a machine shutdown with the associated lost process time.

1. Scheduling down time to replace or rotate wear rings within the limitations of a plant's schedule.

(97)

4.124 Piston Rod Runout

The change in position of the piston rod in either the vertical or horizontal direction as measured at a single point (typically at or near the pressure

packing case) while the piston rod is moved through the outbound portion of its stroke.

(98)

Rod Run Out

Whereas Rod Drop is a measurement of rod position, Rod Run Out is a

measurement of the rod's actual dynamic motion as it travels back and forth on its stroke. Another term for this measurement is Rod Deflection.

One method to make this measurement is to mount a dial indicator in the

distance piece riding on the piston rod. The machine is then barred through a complete cycle. Indicator readings are taken in both the vertical and

horizontal directions during the machine's cycle.

The amount of Rod Run Out is highly dependent on the cylinder alignment with the Crosshead. Due to inherent looseness in the Crosshead and thermal growth of the machine, higher readings of Rod Run Out are allowed in the vertical direction. The horizontal direction allowances are much less and high readings are attributed to misalignment. Typical Rod Run Out allowances are 3.5 to 6.0 mils Pk-Pk in the vertical direction and 1.5 to 2.0 mils Pk-Pk in the horizontal direction.

Comments:

Angular misalignment?

(99)

An alternative to dial indicators to make this measurement is again an Eddy Probe

System. Since dial indicators can only be used while the machine is being barred, they do not provide an accurate measurement of Rod Run Out. On the other hand, Eddy Probes can make this measurement while the machine is operating. This provides a highly accurate measurement of the actual dynamic motion of the rod under full load conditions.

Eddy Probes for Rod Run Out measurement are typically used on "Hyper

Compressors". These are reciprocating compressors used for very high compression ratios up to 60,000 PSI discharge pressure. To withstand the high pressures, the

gland seals on these machines are quite complex and small amounts of Rod Run Out will cause these gland seals to fail with severe consequences.

Hyper Compressor Piston Rods are manufactured of Tungsten Carbide. Tungsten Carbide is a very hard material (Rockwell C values of approximately 84): will handle enormous compressive loads, but is much weaker when subjected to tension of

flexing. Either a gland seal or Piston Rod failure in a Hyper Compressor will have harsh consequences.

Utilizing the AC component (dynamic motion) of an Eddy Probe signal, one eddy

probe is mounted in the vertical (x) axis and one is mounted in the horizontal (Y) axis in relation to the Piston Rod. Each Eddy Probe is interfaced to a CMCP540A Vibration (Displacement) Monitor for signal conditioning, alarming and interface to a PLC or

DCS.

(100)

The vertical Eddy Probe can also be used as for Rod Drop measurements. Therefore, the installation of X and Y Eddy Probes can be used for both Rod Run Out and Rod Drop measurements.

This method of Rod Run Out measurement offers advantages over the dial indicator method:

1. The measurement is taken all the time.

2. The measurement is taken while the machine is operating under load and at temperature.

3. Alarms are provided for early indication of problems and machine shutdown if desired.

Monitoring the Rod Run Out of a Reciprocating Machine using X, Y Eddy Probes offers the following benefits:

1. An assurance that Rod Run Out is within tolerable limits after the machine is at operating speed and temperature.

2. An early warning of gland seal failure caused by excessive Rod Run Out. 3. Machine shutdowns for repairs can be scheduled

4. To reduce effects on plant production.

(101)

4.125 Potential Maximum Power

Expected power capability when the gas turbine is operated at maximum

allowable firing temperature, rated speed or under other limiting conditions as defined by the manufacturer and within the range of specified site values.

4.126 PQR

Procedure Qualification Record per ASME BPVC Section IX, QW 200.2.

4.127 Predicted Capacity Limit T

he maximum volume flow capacity at the end of curve line which defines the manufacturer’s capability to reasonably predict performance. This may or may not be an actual choke limit.

4.128 Preferred Operating Region

Portion of a pump's hydraulic coverage over which the pump's vibration is within the base limit of this International Standard.

