4 Transportation Systems

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TRANSPORTATI

ON SYSTEMS

3.0

(2)

3.1.1 Definition of Elevator

Are generally

Are generally used in buildingsused in buildings

where several peak periods of traffic where several peak periods of traffic occur each day, (ie. In office

occur each day, (ie. In office buildings, hospitals, apartment buildings, hospitals, apartment buildings)

buildings)

3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1 Elevators & 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in 3.4 Provisions in the NBC the NBC Concerning Concerning rans!ortation rans!ortation "ystems "ystems

3.1.2 Types of Elevators

1. Electric elevators 1. Electric elevators

.1

Elevat

ors

and

Dumbwaiters

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3.1.1 Definition of Elevator

Are generally

Are generally used in buildingsused in buildings

where several peak periods of traffic where several peak periods of traffic occur each day, (ie. In office

occur each day, (ie. In office buildings, hospitals, apartment buildings, hospitals, apartment buildings)

buildings)

3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1 Elevators & 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in 3.4 Provisions in the NBC the NBC Concerning Concerning rans!ortation rans!ortation "ystems "ystems

3.1.2 Types of Elevators

1. Electric elevators 1. Electric elevators

.1

Elevat

ors

and

Dumbwaiters

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Control Panel Control Panel Hoisting Machinery Hoisting Machinery Driving Sheave Driving Sheave Idle Sheave Idle Sheave Machine ea! Machine ea! Hoisting Ca"le Hoisting Ca"le #$ide %ail #$ide %ail Traveling Ca"le Traveling Ca"le $l&head $l&head %ise %ise

Elevator Car Safety Elevator Car Safety an& an& 'anding 'anding Hoist(ay Hoist(ay

Top Car Clearance Top Car Clearance Pentho$se Pentho$se Co$nter(eight Co$nter(eight 'i!it S(itch 'i!it S(itch $ffer $ffer Elevator Pit Elevator Pit Hoist(ay Door Hoist(ay Door 3.1 Elevators & 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in 3.4 Provisions in the NBC the NBC Concerning Concerning rans!ortation rans!ortation "ystems "ystems

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2. )il*hydra$lic elevators 3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation

"ystems Machine %oo! A room housing the

hoisting machinery, control equipment, and sheaves for raising and lowering an elevator car

Car +ra!e

The structural steel frame of an elevator car to which are attached the platform, guide shoes, elevator car safety, hoisting cables and control equipment

'antern

A light, usually over the entrance to an elevator on each floor of a multistory building that signals the approach of the elevator _,nn$nciator

A signaling apparatus in an elevator car or at a landing that displays a visual indication of floor landings

Call $tton

A pus button for requesting an elevator

Door Interloc&

A safety device for preventing the operation of an elevator car unless the hoistway door is locked in the closed position

Door Contact

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3.1.3 Parts of an Electric

Elevator

1. Shaft

vertical passageway for car and counterweights.

2. Car

a cage of light metal supported on a structural frame, the top member of which the cables, that carry the car, are fastened.

3. Ca"les

are the means for lifting or lowering the car, usually  to ! cables placed in parallel fastened to top of car by cable sockets passing over a motor driven cylindrical sheave to the counterweights. 3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

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-. Safety Devices

a Main ra&e

mounted directly on the shaft of the elevator machine.

" Safety S(itch

is designed to stop an elevator car

automatically before car speed becomes e"cessive. #n overspeed, the speed governor will cut off power to the motor and set the brake.

/. Co$nter(eights

these are rectangular blocks of cast iron stacked in one frame which is fastened to the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is fastened.

0. #$ide %ails

are vertical tracks that guide the car and the counterweights.

. Machine %oo!

a room usually placed directly above the shaft in which the elevator machine is housed. It contains the motor$generator (%&) set which supplies energy to the elevator machine, the control board and the control equipment.

. Elevator Machine

turns the sheave that lifts and lowers the car.

. Controls

a combination of push buttons, contacts, relays, and devices, operated manually or automatically to initiate door opening, starting acceleration, retardation, leveling and stopping of the car.

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

This usually stops the car, but should speed still increase, the governor will actuate rail clamps mounted at the

bottom of the car one on each side. This will clamp the guide rails bringing the car 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

(8)

c Electric +inal 'i!it S(itches

are located a few feet below and above safe travel limits of elevator car. If car over$travels, either down or up, these switches de$energi'es the motor and sets the main brake.

d )il or Spring $ffers

are placed at the bottom of the elevator pit, not to stop a falling car, but to bring it to a partially cushion stop if the car

should overshoot the lower terminal.

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

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3.1./ Methods of ,rranging

Elevator Machines4

Sheaves and %opes

1 Single 5rap Traction Machine supporting cables pass over the sheave in grooves and connect to the counterweights. The lifting power is e"erted by the sheave through the traction of the cables in the grooves.

