Write and Cite:
Write and Cite:
The Queen Margaret University Guide to
The Queen Margaret University Guide to
the Harvard System of Referencing
the Harvard System of Referencing
August 2009 August 2009
The Harvard system of referencing
The Harvard system of referencing is a method for citing references in youris a method for citing references in your assignments and giving the sources of those ref
assignments and giving the sources of those references.erences. This guide to the
This guide to the Harvard system has been developed to provide staff Harvard system has been developed to provide staff andand students with a common referencing style to work with at Queen Margaret students with a common referencing style to work with at Queen Margaret University.
University. It is based on the It is based on the British Standard’s ‘British Standard’s ‘Recommendations forRecommendations for references to published materials, BS1629’ and ‘Citi
references to published materials, BS1629’ and ‘Citing and referencingng and referencing published material, BS5605’.
published material, BS5605’.
If you are new to
If you are new to referencing, these sections will provide the basics:referencing, these sections will provide the basics:
1. Introduction to t
1. Introduction to the Harvard systehe Harvard systemm 2.1 How to
2.1 How to reference a bookreference a book 2.4 How to
2.4 How to reference a journalreference a journal 3.1 Author/date 3.1 Author/date 3.2 Direct quotations 3.2 Direct quotations
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Authors AuthorsMarianne Dee, Virginia Bell and
Marianne Dee, Virginia Bell and Susi PeacockSusi Peacock Contributors
Contributors
Susie Beasley, Alison Kilgour, Sheila Noble and
Susie Beasley, Alison Kilgour, Sheila Noble and Jo RowleyJo Rowley Version 6
Version 6 August 2009 August 2009
Queen Margaret University Queen Margaret University Edinburgh
Edinburgh EH21 6UU EH21 6UU
©
© 2009 Queen Margaret University2009 Queen Margaret University
All rights reserved. No part of
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproducedthis publication may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or any electronic, mechanical or other means now
or utilised in any form or any electronic, mechanical or other means now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in anyin any form of information storage or retrieval system without permission from
form of information storage or retrieval system without permission from QueenQueen Margaret University
Contents
Contents
1.
1. Introduction
Introduction to
to the
the Harvard sy
Harvard system
stem ...
... 6
6
1.1
1.1 What What is is referreferencinencing?g? ... 66 1.2
1.2 Why do Why do I need I need to reference to reference in my in my assignment?assignment?... 66 1.3 W
1.3 When should hen should I I referreference?...ence?... 66 1.4
1.4 What What is is plagplagiarismiarism?...?... 66 1.5 How
1.5 How do I do I include references include references and quotationand quotations in my s in my assignment?assignment? ... 77 1.6 What is
1.6 What is the difference bthe difference between a etween a reference list anreference list and a bibliogd a bibliography?raphy? ... 77 1.7
1.7 ManaManaging your ging your researesearchrch ... 77
2. Ho
2. How to
w to compile
compile your
your reference list
reference list ...
... 8
8
2.1 How
2.1 How to to referereference a nce a book...book... 88 2.2 How to reference a chapter in a book of collected writings by different 2.2 How to reference a chapter in a book of collected writings by different autho
authors rs (‘in’ (‘in’ referereferencesnces)) ... 99 2.3 How to
2.3 How to referreference an ebook (onlience an ebook (online book)ne book) ... 1010 2.4 How
2.4 How to referencto reference a e a journal journal article article ... 1010 2.5 How
2.5 How to reference to reference an ejournal an ejournal (online journal) (online journal) articlearticle... 1111 2.6
2.6 How How to to reference reference a a website...website... 1111 2.7 How to reference an online document (including online leaflets and
2.7 How to reference an online document (including online leaflets and pamp
pamphlets)hlets)... 1212 2.8 How to reference a document (including leaflets, pamphlets and module 2.8 How to reference a document (including leaflets, pamphlets and module hand
handbookbooks)s) ... 1313 2.9 How
2.9 How to to referreference a ence a newsnewspaperpaper ... 1313 2.10
2.10 How How to referencto reference an e an online online newspaper...newspaper... 1414 2.11 How to
2.11 How to referereference an nce an editoreditorialial ... 1414 2.12 How
2.12 How to to referereference a nce a confeconferencrencee ... 1515 2.12.1
2.12.1 How How to to reference reference conference conference proceedings.proceedings... 1515 2.12.2
2.12.2 How How to reto reference ference published published conference conference paperspapers ... 1616 2.12.3 How to reference unpublished conference papers and
2.12.3 How to reference unpublished conference papers and prese
presentationtations...ns... 1616 2.12.4 H
2.12.4 How ow to referencto reference one online coline conference nference paperspapers... 1717 2.13 How to
2.13 How to referereference a nce a presepresentationtation or n or lecturlecturee ... 1717 2.14 How
2.14 How to reference to reference an online an online presentation or presentation or lecture...lecture... 1818 2.15
2.15 How to refeHow to reference thrence theses aeses and dissend dissertatiortationsns ... 1818 2.16
2.16 How How to to reference reference online online theses theses and and dissertations...dissertations... 1818 2.17
2.18
2.18 How How to to reference reference images, images, diagrams diagrams and and tablestables ... 2020 2.18.1 Images, diagrams and tables contained in
2.18.1 Images, diagrams and tables contained in books or otherbooks or other public
publicationsations ... 2020 2.18.2
2.18.2 ‘Stand ‘Stand alone’ alone’ images, images, diagrams diagrams and and tablestables ... 2020 2.19
2.19 How How to reference to reference online imagonline images, diagraes, diagrams and ms and tables tables ... 2020 2.20
2.20 How How to to reference reference physical physical objects objects ... 2121 2.21
2.21 How to refeHow to reference brence broadcroadcastsasts ... 2121 2.22
2.22 How to reference How to reference recordings (DVDs, viderecordings (DVDs, videos, films, Internet and otheros, films, Internet and other recor
recorded ded formatsformats)...)... 2222 2.23
2.23 How to refereHow to reference stagnce staged perfored performancemancess ... 2222 2.24
2.24 How How to reference to reference live live performances performances on the on the Internet Internet ... 2323 2.25
2.25 How to refeHow to reference orence online conline communimmunicatiocationsns ... 2323 2.25.
2.25.1 1 PubliPublicly cly availavailable able discudiscussion listsssion lists ... 2323 2.25.
2.25.2 2 CloseClosed d discudiscussion listsssion lists ... 2323 2.25.
2.25.3 3 BlogsBlogs ... 2424 2.25.
2.25.4 4 Email mesEmail messagesagess ... 2525 2.25.