(102)

4.129 Pressure Casing

Composite of all stationary pressure-containing parts of the pump, including

all nozzles, seal glands, seal chambers and auxiliary connections but

excluding the stationary and rotating members of mechanical seals. 4.130 Procedure

A document detailing how a work process is to be performed e.g. a welding procedure.

4.131 Projection

A nozzle or attachment projection is the length from the nozzle or the attachment face to the vessel shell centerline.

4.132 Protractor

An instrument for measuring angles, typically in the form of a flat semicircle marked with degrees along the curved edge.

(103)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Protractor

(104)

4.133 Proximity Probe

A non-contacting sensor that consists of a tip, a probe body, an integral coaxial or triaxial cable, and a connector and is used to translate distance (gap) to voltage when used in conjunction with an oscillator-demodulator.

4.134 RV/PRD/PSV

Pressure Relief Valve/Pressure Relief Device/Pressure Safety Valve.

4.135 PT

Penetrant Testing (Examination).

4.136 QA

Quality Assurance—A proactive quality process that aims to prevent defects and refers to a program of planned, systematic and preventative activities implemented in a quality system that is intended to provide a degree of

confidence that a product will consistently meet specifications. It includes the systematic measurement, comparison with a standard, monitoring of

processes and an associated feedback loop that is intended to avoid deviations from specification.

(105)

(106)

Proximity Probe

(107)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang 4.139 QC

Quality Control— The specific steps in a QA process that aim to find

potential defects in a product before it is released for delivery e.g. VT, PT, RT, UT, dimensional verification, etc. The QA process will specify the particular QC steps necessary during manufacture/fabrication of a product.

4.140 Qualification

Demonstrated skill, demonstrated knowledge, documented training, and documented experience required for personnel to perform the duties of a specific job e.g. a certified source inspector.

4.141 Quality Surveillance

The process of monitoring or observing the inspection activities associated with materials, equipment and/or components for adherence to the specific procedure, product specification, code or standard specified in the contractual requirements. For the purposes of this guide, quality surveillance and source inspection mean the same thing (see definition for source inspection).

4.142 Quenching

Rapid cooling of a heated metal for the purpose of affecting mechanical and/or physical properties.

(108)

4.143 Radially Split

Split with the principal joint perpendicular to the shaft center-line.

4.144 Rated Input Speed of Gear Unit

The specified (or nominal) rated speed of its driver, as designated by the purchaser on the data sheets.

4.145 Rated Output Speed of Gear Unit

The specified (or nominal) rated speed of its driven equipment, as designated by the purchaser on the data sheets.

4.146 Rated Operating Point

Point at which the vendor certifies that pump performance is within the tolerances stated in this International Standard.

4.147 Rated Power

(109)

4.148 Rated Speed/ 100% Speed

Highest speed (revolutions per minute) of the gas turbine out-put shaft

required of any of the operating conditions for the driven equipment and at which site rated power is developed.

4.149 RMS

Root Mean Square—A measure of surface finish on flanges.

4.150 Rotor

Assembly of all the rotating parts of a centrifugal pump.

4.151 RT

Radiographic Testing (Examination).

4.152 Rust Bloom

The term used to describe surface discoloration that occurs on the surface of steel that has been previously blasted e.g. near-white or white metal in

preparation for coating. When rust bloom is found, the surface should

(110)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang 4.153 S

The chemical symbol for sulfur which may appear on an MTR.

4.154 SDO

Standards Development Organization e.g. API, ASME, ASTM, NACE, MSS, TEMA, etc.

4.155 Seal Buffer gas

Clean gas supplied to the high-pressure side of a seal.

4.156 Seal Chamber

Component, either integral with or separate from the pump case (housing), which forms the region between the shaft and casing into which the seal is installed.

4.157 Seal Gas

(111)

4.158 Seal Gas Leakage

Gas that flows from the high-pressure side of the seal to the low-pressure side of the seal.

4.159 Shutdown Set Point

Preset value of a measured parameter at which automatic or manual shutdown of the system or equipment is required.

4.160 SI

Source Inspector or Source Inspection.

4.161 SME

Subject Matter Expert.