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

2 )ne*to*)ne Do$"le 5rap Traction Machine

cables first wrap over the traction sheave T, then around the

secondary or idler sheave , and once more going around T and  to the counterweights. This provides greater traction and is used in many automatic high$speed installations.

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3 T(o*to*)ne Do$"le 5rap Traction Machine 6for freight elevators

This *+ roping, has a mechanical advantage of , which results in a high$speed, low$power and

therefore, low$cost traction machine.

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

/ 7ndersl$ng Syste!

is used where the elevator machine is located at the basement.

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2 #eared Traction Machine this type of machine employs a worm and gear between the driving motor and the sheave. It is

considered to be less superior to the gearless traction machine since it has more moving parts and requires more maintenance. sed for low and medium speed passenger and freight elevators.

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1.0 Types of Elevator

Machines

1 #earless Traction Machine consists of a - motor, the shaft of which is directly connected to the brake wheel and to the driving sheave. The elevator cables are

placed around this sheave. This type of machine is used for medium and high speed elevators for office and residential condominiums of +/ stories or more0 where high speeds and smooth quality operation are desired. 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

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3.1. Syste!s of Elevator

Controls

1 Single ,$to!atic P$sh $tton Control

this is the simplest of passenger operated automatic control system. It handles only one call at a time providing an uninterrupted trip for each call.

2 Collective Control

control is arranged to collect all

waiting up calls on the trip up and all waiting down calls on the trip down. The control system, stalls all calls until they are answered and

automatically reverses the direction of travel at the highest and the

lowest calls. 1hen all calls have been cleared, the car will remain at the floor of its last stop awaiting the ne"t call.

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3 Electronic #ro$p S$pervisory Dispatching and Control

this system is used to control not only single elevators but an entire group or bank of cars. -uring peak periods, all cars are in operation0 automatically, the system shuts down successively cars as the

number of passengers reduces and return them to service as the

number of passengers again increases to a high peak. The system of #tis 2levator ompany is called 3autotronic elevatoring4. The system of

1estinghouse 2lectric o. is called the 3selectomatic elevator system4.

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3.1. )il Hydra$lic

Elevators

also called plunger elevators. It is raised by means of a movable rod nor plunger rigidly fi"ed to the bottom of the car. The system is hydraulic and operates the same way as a hydraulic automobile 5ack. #il from a reservoir is pumped under the plunger thereby raising it and the car. The pump is stopped during downward motion, the car being lowered by gravity and

controlled by action of bypassed valves which also controls the positioning of the car during the upward motion.

The absence of cables, drums, %& set and penthouse equipment, makes this system ine"pensive and often the choice for low speed, low rise

applications where construction of the plunger pit does not present difficulties and where absence of a penthouse is desirable. 3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

rail car guide shoe plunger motor pump buffer spring 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

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3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1. D$!"(aiters

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3.2.1 Definition of

Escalator

used where large numbers of people are scattered throughout a given area and on a large number of floors. These people being

interested in moving about almost constantly to various locations for short periods of time. Thus traffic is constantly on the move both up and down. 2"amples are department stores and terminal buildings. Typical Specifications

1idth of 2scalator 6 4 and 7!4 Angle of inclination 6 / degrees

8ength or run 6 variable

peeds 6 9/ fpm and +/ fpm 3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.2.2 Parts of an Escalator

Installation

1 Tr$ss

a welded steel frame which supports the moving stairway equipment. It comes in  sections* the middle straight section maybe of any desired length to provide rises of different heights. 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

.2 Escalators and

Conveyors

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3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

2 Trac&s

are steel angles attached to the truss on which the step rollers are guided thus controlling the motion of the steps.

3 Sproc&et ,sse!"lies4 Chains4 and Drive Machine

provide the motive power for the unit. An emergency brake located on the top sprocket will stop a loaded escalator safely in the event of a break in the chain.

handrail guide longitudinal cording canvas layers inside balustrade :ubber$ covered handrail / Controller

consists of contactors, relays and a circuit breaker. sually located near the drive machine, an emergency stop button wired to the controller and placed in or near the escalator, will stop the drive machine and apply the brake. ;ey operated control switches, at the top and bottom newels, will start, stop, and reverse the direction of travel of the stairway.

0 Handrail and al$strade ,sse!"ly 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

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3.2.3 Safety +eat$res of

Escalators

+) <andrails and steps travel at the same speed to ensure steadiness and balance, and to aid naturally in stepping on and off the comb plates. ) teps are large, steady, and are designed to prevent from slipping. ) Automatic controls of a service brake will bring the stairway to a smooth stop, if electric power or mechanical parts should fail. =assengers would then walk the steps as they would any stationary stairway.