2.25.5 5 SociaSocial networkl networking sitesing sites... 2525 2.26 Refere
2.26 Reference with no nce with no authoauthor or r or orgaorganisationisationn ... 2525 2.27 Referenc
2.27 Reference e with no with no publipublication datecation date ... 2626
3. How to cite refe
3. How to cite references within the
rences within the text ...
text ... 27
27
Understanding the
Understanding the link between link between your citation your citation and your reand your reference listference list ... 2727 3.1
3.1 AuthoAuthor/dater/date ... 2727 3.2
3.2 Direct Direct quotquotations...ations... 2828 3.3
3.3 Citing Citing long long quotquotations ...ations ... 2929 3.4
3.4 UnfinUnfinished ished sentsentenceences s or or quotquotations...ations... 2929 3.5
3.5 AbbreAbbreviativiationsons ... 2929 3.6
3.6 Using Using ‘in’ referenc‘in’ references es within within the the text...text... 3030 3.7
3.7 Citing Citing multiplmultiple e authauthors ors ... 3131 3.8
3.8 Citing Citing multiple multiple references references ... 3131 3.9 Referring to
3.9 Referring to an author an author cited in someocited in someone else’s wne else’s work ...ork ... 3131 3.10 Citing
3.10 Citing from from a a webswebsite ite ... 3232 3.11 Citing a
3.11 Citing a webswebsite within the ite within the text...text... 3232 3.12 Citing
4.
4. Additional
Additional information
information ...
... 34
34
4.1 Publica
4.1 Publications in a tions in a langulanguage other than Englisage other than Englishh ... 3434 4.1.1
4.1.1 Publications Publications translated translated into into EnglishEnglish... 3434 4.2 Gender
4.2 Gender balance and balance and the Harvard sthe Harvard system of reystem of referencing...ferencing... 3434 4.3
4.3 FootnFootnotes...otes... 3535 4.4
4.4 Latin Latin termsterms ... 3535 4.5
4.5 Publishing Publishing in in journals journals and and books...books... 3636
5. Example refere
5. Example reference list
nce list ...
... 37
37
6. List of
6. List of resources used to com
resources used to compile this guid
pile this guide
e...
... 40
40
7.
1.
1. Introduction to
Introduction to the Harvard
the Harvard system
system
1.1 What is referencing?
1.1 What is referencing?
Referencing is a way of crediting all sources of information and ideas that you Referencing is a way of crediting all sources of information and ideas that you have used in any piece of
have used in any piece of academic work.academic work.
1.2 Why do I need
1.2 Why do I need to reference in my assignment?
to reference in my assignment?
In your assignment, you will use ideas and information from other sources to In your assignment, you will use ideas and information from other sources to support points and arguments you want to
support points and arguments you want to make.make.
When you use someone else’s ideas in your work, either by using your own When you use someone else’s ideas in your work, either by using your own words or making a direct quotation, you must reference the source, in order words or making a direct quotation, you must reference the source, in order to:
to:
•
• show you are aware of show you are aware of other people’s ideas and are including themother people’s ideas and are including them •
• acknowledge other people’s ideasacknowledge other people’s ideas •
• support points and arguments you want to support points and arguments you want to makemake •
• allow the reader to find the original material you have used.allow the reader to find the original material you have used.
1.3 When should I reference?
1.3 When should I reference?
You must reference whenever you use or
You must reference whenever you use or directly quote from someone’s work,directly quote from someone’s work, including diagrams, illustrations and tables.
including diagrams, illustrations and tables. You must also reference whenYou must also reference when you summarise ideas and information from
you summarise ideas and information from someone’s work, or when yousomeone’s work, or when you paraphrase by putting someone else’s ideas in your
paraphrase by putting someone else’s ideas in your own words.own words. Failure to do any of the above is considered to be plagiarism. Failure to do any of the above is considered to be plagiarism.
1.4 What is plagiarism?
1.4 What is plagiarism?
The Student Handbook at Queen Margaret University defines plagiarism The Student Handbook at Queen Margaret University defines plagiarism asas “The presentation by an individual of another person’s ideas or work (in any “The presentation by an individual of another person’s ideas or work (in any medium, published or unpublished) as though they were his
medium, published or unpublished) as though they were his or her own”or her own”
(QMU 2007, p.42). Plagiarism is considered to be a major breach of academic (QMU 2007, p.42). Plagiarism is considered to be a major breach of academic regulations.
regulations. If you are unsure If you are unsure about how to referenceabout how to reference, and fail to reference, and fail to reference correctly in an assignment, it will still
correctly in an assignment, it will still be regarded as plagiarism, even thoughbe regarded as plagiarism, even though you did not set out with the intention of plagiarising.
you did not set out with the intention of plagiarising.
For detailed information on plagiarism, and how to avoid it, see the QMU For detailed information on plagiarism, and how to avoid it, see the QMU website at:
website at:
http://www.qmu.ac.uk/goodscholarship/ http://www.qmu.ac.uk/goodscholarship/
1.5 How do I include references and
1.5 How do I include references and quotations in my
quotations in my
assignment?
assignment?
There are two key aspects to the Harvard system of referencing: There are two key aspects to the Harvard system of referencing:
•
• citing a referenceciting a reference
You cite a reference when you refer in the text of
You cite a reference when you refer in the text of your assignment to anyyour assignment to any use you have made of the work of others.
use you have made of the work of others.
•
• creating a reference listcreating a reference list
A reference list is an alphabetical list by author, which you provide at t A reference list is an alphabetical list by author, which you provide at thehe end of your w
end of your work. ork. It must contain full details It must contain full details of all the sources yof all the sources you haveou have cited in your text. If
cited in your text. If you cite something in the text and do not include it you cite something in the text and do not include it inin the reference list this is considered to be plagiarism. It is
the reference list this is considered to be plagiarism. It is important that theimportant that the references you cite within your writing link accurately to the reference list references you cite within your writing link accurately to the reference list at the end of your work, via the
at the end of your work, via the name of the author.name of the author.
1.6 What is the difference between a
1.6 What is the difference between a reference list and a
reference list and a
bibliography?
bibliography?
You will always be required to provide a reference list of all sources cited You will always be required to provide a reference list of all sources cited inin your text.
your text. You may sometiYou may sometimes be required to mes be required to provide a bibliograpprovide a bibliography as well.hy as well.
•
• AA reference listreference list only identifies sources referred to (cited) in the text ofonly identifies sources referred to (cited) in the text of
your assignment. your assignment.
•
• AA bibliographybibliography is presented in the same format as a reference list is presented in the same format as a reference list butbut
it also includes
it also includes allall materials consulted in the preparation of yourmaterials consulted in the preparation of your
assignment. In other words, a bibliography presents the same items as assignment. In other words, a bibliography presents the same items as a reference list but it also includes all other
a reference list but it also includes all other sources which you read orsources which you read or consulted but did not cite.
consulted but did not cite.
1.7 Managing your research
1.7 Managing your research
Research always takes more time than you will expect. Remember to: Research always takes more time than you will expect. Remember to:
•
• keep a careful and accurate note of all your sources as you preparekeep a careful and accurate note of all your sources as you prepare
your assignment your assignment
•
• make a note of all the document details for future referencemake a note of all the document details for future reference •
• make sure you have all tmake sure you have all the details you need before you he details you need before you photocopyphotocopy
anything anything
•
• make sure you are following the make sure you are following the referencing guidelines set by yourreferencing guidelines set by your
programme. programme.
2. How to compile your reference list
2. How to compile your reference list
A reference list must be included at the end of
A reference list must be included at the end of your assignment, before anyyour assignment, before any appendices (if you have any). A reference list is an alphabetical list, organised appendices (if you have any). A reference list is an alphabetical list, organised by the surname (family name) of the author. Only those works you have cited by the surname (family name) of the author. Only those works you have cited in your text should appear in the reference list.
in your text should appear in the reference list.