4.162 Sole Plates

Grouted plates installed under motors, bearing pedestals, gear-boxes, turbine feet, cylinder supports, crosshead pedestals and compressor frames.

(112)

(113)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Sole Plate

(114)

4.163 Solution Anneal Heat Treatment

Heating an alloy to a specified temperature, holding at the temperature long enough for one or more elements to reenter into solid solution and then

cooling rapidly (?) enough to hold those elements in solid solution.

Comment:

Stainless steel only

4.164 SOR

Supplier Observation Reports—Documents filled out by the SI indicating

concerns or other factual descriptions of what was noticed during the course of product surveillance, but not necessarily issues that may be considered defects or requiring NCR’s.

(115)

Solution Annealing Heat Treatment Process

Many stainless steel castings require either solution annealing or homogenizing after the casting process.

Homogenization is commonly used on precipitation hardening stainless steels like 17-4 and 15-5 to resolve alloy segregation and dendritic structures and homogenize the chemical composition and microstructure. The temperature ranges for this process are often in excess of 2000F.

Solution Annealing stainless steel castings is a process which takes the carbides that have precipitated in the grain boundaries and dissolves then into the surrounding matrix. The austenitic stainless steel castings are typically solution annealed at temperatures between 1900F to 2100F and rapidly cooled to prevent a repeat of carbide precipitation in the grain

boundaries. Some alloys due to their low carbon content do not need a

solution anneal due to carbide formation, but benefit from a solution anneal to achieve maximum corrosion resistance.

(116)

Stainless Steel - Heat Treatment

Introduction

Stainless steels are generally heat-treated based on the stainless steel type and reasons for carrying out the treatment. Heat treatment methods, such as stress

relieving, hardening and annealing, strengthen the ductility and corrosion resistance properties of the metal that is modified during fabrication, or generate hard structures capable of tolerating abrasion and high mechanical stresses.

Heat treatment of stainless steels is mostly carried out under controlled conditions to avoid carburization, decarburization and scaling on the metal surface.

Annealing

Annealing, or solution treatment, is employed for recrystallizing the work-hardened austenitic stainless steels and drawing chromium carbides, precipitated around the work-hardened stainless steels, into the solution. In addition, this treatment removes stresses occurred during sold-working, and homogenizes dendritic stainless steel welds.

Annealing of stainless steels is carried out at temperatures greater than 1040°C, but certain types of steel can be annealed at very controlled temperatures of below

1010°C while considering fine grain size. The process is maintained for a short interval, in order to prevent surface scaling and control grain growth.

(117)

Quench Annealing

Quench annealing of austenitic stainless steel is a process of rapidly cooling the metal by water quenching to overcome sensitization.

Stabilizing Anneal

A stabilizing anneal is often carried out following conventional annealing of grades 321 and 347. Carbon present in the composition of these grades is allowed to combine with titanium in grade 321, and niobium in grade 347, during annealing. Precipitation of carbon, in the form of niobium or titanium carbide, occurs by further annealing at temperatures of 870 to 900°C for 2 to 4 h, followed by rapid-cooling, thereby preventing precipitation of chromium carbide.

This treatment can be performed under rigorously corrosive operating conditions or conditions that involve temperatures ranging from 400 to 870°C.

Cleaning

The surface of austenitic stainless steels must be thoroughly cleaned, to eliminate carbonaceous residues, grease and oil, prior to heat treatment or annealing because the presence of residues results in carburization that, in turn, reduces corrosion resistance properties.

Process Annealing

All Ferritic and martensitic stainless steels can be process annealed by heating in the ferrite temperature range, or fully annealed by heating above the critical temperature in the austenite range. Sub-critical annealing can be carried out, usually in temperatures from 760 to 830°C. Soft structure of spheroidised and ferrite carbides can be produced by cooling the material at 25°C from full annealing temperature for an hour, or holding the material for an hour at subcritical annealing temperature. Products that have been cold-worked following full annealing can be annealed at subcritical temperatures in less than 30 min. The Ferritic steel grades retaining single-phase structures throughout the operating temperature range require nothing more than short

recrystallization annealing at temperatures of 760 to 955°C.