3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

7) In case of over$speed or under$ speed, an automatic governor shuts down the escalator, prevents

reversal of direction and operates the service brake.

>) An emergency stop switch is located near the comb plate which may be manually operated to stop the escalator. The electric controls are also designed to shut down the stairway, if by some accident, it is caused to reverse direction.

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3.2./ +ire Protection

Syste!s of Escalators

1 %olling Sh$tter

This shuts off the well way at a given floor, thus preventing draft and the spread of fire upward through

escalator wells. The movement of the shutter is actuated by

temperature and smoke relays.

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

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2 Spray 8o99le C$rtain

are closely spaced, high$velocity water no''les which will, in the case of fire, form a compact water curtain to prevent smoke and flame from rising through the well ways.

Automatic thermal or smoke relays, open all no''les simultaneously

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

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3 S!o&e #$ard

consists of fire proof baffles

surrounding the well way, e"tending downward about /4 below ceiling level. moke and flames rising upwards, meet a curtain of water from sprinkler heads surrounding the baffles, which serves as a smoke and flame deflector. ?ertical shields between ad5acent sprinklers, ensure that the spray from one will not cool the nearby thermal fuses and

prevent the opening of ad5acent sprinklers. 3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

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3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

/ Sprin&ler :ent

1ell way floor openings have a duct on each floor equipped with a

number of smoke pick up relays. In case of fire, these relays

automatically start the fans in the fresh air intake, located on the roof, driving air downward through the well ways. -angerous gases and smoke are drawn in thru the ducts and e"hausted at the roof. The usual spray no''les on the ceiling around the stair well aid in quenching the fire. 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

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3.2.0 Moving Side(al&s or

Electric 5al&s

1hile escalators are used to

transport people vertically, electric walks are used to transport people hori'ontally at any inclination from / deg to +> deg.

Typical applications @or e"hibit halls, where

management desires that persons move smoothly through or pass a particular area without stopping or boarding.

@or airport terminals. Typical Specifications

tandard width 6 4 and B4

peeds 6 +/ fpm and +!/ fpm 3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Types of installations C <ori'ontal or level C Di$level C #verpass installation C nderpass installation 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

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3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems Moving Side(al&

A power$driven, continuously moving surface, similar to a conveyor belt, used for carrying pedestrians hori'ontally or along low inclines People Mover

Any of various forms of mass transit, as moving sidewalks or automated driverless vehicles, used for shuttling people around airports or in congested urban areas

Inclined 'ift

A platform mounted on a steel guide rail and driven by an electric motor used for raising or lowering a person or

moving along a stairway. Also called a stair lift

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3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

. Chutes

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3.4 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning

rans!ortation

"ystems

3./.1 Definitions

Accidental Contact

Any inadvertent physical contact with power transmission equipment, prime movers, machines or machine parts which could result from slipping, falling, sliding, tripping or any other unplanned action or movement.

Balustrades

The frames on either side of the moving steps of an escalator.

Buffer

A device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal limit of travel by absorbing and

dissipating the kinetic energy of the car or counterweight.

3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Cage/Cab

An enclosure for housing the operator and the hoisting mechanism, power plant and equipment controlling a crane.

Capacity of Works, Project or Plant

The total horsepower of all engines, motors, turbines or other prime movers installed, whether in operation or not.

Car

The load carrying unit of an elevator including its platform, frame, enclosure and door or gate.

Crane

%eans a machine for lifting or lowering a load and moving it hori'ontally, the

hoisting mechanism being an integral part of the machine.

Dumbwaiter

A hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car not to e"ceed !B+ sqcm in area and a ma"imum height of +./m, the capacity of which does not e"ceed  kilos, used e"clusively for 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

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3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

otherwise removable doors or sections to permit inspection, lubrication or proper maintenance.

Escalator

A power driven, inclined, continuous stairway for raising or lowering

passengers.

uarded

hielded, fenced or otherwise protected by means of suitable enclosure guards, covers or standard railings, so as to preclude the possibility of accidental contact or dangerous approach to persons or ob5ects.

!oist

An apparatus for raising or lowering a load by the application of a building force, but does not include a car or platform. It may be base$mounted, hook suspension, monorail, overhead, simple drum type or trolley suspension.

!oistway

A shaftway for the travel of one or more elevators or dumbwaiters. 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems Ele"ator

A hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car or platform which moves in guides in a vertical direction serving two or more floors of a building or structure. %ovement of the car may be controlled by gravitational, manual or mechanical power.

Ele"ator #anding

That portion of a floor, balcony or platform for loading or discharging passengers or freight to or from the elevator.

Ele"ator Wire $opes

teel wire ropes attached to the car frame or passing around sheaves attached to the car frame from which elevatorEdumbwaiter cars and their counterweights are suspended.