The first two elements of each reference in your reference list (author and The first two elements of each reference in your reference list (author and date) will appear in the text of
date) will appear in the text of your work (see section 3). The reader of youryour work (see section 3). The reader of your work can then easily check the citation in your text against your reference list. work can then easily check the citation in your text against your reference list. Your reference list may include references to materials in different formats, Your reference list may include references to materials in different formats, including print and
including print and online resources. online resources. Some examples Some examples of how these of how these should beshould be formatted are provided
formatted are provided in this section. in this section. Generally all referencGenerally all references require similares require similar elements and when referencing a resource that is not included in this guide elements and when referencing a resource that is not included in this guide you should try
you should try to find a similar examplto find a similar example. e. Consistency is Consistency is the key – alwthe key – always tryays try to find an author or editor, a
to find an author or editor, a date of publication, a title and/or a source titledate of publication, a title and/or a source title and a publisher.
and a publisher.
Correct and consistent punctuation is important: Correct and consistent punctuation is important:
•
• the first word in the title the first word in the title of books, chapters and journal articles startsof books, chapters and journal articles starts
with a capital letter with a capital letter
•
• authors’ names and initials, journal tauthors’ names and initials, journal titles, publishers’ names and placesitles, publishers’ names and places
should also start with a capital letter should also start with a capital letter..
Note carefully how the examples below are punctuated. Note carefully how the examples below are punctuated.
2.1 How to reference a book
2.1 How to reference a book
Details required for a book can be found on the front
Details required for a book can be found on the front and reverse of the titleand reverse of the title page which is usually the f
page which is usually the first or second unnumbered page inside the book.irst or second unnumbered page inside the book. Details for a book should be set out in the following order and
Details for a book should be set out in the following order and with thewith the punctuation as indicated:
punctuation as indicated:
Author/Editor surname, Initial(s). Author/Editor surname, Initial(s). Year.
Year.
Title of the book. (
Title of the book. (in italics) in italics) edition. (if later
edition. (if later than the first and abbreviated to ed.)than the first and abbreviated to ed.) Series and individual volume number. (if available) Series and individual volume number. (if available) Place of publication:
Place of publication: Name of publisher. Name of publisher.
Smith, D. J. 2004.
Smith, D. J. 2004. Parenting and delinquency at ages 12 to 15 Parenting and delinquency at ages 12 to 15 . 2. 2ndnded.ed. Edinburgh Universi
Please note Please note::
•
• only give details of the edition if it only give details of the edition if it is later than the first. No is later than the first. No editionedition
statement means that it is the first
statement means that it is the first editionedition
•
• use the abbreviation ‘ed.’ for both edition and editoruse the abbreviation ‘ed.’ for both edition and editor •
• use ‘eds.’ for more than one editoruse ‘eds.’ for more than one editor •
• make sure the edition detail matches the year of publication. Formake sure the edition detail matches the year of publication. For
example, a book might be published originally in
example, a book might be published originally in 1994 but a second1994 but a second edition is published in 2004. In this case, you put the year of
edition is published in 2004. In this case, you put the year of publicationpublication as 2004 and state it is the second edition. See the example of Smith, as 2004 and state it is the second edition. See the example of Smith, D. J. above
D. J. above
•
• when referring to the number of the edition use 2when referring to the number of the edition use 2ndnd or 3or 3rdrd etc.etc. •
• a reprint is not a new edition and a reprint is not a new edition and so the year of publication is the dateso the year of publication is the date
of the last edition of the last edition
•
• if you are referencing a publication in a language other than English,if you are referencing a publication in a language other than English,
see guidance in section 4. see guidance in section 4.
2.2 How to reference a chapter
2.2 How to reference a chapter in a book of collected writings
in a book of collected writings
by different authors (‘in’ references)
by different authors (‘in’ references)
A common mistake is to confuse the name of a contributor to a
A common mistake is to confuse the name of a contributor to a book ofbook of collected writings with that of the editor. I
collected writings with that of the editor. It is important to include the editor oft is important to include the editor of the book in the reference list as this is
the book in the reference list as this is the information needed by anyonethe information needed by anyone wanting to find that piece of work (see also section 3).
wanting to find that piece of work (see also section 3). If you have referred toIf you have referred to or used a specific chapter, you need to give details for that chapter:
or used a specific chapter, you need to give details for that chapter: Author of the chapter (as cited in
Author of the chapter (as cited in your text).your text). Year of publication.
Year of publication. Title of chapter. Title of chapter.
In: Author/Editor of the collected work. In: Author/Editor of the collected work. Title of the collected work. (
Title of the collected work. (in italics in italics )) Place of publication:
Place of publication: Publisher,
Publisher,
page number(s) of the chapter referred to. page number(s) of the chapter referred to.
Williams, R. 2003.
Williams, R. 2003. Television: technology and cultural form Television: technology and cultural form . London:. London: Routledge.
Routledge.
Llewellyn
Llewellyn, A., , A., Agu, L. and Mercer, D. 2008.Agu, L. and Mercer, D. 2008. Sociology for social workers.Sociology for social workers. Cambridge: Polity
Cambridge: Polity
Porter, M. 1998. What is strategy? In: Segal-Horn, S. ed.
Porter, M. 1998. What is strategy? In: Segal-Horn, S. ed. The Strategy Reader The Strategy Reader .. Oxford: Blackwell in association with the Open
2.3 How to reference an ebook
2.3 How to reference an ebook (online book)
(online book)
Author/Editor. Author/Editor. Year.
Year.
Online book title. (
Online book title. (in italics in italics )) edition. (if not first edition) edition. (if not first edition)
online book [in square brackets] online book [in square brackets] Place of publication: (if available) Place of publication: (if available) Publisher. (if available)
Publisher. (if available)
Available from: followed by the Internet address Available from: followed by the Internet address Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Date accessed. [in square brackets]
2.4 How to reference a journal article
2.4 How to reference a journal article
Details for a journal article can usually be found on the contents list, f Details for a journal article can usually be found on the contents list, frontront cover or article itself. Details for a
cover or article itself. Details for a journal article should be set out in thejournal article should be set out in the following order and with punctuation exactly as
following order and with punctuation exactly as given:given: Author/Editor surname, Initial(s).
Author/Editor surname, Initial(s). Year.
Year.
Title of article. Title of article. Name of journal, (
Name of journal, (in italics in italics ))
Volume (part number) Month or season, (if
Volume (part number) Month or season, (if available)available) page number(s) of article.
page number(s) of article.
Mandelstam, M. 2005.
Mandelstam, M. 2005. Community care practice and the law Community care practice and the law . 3. 3rdrded. [onlineed. [online book] London: Jessica
book] London: Jessica Kingsley. Available from: Kingsley. Available from: http://cite.ebrary.comhttp://cite.ebrary.com/lib/qmuc/ /lib/qmuc/ [Accessed February 28 2006].
[Accessed February 28 2006].
Bonen, A. and
Bonen, A. and Shaw, S. M. Shaw, S. M. 1996. Recreational exercise particip1996. Recreational exercise participation andation and aerobic fitness in men and women: analysis of data from a national survey. aerobic fitness in men and women: analysis of data from a national survey. Journal of Sports Science
Journal of Sports Science , 13 (4) August, pp.297-303., 13 (4) August, pp.297-303.
McCord, S., Fredriksen, L.
McCord, S., Fredriksen, L. and Campbell, N. 2002. An and Campbell, N. 2002. An accessibiaccessibilitylity assessment of selected Web-based health information resources.
assessment of selected Web-based health information resources. Library Hi Library Hi Tech
2.5 How to reference an ejournal
2.5 How to reference an ejournal (online journal) article
(online journal) article
Most journal articles accessed online are also available in print format, so they Most journal articles accessed online are also available in print format, so they may be referenced in the same way as an article in print format
may be referenced in the same way as an article in print format (see 2.4 for(see 2.4 for details).
details).
If an article is only available online, follow the guidance below: If an article is only available online, follow the guidance below:
Author/Editor. Author/Editor. Year. Year. Title of article. Title of article. Name of journal (
Name of journal (in italics in italics )) online [in square brackets] online [in square brackets]
Volume (issue number) Month or season, (if available) Volume (issue number) Month or season, (if available) page number(s). (if available)
page number(s). (if available)
Available from: followed by the Internet address Available from: followed by the Internet address Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Note Note::
It is not necessary
It is not necessary to provide every to provide every detail of the Internet addresdetail of the Internet address. s. The first fewThe first few elements, such as a database name, are sufficient for the reader to find your elements, such as a database name, are sufficient for the reader to find your source.
source.
2.6
2.6 How to
How to reference a
reference a website
website
You should reference a website, or section of a website, using the same You should reference a website, or section of a website, using the same elements that you w
elements that you would use to reference a ould use to reference a book. book. In addition, you sIn addition, you shouldhould include the Internet address and date
include the Internet address and date accessed, as laid out below.accessed, as laid out below. Author/Editor/Organisation (as appropriate).
Author/Editor/Organisation (as appropriate). Year. (current year if no
Year. (current year if no other available)other available) Section title/heading. (
Section title/heading. (in italics in italics )) online [in square brackets]
online [in square brackets]
Available from: followed by the Internet address Available from: followed by the Internet address Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Website: Website:
Cotter, D. 1999.
Cotter, D. 1999. Non-lineNon-linear optics for Highar optics for High-Speed Digital In-Speed Digital Informationformation Processing.
Processing. Science Science [online] 286 (5444) November, pp.1523-1528. Available[online] 286 (5444) November, pp.1523-1528. Available from: http://www.scie
from: http://www.sciencemag.org ncemag.org [Accessed Oc[Accessed October 19 20tober 19 2001].01].
BBC. 2009.
BBC. 2009. BBC News BBC News . [online] . [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.news.co.uk.Available at: http://www.bbc.news.co.uk. [Accessed June 12 2009].
Section from a website: Section from a website:
Note: Note:
•
• the sequence of month day and year.the sequence of month day and year.
2.7 How to reference an online document (including online
2.7 How to reference an online document (including online
leaflets and pamphlets)
leaflets and pamphlets)
An online document is a separate document, accessed as a pdf via a link on a An online document is a separate document, accessed as a pdf via a link on a website (see 2.6). website (see 2.6). Author/Editor. Author/Editor. Year. Year. Document title. (
Document title. (in italics in italics )) edition. (if later
edition. (if later than the first and abbreviated to ed.)than the first and abbreviated to ed.) online [in square brackets]
online [in square brackets]
Place of publication: (if available) Place of publication: (if available) Publisher. (if available)
Publisher. (if available)
Available from: followed by the Internet address Available from: followed by the Internet address Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Date accessed. [in square brackets]
If a document is contained within a large and complex web site (such as that If a document is contained within a large and complex web site (such as that for a university or
for a university or a government agency), you should provide the hosta government agency), you should provide the host organisation and the relevant programme or
organisation and the relevant programme or department before giving thedepartment before giving the Internet address for the document itself.
Internet address for the document itself.
The Chartered Society f
The Chartered Society for Physiotheraphy. 2009.or Physiotheraphy. 2009. How to help yourself online How to help yourself online .. [online] Available at htt
[online] Available at http://www.newp://www.news.bbc.co.uk [Accessed May 23 s.bbc.co.uk [Accessed May 23 2009].2009].
Improvement and Development Agency. 1999.
Improvement and Development Agency. 1999. Local Agenda 21 UK: what’s Local Agenda 21 UK: what’s new?
new? [online] Available from: [online] Available from: http://www.scream.cohttp://www.scream.co.uk/la21/ [Accessed March.uk/la21/ [Accessed March 3 2000].
3 2000].
UNESCO. 2008.
UNESCO. 2008. Medium-term Strategy 2008-2013 Medium-term Strategy 2008-2013 . [online] Paris: UNESCO.. [online] Paris: UNESCO. Available from: h
2.8 How to reference a document (including leaflets,
2.8 How to reference a document (including leaflets,
pamphlets and module handbooks)
pamphlets and module handbooks)
In the case of a document or leaflet,
In the case of a document or leaflet, the author may be a corporate body orthe author may be a corporate body or organisation, such as the Royal Bank
organisation, such as the Royal Bank of Scotland rather than of Scotland rather than an individual.an individual. There may be limited information available from which to form your reference. There may be limited information available from which to form your reference. For example, a lea
For example, a leaflet may not alwflet may not always have a datays have a date of publication. e of publication. If this is theIf this is the case, use the term ‘undated’, ‘no date’ or ‘n.d.’ in
case, use the term ‘undated’, ‘no date’ or ‘n.d.’ in brackets (see sections 2.27brackets (see sections 2.27 for further advice).
for further advice).
Author/editor. (or equivalent) Author/editor. (or equivalent) Year. (if available, or no date
Year. (if available, or no date [in square brackets])[in square brackets]) Document title. (
Document title. (in italics in italics )) edition. (if later
edition. (if later than the first and abbreviated to ed.)than the first and abbreviated to ed.) Place of publication: (if available)
Place of publication: (if available) Publisher. (if available)
Publisher. (if available)
Queen Margaret University. [no date]
Queen Margaret University. [no date] Re:Use.Re:Use. Edinburgh: Queen MargaretEdinburgh: Queen Margaret University.
University.
2.9 How to reference a newspaper
2.9 How to reference a newspaper
Author. Author. Year of publication. Year of publication. Title of article. Title of article. Title of newspaper, (
Title of newspaper, (in italics in italics )) Date of newspaper,
Date of newspaper, page number(s). page number(s).
Chou, L. and Smith, A. 2005.
Chou, L. and Smith, A. 2005. Technology and Education: New wine in new Technology and Education: New wine in new bottles: Imagining educational futures.
bottles: Imagining educational futures. [online] Birmingham University, Institute[online] Birmingham University, Institute for Learning Technologies. Available from:
for Learning Technologies. Available from: http://www.birm.ac.u
http://www.birm.ac.uk/ilt/publicationk/ilt/publications/papers/newws/papers/newwine1.html ine1.html [Accessed [Accessed OctoberOctober 4 2006].