Enclosed

%eans that the moving parts of a machine are so guarded that physical contact by any part of the human body is precluded or prevented. This does not however prohibit the use of hinged, sliding or

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%ac&ine

The driven unit of an equipment.

%ac&ine &ouse

An enclosure for housing the hoisting mechanism and power plant.

%ac&ine Parts

Any or all moving parts of a machine.

%o"ing Walk

A type of hori'ontal passenger$carrying device on which passengers stand or walk, with its surface remaining parallel to its direction of motion and is

uninterrupted.

Power 'ransmission %ac&inery

A shaft, wheel, drum, pulley, system of fast and loose pulleys, coupling, clutch, driving belt, ?$belt sheaves and belts, chains and sprockets, gearing, torque connectors, conveyors, hydraulic couplings, magnetic couplings, speed reducers or increasers or any device by which the motion of an engine is

transmitted to or received by another

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Process %ac&ine

An equipment designed and operated for a specific purpose.

'ra"elling Cable

A cable made up of electric conductors which provides electrical connection between an elevator or dumbwaiter car and a fi"ed outlet in the hoistway.

3./.2 #$arding of Moving

and Dangero$s Parts

All prime movers, machines and machine parts, power transmission equipment shall be so guarded, shielded, fenced or enclosed to

protect any person against e"posure to or accidental contact with

dangerous moving parts.

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3./.3 Cranes

+. Access to the case or machine house shall be by means of a conveniently placed stationary

ladder, stairs or platforms requiring a step$over that no gap e"ceeding // mm is allowed.

. Adequate means shall be

provided for cranes having revolving cables or machine houses, to permit the operator to enter or leave the crane cab and reach the ground safely, irrespective of its position. . ages, cabs or machine houses on cranes shall be enclosed to

protect operator during inclement weather.

3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

7. A gong or other effective warning device shall be mounted on each cage or cab.

>. Temporary crane operation without warning device may be

allowed provided there is a flagman whose sole duty is to warn those in the path of the crane or its load. B. The ma"imum rated load of all cranes shall be plainly marked on each side of the crane. If the crane has more than one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have marked on it or its load block, its rated capacity

clearly legible from the ground or floor. 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

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3././ Hoists

+. #perating control shall be plainly marked to indicate the direction of travel.

. 2ach cage controlled hoist shall be equipped with an effective

warning device.

. 2ach hoist designed to lift its load vertically shall have its rated load legibly marked on the hoist or load block or at some easily visible space.

7. A stop, which shall operate automatically, shall be provided at each switch, dead end rail or

turntable to prevent the trolley

running off when the switch is open.

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

>. 2ach electric hoist motor shall be provided with an electrically or

mechanically operated brake so arranged that the brake will be applied automatically when the power is cut off from the hoist.

3./.0 Elevators

+. <oistways for elevators shall be substantially enclosed throughout their height, with no openings

allowed e"cept for necessary doors, windows or skylights.

. :opes, wires or pipes shall not be installed in hoistways, e"cept when necessary for the operation of the elevators. 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

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3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

surface. The angle of inclination of such ladder or stairs shall not

e"ceed B/F from the hori'ontal. This room shall not be used as living

quarters or depository of other

materials and shall be provided with adequate ventilation.

B. %inimum number of hoisting ropes shall be three () for traction elevators and two () for drum. . The minimum diameter of hoisting and counterweight ropes shall be / mm.

!. 2levators shall be provided with overload relay and reverse polarity relay.

9. In high rise apartments or

residential condominiums of more than five (>) stories, at least one passenger elevator shall be kept on 7 hour constant service.

. <oistway pits shall be of such depth that when the car rests on the fully compressed buffers, a

clearance of not less than B// mm remains between the underside of the car and the bottom of the pit. 7. 1hen four or more elevators serve all or the same portion of a building, they shall be located in not less than two () hoistways and in no case shall more than four (7) elevators be located in any one hoistway.

>. 1here a machine room or

penthouse is provided at the top of a hoistway, it shall be constructed with sufficient room for repair and

inspection. Access shall be by means of an iron ladder or stairs when the room is more than B// mm above the ad5acent floor or roof

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3./. Escalators

+. The angle of inclination of an escalator shall not e"ceed >F from the hori'ontal.

. The width between balustrades shall not be less than >>! mm nor more than +./ m. This width shall not e"ceed the width of the steps by more than / mm.

. olid balustrades of

incombustible material shall be

provided on each side of the moving steps. If made of glass, it shall be of tempered type glass.

7. 2ach balustrade shall be

provided with a handrail moving in the same direction and at the same speed as the steps.

3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

>. The rated speed, measured along the angle of inclination, shall be not more than ! mpm.

B. tarting switches shall be key operated and located within sight of escalator steps.

. 2mergency buttons shall be conspicuously and accessibly located at or near the top and

bottom landings but protected from accidental contact. 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

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