4 2006].
Cancerlink. [no date]
Cancerlink. [no date] Declaration of rights of people with Cancer Declaration of rights of people with Cancer . London:. London: Cancerlink.
Cancerlink.
Morss, K. and Irvine, L. 2007.
Morss, K. and Irvine, L. 2007. Education in action: NM042 Education in action: NM042 . Edinburgh: Queen. Edinburgh: Queen Margaret
Margaret UniversityUniversity..
Rodney, Z. 2005. Edinburgh leads the way in festival management. Rodney, Z. 2005. Edinburgh leads the way in festival management. The The Guardian
2.10 How to reference an online
2.10 How to reference an online newspaper
newspaper
For online newspapers accessed via a newspaper database (currently For online newspapers accessed via a newspaper database (currently
NewsUK) or from the newspaper’s website, follow the same guidance as for NewsUK) or from the newspaper’s website, follow the same guidance as for an ejournal: an ejournal: Author/Editor. Author/Editor. Year. Year. Title of article. Title of article. Name of journal
Name of journal (in italics) (in italics) online [in square brackets] online [in square brackets]
Volume (issue number) Month or season, (if available) Volume (issue number) Month or season, (if available) page number(s). (if available)
page number(s). (if available)
Available from: followed by the Internet address Available from: followed by the Internet address Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Date accessed. [in square brackets] Example from newspaper database:
Example from newspaper database:
Example from newspaper’s own website: Example from newspaper’s own website:
2.11 How to reference an editorial
2.11 How to reference an editorial
Title of the editorial. Title of the editorial. Year.
Year.
editorial [in square brackets] editorial [in square brackets] Name of journal or newspaper,
Name of journal or newspaper, (in italics) (in italics)
Volume (issue number) Month or season, (if available) Volume (issue number) Month or season, (if available) page number(s). (if available)
page number(s). (if available)
Hawkes, N. 2008. NHS ‘abandons’ many dementia patients and their families. Hawkes, N. 2008. NHS ‘abandons’ many dementia patients and their families. The Times
The Times (London ed.) [online] January 24, p.22. Available from:(London ed.) [online] January 24, p.22. Available from: http://www.new
http://www.newsuk.co.uk [Accessed June suk.co.uk [Accessed June 20 2008].20 2008].
Hawkes, N. 2008. NHS ‘abandons’ many dementia patients and their families. Hawkes, N. 2008. NHS ‘abandons’ many dementia patients and their families. The Times Online
The Times Online [online] Jan[online] January 24. uary 24. AvailablAvailable from:e from: http://www.timesonli
http://www.timesonline.co.uk [Accessed June ne.co.uk [Accessed June 20 2008].20 2008].
Paying for f
2.12 How to reference a conference
2.12 How to reference a conference
Name of conference. Name of conference. Year of conference. Year of conference. Title of conference.
Title of conference. (in italics) (in italics) Date of conference.
Date of conference.
Location: Venue. (if available) Location: Venue. (if available)
2.12.1 How to reference conference proceedings 2.12.1 How to reference conference proceedings Your reference should start with the author or editor of
Your reference should start with the author or editor of the conferencethe conference proceedings. If these are not available then you begin with the conference proceedings. If these are not available then you begin with the conference name. Where possible you should also include the place and the date of the name. Where possible you should also include the place and the date of the conference: conference: Editor/Organisation. Editor/Organisation. Year of publication. Year of publication.
Conference Name and/or title.
Conference Name and/or title. (in italics) (in italics) Location of conference. (if available) Location of conference. (if available) Date of conference.
Date of conference.
Place of publication: (if available) Place of publication: (if available) Publisher. (if available)
Publisher. (if available)
CoFHE & UC&R Conference. 2006.
CoFHE & UC&R Conference. 2006. Lead, develop, change: Lead, develop, change: future-proofinfuture-proofing g your skills.
your skills. JulyJuly3 – 6. Norwich: University of East Anglia.3 – 6. Norwich: University of East Anglia.
World Tourism Organization. 2003.
World Tourism Organization. 2003. Local food and tourism international Local food and tourism international conference.
conference. Larnaka, Cyprus, November 9-11 2000. Madrid: WTO.Larnaka, Cyprus, November 9-11 2000. Madrid: WTO.
Donnelly, M. (ed.) 2006.
Donnelly, M. (ed.) 2006. Trade unions: learning communities: proceedings of Trade unions: learning communities: proceedings of the fifth Scottish
the fifth Scottish Trade Union Research Network conference Trade Union Research Network conference . . EdinburEdinburgh:gh: Queen Margaret University College.
2.12.2 How to refer
2.12.2 How to reference published conference papersence published conference papers Author/Editor of conference paper.
Author/Editor of conference paper. Year of publication.
Year of publication.
Title of conference paper. Title of conference paper.
In: Editor/Organisation of conference proceedings. (if available) In: Editor/Organisation of conference proceedings. (if available) Title of conference proceedings.
Title of conference proceedings. (in italics) (in italics) Location of conference, (if available)
Location of conference, (if available) Date of conference,
Date of conference,
Place of publication: (if available) Place of publication: (if available) Publisher, (if available)
Publisher, (if available) page number(s)
page number(s)
2.12.3 How to reference
2.12.3 How to reference unpublished conference papers andunpublished conference papers and presentations
presentations
Author/Presenter of conference paper or
Author/Presenter of conference paper or presentation.presentation. Year of presentation.
Year of presentation.
Title of conference paper or presentation. Title of conference paper or presentation. Paper presented at
Paper presented at Title of conference.
Title of conference. (in italics) (in italics)
Location of conference, (if available) Location of conference, (if available) Date of conference,
Date of conference, Unpublished.
Unpublished.
Huxham, M. 2005. Learning in lectures: do ‘interactive windows’ help? In: Huxham, M. 2005. Learning in lectures: do ‘interactive windows’ help? In: Shakya, G. ed.
Shakya, G. ed. JISC Conference on Learning Online.JISC Conference on Learning Online. Liverpool University,Liverpool University, August 6 – 9 2004, London: Open University, pp.25-28.
August 6 – 9 2004, London: Open University, pp.25-28.
Jackson, M. 1979. The
Jackson, M. 1979. The treatment of "attitude" in treatment of "attitude" in consumer researchconsumer research.. PaperPaper presented at
presented at The Market Research Consumer Group Conference The Market Research Consumer Group Conference , Timbuctoo,, Timbuctoo, September 9 – 11 1979, unpublished.
2.12.4 How to reference online conference papers 2.12.4 How to reference online conference papers
Author/Editor of conference paper. Author/Editor of conference paper. Year of publication.
Year of publication.
Title of conference paper. Title of conference paper. online [in square brackets] online [in square brackets] In: Title of
In: Title of conference.conference. (in italics) (in italics) Location of conference, (if available) Location of conference, (if available) Date of conference.
Date of conference.
Available from: followed by the Internet address Available from: followed by the Internet address Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Date accessed. [in square brackets]
2.13 How to reference a presentation or
2.13 How to reference a presentation or lecture
lecture
This may be a presentation, lecture, workshop or seminar. Your reference This may be a presentation, lecture, workshop or seminar. Your reference should start with the name of the presenter(s):
should start with the name of the presenter(s): Presenter(s).
Presenter(s).
Year of presentation. Year of presentation.
Conference/event name. (if available) Conference/event name. (if available) Title of presentation/lecture.
Title of presentation/lecture. (in italics) (in italics) Type of presentation [in square brackets] Type of presentation [in square brackets] Date of presentation/lecture.
Date of presentation/lecture. Location: Venue. (if available) Location: Venue. (if available)
Clarke, R. and Lancaster, R.
Clarke, R. and Lancaster, R. 2006. Eliminating the successor to plagiarism?:2006. Eliminating the successor to plagiarism?: Identifying the usage of contact cheating sites. [
Identifying the usage of contact cheating sites. [online] In:online] In: Second International Second International Plagiarism Conference
Plagiarism Conference . Gateshead, Newcastle, UK, June 9 – 11 2006.. Gateshead, Newcastle, UK, June 9 – 11 2006. Available from:
Available from:
http://www.jiscpas.ac
http://www.jiscpas.ac.uk/conference/20.uk/conference/2006/proceedi06/proceedings.html ngs.html [Accessed [Accessed June 7June 7 2007].
2007].
Roland, J. and Robson, J.
Roland, J. and Robson, J. 2005. The Edinburgh Lectures.2005. The Edinburgh Lectures. The health and The health and psyche of the
psyche of the Scottish nation Scottish nation . [lecture] January 21. . [lecture] January 21. Edinburgh: The RoyalEdinburgh: The Royal Society of
Society of Edinburgh.Edinburgh.
Tan, A. 2007.
Tan, A. 2007. The lost art of sensitive criticism The lost art of sensitive criticism . [seminar] April . [seminar] April 1. Edinburgh:1. Edinburgh: Queen Margaret University.
2.14 How to reference an online presentation or
2.14 How to reference an online presentation or lecture
lecture
Presenter(s). Presenter(s).
Year of presentation. Year of presentation. Event name. (if available) Event name. (if available) Title of presentation/lecture.
Title of presentation/lecture. (in italics) (in italics) Type of presentation [in square brackets] Type of presentation [in square brackets] online [in square brackets]
online [in square brackets] Location: Venue, (if available) Location: Venue, (if available) Date of presentation/lecture. Date of presentation/lecture.
Available from: followed by the Internet address Available from: followed by the Internet address Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Roland, J. and Robson, J.
Roland, J. and Robson, J. 2005. The Edinburgh Lectures.2005. The Edinburgh Lectures. The health and The health and psyche of the
psyche of the Scottish nation Scottish nation . [lecture] [online] Edinburgh: The Royal Society of. [lecture] [online] Edinburgh: The Royal Society of Edinburgh January 21. Available from:
Edinburgh January 21. Available from: http://www.rse.org.uhttp://www.rse.org.uk/edlect/ [Accessedk/edlect/ [Accessed June 3 2005].
June 3 2005].
2.15
2.15 How t
How to reference t
o reference theses and
heses and dissertations
dissertations
Author. Author. Year. Year.
Title of thesis.
Title of thesis. (in italics) (in italics) Title of award,
Title of award,
Name of awarding institution. Name of awarding institution.
2.16
2.16 How to
How to reference online t
reference online theses and dissert
heses and dissertations
ations
Author. Author. Year. Year.
Title of thesis.
Title of thesis. (in italics) (in italics) online [in square brackets] online [in square brackets] Title of award,
Title of award,
Kelly, T. 1981.
Kelly, T. 1981. The Irish-Catholic immigrant, The Irish-Catholic immigrant, 1890-1931890-1930 0 . PhD thesis, Harvard. PhD thesis, Harvard University.
University.
Lippes, R. 2005.
Lippes, R. 2005. Food as emotional balm in the twentieth century: a study on Food as emotional balm in the twentieth century: a study on cultural change
2.17
2.17 How to
How to reference government reports
reference government reports and acts
and acts of
of
parliament
parliament
Author. Author. Year. Year. Title.Title. (in italics) (in italics)
Place of publication: (if available) Place of publication: (if available) Publisher. (if available)
Publisher. (if available)
The author of most official government publications will be a government The author of most official government publications will be a government department, body or committee:
department, body or committee:
A report may be well known by the name of the chairperson of the
A report may be well known by the name of the chairperson of the group orgroup or committee but they are not usually referenced by the name of the author. In committee but they are not usually referenced by the name of the author. In the text, you could refer to the chairperson of the
the text, you could refer to the chairperson of the group or committee:group or committee:
In your reference list the full government report would be referenced as: In your reference list the full government report would be referenced as:
For an act of parliament, it
For an act of parliament, it is usual to cite the title of is usual to cite the title of the act in your text, withthe act in your text, with the date, and then include it in your reference list in
the date, and then include it in your reference list in alphabetical order of thealphabetical order of the first main word of the act:
first main word of the act:
For guidance on referencing government reports found
For guidance on referencing government reports found online, see 2.7.online, see 2.7.
Clifford, M.R. 2004.
Clifford, M.R. 2004. Pharmaceutical care in diabetes mellitus Pharmaceutical care in diabetes mellitus . [online] PhD. [online] PhD thesis, Curtin Institute of
thesis, Curtin Institute of TechnologyTechnology. Available from:. Available from: http://espace.library
http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R [Accessed June 23 .curtin.edu.au/R [Accessed June 23 2008].2008].
Department of Health. 1999.
Department of Health. 1999. Saving lives: our healthier nation.Saving lives: our healthier nation. London: HMSO.
London: HMSO.
It was the Dearing Report (NCIHE 1997) which first placed the student at the It was the Dearing Report (NCIHE 1997) which first placed the student at the heart of the learning process.
heart of the learning process.
NCIHE. 1997.
NCIHE. 1997. Higher education in the learning society Higher education in the learning society . Report of the National. Report of the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education: The Dearing Report. London: Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education: The Dearing Report. London: HMSO.
HMSO.
Disability Discrimination Act
2.18
2.18 How t
How to reference im
o reference images, diagrams
ages, diagrams and tables
and tables
2.18.1 Images, diagrams and tables contained in books or other 2.18.1 Images, diagrams and tables contained in books or other publications
publications
In general, the book or other work in which the
In general, the book or other work in which the image, diagram or table isimage, diagram or table is contained should b
contained should be referenced, rather thae referenced, rather than the image itself n the image itself (see also 3.9)(see also 3.9) 2.18.2 ‘Stand alone’ images, diagrams and tables
2.18.2 ‘Stand alone’ images, diagrams and tables Images, diagrams and tables may stand alone outside a
Images, diagrams and tables may stand alone outside a specific context, suchspecific context, such as a postcard, advertising image or photograph. There may be limited details as a postcard, advertising image or photograph. There may be limited details available for referencing purposes, but the following information should be available for referencing purposes, but the following information should be supplied as far as possible:
supplied as far as possible:
Author/artist. Author/artist.
Title or brief description
Title or brief description (in italics) (in italics) (if no author available)(if no author available) Year produced.
Year produced. Title or brief
Title or brief description.description. (in italics) (in italics) (if author available)(if author available) Medium (photograph, painting) [in
Medium (photograph, painting) [in square brackets]square brackets] Location viewed at/publisher.
Location viewed at/publisher. Date viewed.
Date viewed.
2.19
2.19 How to
How to reference online i
reference online images, diagrams
mages, diagrams and tables
and tables
Visual information such as pictures, photographs, cartoons and
Visual information such as pictures, photographs, cartoons and illustrationsillustrations should always be acknowledg
should always be acknowledged, even if they are free clip-art. Wed, even if they are free clip-art. When ahen a
website specifically requests that you cite extra information as a condition of website specifically requests that you cite extra information as a condition of using their site you should do so because this will ensure providers will
using their site you should do so because this will ensure providers will continue to offer such resources f
continue to offer such resources freely.reely. Title of image or a
Title of image or a description.description. (in italics) (in italics) Year.
Year.
online image [in square brackets] online image [in square brackets]
Available from: followed by the Internet address Available from: followed by the Internet address
Edinburgh tenements 1895.
Edinburgh tenements 1895. 2007. [postcard] Edinburgh: Heritage Images.2007. [postcard] Edinburgh: Heritage Images.
Primark. n.d.
Primark. n.d. We know where you live…We know where you live…[billboard] Lothian Road, Edinburgh.[billboard] Lothian Road, Edinburgh. Viewed July 20 2008.
2.20
2.20 How
How to reference
to reference physical
physical objects
objects
This section covers physical objects viewed in a
This section covers physical objects viewed in a collection or exhibition, suchcollection or exhibition, such as ceramic items cos
as ceramic items costume or sculpture. tume or sculpture. Such objects migSuch objects might also be on tht also be on theirheir own, outside of an
own, outside of an exhibition context. exhibition context. As far as possibleAs far as possible, use the followin, use the followingg information to compile a reference:
information to compile a reference: Artist surname, Initial(s). Artist surname, Initial(s). Year.
Year.
Title of object
Title of object (in italics) (in italics)
Material type [in square brackets] Material type [in square brackets] held at (plus location).
held at (plus location).
Dates of exhibition. (if appropriate/available) Dates of exhibition. (if appropriate/available)
2.21
2.21 How
How to
to reference
reference broadcasts
broadcasts
The golden rule is always to describe items as fully and clearly as possible, The golden rule is always to describe items as fully and clearly as possible, and in a consistent format. In the case of TV/radio programmes,
and in a consistent format. In the case of TV/radio programmes, notenote the datethe date and channel of transmission. The format of the item should always be
and channel of transmission. The format of the item should always be provided:
provided:
Name of presenter or contributor (if appropriate) Name of presenter or contributor (if appropriate) Series Title. (
Series Title. (in italics in italics if no programme title)if no programme title) Series number. (if appropriate)
Series number. (if appropriate) Programme title. (
Programme title. (in italics) in italics) Year of production. Year of production. Place of publication: Place of publication: Transmitting organisation, Transmitting organisation, Date of transmission. Date of transmission.
The Culture Show
The Culture Show . 2006. London: BBC 2, April 6.. 2006. London: BBC 2, April 6. Rodin, A. 1887.
Rodin, A. 1887. Age of Bronze Age of Bronze [bronze sculpture] held at [bronze sculpture] held at Alte NationalgalerieAlte Nationalgalerie,, Berlin.
Berlin.
Yes, Prime Minister.
Yes, Prime Minister. Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast.Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. 1986. London:1986. London: BBC2 January 16.
BBC2 January 16.
Barenboim, D.
Barenboim, D. Reith lectures: in the beginning was sound Reith lectures: in the beginning was sound . 2006. London: BBC. 2006. London: BBC Radio 4, April 7 – May 5.
2.22
2.22 How to
How to reference recordings
reference recordings (DVDs, videos,
(DVDs, videos, films,
films,
Internet and other recorded formats)
Internet and other recorded formats)
In the case of videos, films or DVDs, follow t
In the case of videos, films or DVDs, follow the same order as above includinghe same order as above including directors’ names but starting with the film title:
directors’ names but starting with the film title: Series Title. (if appropriate)
Series Title. (if appropriate) Title. (if appropriate.
Title. (if appropriate. In italics In italics if no series title)if no series title)
Year. (for films the preferred date is the year of release in the Year. (for films the preferred date is the year of release in the country of production)
country of production)
Director. (note the name is not written with family name first) Director. (note the name is not written with family name first) Place of production:
Place of production:
Organisation responsible for production Organisation responsible for production medium:format [In square brackets]. medium:format [In square brackets].
The Apprentice. Series 1.
The Apprentice. Series 1. Tim in the firing line Tim in the firing line 2005. London: BBC 2,2005. London: BBC 2, November 23 [DVD].
November 23 [DVD].
The
The Zimmers (New video edit v.2). 2007. Zimmers (New video edit v.2). 2007. [online] Available from:[online] Available from: http://uk.youtube.com/w
http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=jNV5batch?v=jNV5bgsv984 [Accessed gsv984 [Accessed 11 July 11 July 2007].2007].
2.23
2.23 How
How to
to reference staged
reference staged performances
performances
This section covers ‘traditional’ staged performances. The author cited for a This section covers ‘traditional’ staged performances. The author cited for a performance will either be the choreographer or the director of the
performance will either be the choreographer or the director of the performance rather than the original composer or author of the work: performance rather than the original composer or author of the work:
Choregrapher/Director. Choregrapher/Director. Year of performance. Year of performance. Title of performance.
Title of performance. (in italics) (in italics)
Performance viewed followed by the date and location of the Performance viewed followed by the date and location of the
Donnie Darko
Donnie Darko . 2004. Directed by Richard Kelly. New York: Pandora [DVD].. 2004. Directed by Richard Kelly. New York: Pandora [DVD].
Dispatches.
Dispatches. Ofsted Ofsted . 1998. London: Channel 4, March 19 [video: VHS].. 1998. London: Channel 4, March 19 [video: VHS].
The Learning Curve.
The Learning Curve. Music education and the music manifesto Music education and the music manifesto . 2005. London:. 2005. London: BBC Radio 4, July 12 [audio recording: MP3].
2.24
2.24 How to
How to reference live p
reference live performances on
erformances on the Internet
the Internet
Choregrapher/Director. Choregrapher/Director. Year of performance. Year of performance. Title of performance.
Title of performance. (in italics) (in italics)
Performance viewed live online followed by the date and location of Performance viewed live online followed by the date and location of the performance [in square brackets].
the performance [in square brackets].
Available from: followed by the Internet address. Available from: followed by the Internet address.
2.25
2.25 How
How to reference
to reference online
online communications
communications
2.25.1 Publicly available discussion lists 2.25.1 Publicly available discussion lists
Discussion lists should include the following information: Discussion lists should include the following information:
Author. Author. Year. Year. Title of message. Title of message.
Discussion list name, month and
Discussion list name, month and day.day. (in italics) (in italics) online [in square brackets]
online [in square brackets] Available from:
Available from:
E-mail list address or Internet address E-mail list address or Internet address Date accessed. [in square brackets] Date accessed. [in square brackets]
2.25.2 Closed discussion lists 2.25.2 Closed discussion lists
Some discussion lists are not accessible to the general public and are only Some discussion lists are not accessible to the general public and are only available to certain individuals, for example, a discussion list in WebCT at available to certain individuals, for example, a discussion list in WebCT at QMU is only available to the students who are matriculated on that module QMU is only available to the students who are matriculated on that module
Nureyev, R. 1999.
Nureyev, R. 1999. Swan Lake.Swan Lake. [Performance viewed July 9 at the Paris Opera[Performance viewed July 9 at the Paris Opera Ballet].
Ballet].
Edinburgh Theatre Workshop.
Edinburgh Theatre Workshop. 2006.2006. Black Sun over Genoa.Black Sun over Genoa. [Performance[Performance viewed live online August 7 from the Festival Theatre Edinburgh] Available viewed live online August 7 from the Festival Theatre Edinburgh] Available from:
from: http://erc.qmu.ac.uk/streahttp://erc.qmu.ac.uk/streaming_videoming_video.php..php.
Dahal, R. M. 2005. Assistive Technology Conference - Balancing the Equation. Dahal, R. M. 2005. Assistive Technology Conference - Balancing the Equation. Lis-link, April 4.
Lis-link, April 4. [online] Av[online] Available from: hailable from: http://www.jiscmail.attp://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/ c.uk/ [Accessed[Accessed July 27 2005].
and their tutors. If you refer to
and their tutors. If you refer to a message within a closed discussion list, it isa message within a closed discussion list, it is important to cite this in the
important to cite this in the same way as a public list while showing that it issame way as a public list while showing that it is not publicly av
not publicly available. ailable. It is good practice to It is good practice to obtain permission from obtain permission from any authorany author you cite in this way:
you cite in this way: Author. Author. Year. Year. Title of message. Title of message.
Discussion list name, month and
Discussion list name, month and day.day. (in italics) (in italics) online [in square brackets]
online [in square brackets] Available from:
Available from:
E-mail list address or Internet address E-mail list address or Internet address Date accessed [in square brackets] Date accessed [in square brackets] Closed discussion list.
Closed discussion list.
2.25.3 Blogs 2.25.3 Blogs Note
Note that the month and day, as well as the year, that the month and day, as well as the year, are provided after theare provided after the author’s name: author’s name: Author. Author. Month Month Day Day Year. Year. Subject of message. Subject of message. Blog title.
Blog title. (in italics) (in italics)
online [in square brackets] online [in square brackets] Available from:
Available from:
Email list address or Internet address Email list address or Internet address Date accessed. [in square brackets] Date accessed. [in square brackets]
Smith, R. M. 2005. Learning technology in today’s world.
Smith, R. M. 2005. Learning technology in today’s world. WebCT Online WebCT Online discussion, April 4.
discussion, April 4. [online] Avai[online] Available from: httplable from: http://learn.qmu.ac.uk ://learn.qmu.ac.uk [Accessed[Accessed July 27 2006]. Closed discussion list.
July 27 2006]. Closed discussion list.
Stevens, J.
Stevens, J. June 21 June 21 2007. 2007. Yahoo is Yahoo is winning in winning in the portal the portal wars.wars. GUtechnologyblog.
GUtechnologyblog. [online] [online] Available Available from:from: http://blogs.guardia
2.25.4
2.25.4 Email Email messagesmessages
Referencing personal emails may occasionally be required, especially if you Referencing personal emails may occasionally be required, especially if you are involved in group work, or are corresponding with a subject expert. You are involved in group work, or are corresponding with a subject expert. You should include the following information in this order:
should include the following information in this order:
Author /sender. Author /sender.
Sender’s email address (in brackets) Sender’s email address (in brackets) Year.
Year.
Subject of email
Subject of email.. (in italics) (in italics) Month and day.
Month and day. Email to:
Email to:
Recipient name (email address). Recipient name (email address).
Laurillard, D.
Laurillard, D. (d.laurillard([email protected]) [email protected]) 2005. Re. Learning Styles Dissertation Re. Learning Styles Dissertation .. August 4. Email t
August 4. Email to: Susi Peacock ([email protected]).o: Susi Peacock ([email protected]).
2.25.5
2.25.5 Social Social networking networking sitessites
You may need to reference materials from a social networking site such as You may need to reference materials from a social networking site such as My Space, Bebo
My Space, Bebo or YouTube. or YouTube. Before using these Before using these sites as a sousites as a source forrce for academic work, it is important to consider whether they are relevant for an academic work, it is important to consider whether they are relevant for an academic assignment. In some cases, for example, they may
academic assignment. In some cases, for example, they may be appropriatebe appropriate to provide example
to provide examples of society in transitios of society in transition. n. Bear in mind, howBear in mind, however, that theever, that the site you refer to may have limited access, and you may have to provide site you refer to may have limited access, and you may have to provide additional evidence for your source. To ref
additional evidence for your source. To reference such sources, use the sameerence such sources, use the same principles as when referencing a website or an online video (2.6 and 2.22). principles as when referencing a website or an online video (2.6 and 2.22).
2.26 Reference with no author or
2.26 Reference with no author or organisation
organisation
If the source does not have an author or organisation, list alphabetically by the If the source does not have an author or organisation, list alphabetically by the title in your reference li
title in your reference list. st. Include the whole Include the whole title and ignore wtitle and ignore words such as:ords such as: ‘a’; ‘an’; ‘the’; at the
‘a’; ‘an’; ‘the’; at the beginning of the reference title. Any reference startingbeginning of the reference title. Any reference starting with a number precedes the alphabetical list; if there is more than one, with a number precedes the alphabetical list; if there is more than one, theythey are organised numerically:
are organised numerically:
This example would appear at the beginning of the alphabetical list of This example would appear at the beginning of the alphabetical list of references as the first word is a number and because the word ‘the’ is references as the first word is a number and because the word ‘the’ is ignored. See example reference list in section 5.
ignored. See example reference list in section 5.
Cormie, V.
Cormie, V. (v.cormie@ao([email protected]) 2005.l.com) 2005. Make poverty history Make poverty history . July 2. Email to:. July 2. Email to: Tony Blair
Tony Blair ([email protected]([email protected]).).
The 2001 Census: measuring democracy in the United Kingdom
The 2001 Census: measuring democracy in the United Kingdom . 2001.. 2001. London: Bacoprint.
2.27 Reference with no publication date
2.27 Reference with no publication date
Sometimes sources do not have a date of publication. In this case, use any of Sometimes sources do not have a date of publication. In this case, use any of the following terms but be consistent: (undated); (no date) or (n.d.)
the following terms but be consistent: (undated); (no date) or (n.d.) inin brackets. This demonstrates that you have checked the
brackets. This demonstrates that you have checked the date and not justdate and not just forgotten it. If there are
forgotten it. If there are any clues which might help you to place the dateany clues which might help you to place the date within a particular decade (198?), then do so as this is
within a particular decade (198?), then do so as this is considered better thanconsidered better than no date. Searching for the most recent dates referred to in
no date. Searching for the most recent dates referred to in the text or thethe text or the references of the publication will help.
