By
Brian A. Reaves, Ph.D.
and
Matthew J. Hickman BJS Statisticians From 1990 to 2000, 62 local police departments served cities with a population of 250,000 or more. During this time, the number of residents served by these agencies increased by 10%, from 45 million to 49.4 million;
their number of full-time employees by 20%, from 166,823 to 199,627; and their number of full-time sworn person- nel by 17%, from 130,242 to 152,858.
In contrast to the increases noted above, the volume of serious crime reported in these cities was substan- tially lower in 2000 than in 1990.
According to the FBI Uniform Crime Reports program, the number of violent Crime Index offenses declined by 34%, and the number of property Crime Index offenses by 31%.
In addition to employment and crime trends, this report presents other data comparisons based on the 1990 and 2000 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) surveys. Topics include staffing levels, race and ethnicity of officers, officer education and training requirements, operating budgets, officer salaries and special pay, types of special units operated, drug enforcement activities, sidearm and armor policies, types of vehicles operated, and computeriza- tion.
• The number of residents served increased by 10%, accompanied by a 7% increase, from 289 to 310, in the number of full-time sworn personnel per 100,000 residents.
y The percentage of full-time sworn personnel who were members of a racial or ethnic minority increased from 30% to 38%.
y Hispanic representation among officers increased from 9% to 14%, blacks from 18% to 20%, and women from 12% to 16%.
y The percent of departments requiring new officers to have at least some college rose from 19% to 37%, and the percent requiring a 2-year or 4-year degree grew from 6% to 14%.
y Annual operating costs per resident rose 10%, from $242 to $266, but annual per officer costs increased by just 2%, from $83,814 to $85,786.
y The percent of departments using bicycles rose from 39% to 98%. The average number of bicycles in use went from 8 to 95.
y The percent of departments using in-field computers increased from 73%
to 92%, the percent using automated fingerprint ID systems from 60% to 97%, and the percent with enhanced 9-1-1 from 76% to 97%.
y The percent of departments with full- time domestic violence units rose from 50% to 81%; with full-time victim assistance units, from 32% to 47%.
From 1990 to 2000, in cities with 250,000 or more residents, the number
of UCR violent crimes decreased 34%, the number of UCR property crimes decreased 31%, and the number of full-time local police officers increased 17%
1991 1994 1997 2000
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
P ercent chang e from 1990
N um ber of U C R property crim e s
N um ber of U C R violent crim es N um ber of full-tim e
sw orn person nel
Among large city police departments, 1990-2000, changes included —
Highlights
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs
Police Departments
in Large Cities, 1990-2000
May 2002, NCJ 175703
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Special Report
Staffing levels
From 1990 to 2000, the average number of full-time personnel in police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more
increased by 20%, from 2,691 to 3,220 (table 1). New York City’s police department (NYPD), the Nation’s largest, had about 53,000 full-time employees as of June 2000. (See appendix table A for employment data for all 62 local police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more.)
In 2000, police departments in large cities employed 404 full-time personnel per 100,000 residents. This repre- sented an increase of 9% over the 1990 level of 370 per 100,000. On a land area served basis, employment increased from 85 full-time personnel per 10 square miles in 1990 to 101 per 10 square miles in 2000.
From 1990 to 2000 the average number of full-time sworn personnel among police departments in large cities increased by 17%, from 2,101 to 2,465 (table 2). The NYPD had more than 40,000 full-time sworn personnel as of June 2000 (see box below). This was about 3 times the next largest department in Chicago, with 13,466.
In terms of land area, employment increased from 66 full-time sworn personnel per 10 square miles in 1990 to 78 per 10 square miles in 2000.
In 2000 these agencies employed 310 full-time sworn personnel per 100,000 residents. This represented an increase of 21 per 100,000, or 7%, compared to 1990.
The Washington (DC) Metropolitan Police Department continued to have the highest ratio, with 631 officers per 100,000 residents in 2000, although this was down 15% from the 1990 ratio of 742 per 10,000. Other large city police departments with at least 500 full-time officers per 100,000 residents in 2000 were the Newark (NJ) Police (536) and the NYPD (505).
114 105
256 239
796 730
250,000-349,999
75 65
231 219
972 841
350,000-499,999
69 63
274 271
1,810 1,647
500,000-999,999
79 65
364 331
8,717 7,113
1,000,000 or more
78 66
310 289
2,465 2,101
Total
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
Per 10 square miles Per 100,000
residents Per
agency Population
served
Number of full-time sworn personnel
Table 2. Number of full-time sworn personnel in police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
153 133
343 305
1,068 932
250,000-349,999
103 86
317 289
1,334 1,113
350,000-499,999
89 80
355 348
2,349 2,113
500,000-999,999
102 82
470 422
11,267 9,047
1,000,000 or more
101 85
404 370
3,220 2,691
Total
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
Per 10 square miles Per 100,000
residents Per
agency Population
served
Number of full-time employees Table 1. Number of full-time employees in police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
311 Cincinnati (OH)
Milwaukee (WI) 297 1,998
Milwaukee (WI) 1,777
San Francisco (CA)
317 Buffalo (NY)
310 Miami (FL)
2,022 San Diego (CA)
1,781 Honolulu (HI)
335 Milwaukee (WI)
312 Pittsburgh (PA)
2,164 Boston (MA)
1,816 San Diego (CA)
343 New Orleans (LA)
315 Buffalo (NY)
2,168 Las Vegas (NV)
1,866 Milwaukee (WI)
354 Atlanta (GA)
348 Cleveland (OH)
2,227 San Francisco (CA)
1,949 Phoenix (AZ)
367 Boston (MA)
Boston (MA) 357 2,626
Phoenix (AZ) 2,053
Boston (MA)
381 Cleveland (OH)
Newark (NJ) 368 2,862
Dallas (TX) 2,635
Dallas (TX)
428 St. Louis (MO)
389 St. Louis (MO)
3,034 Baltimore (MD)
2,861 Baltimore (MD)
437 Detroit (MI)
389 Baltimore (MD)
3,612 Washington (DC)
4,104 Houston (TX)
463 Philadelphia (PA)
396 Atlanta (GA)
4,154 Detroit (MI)
4,506 Washington (DC)
465 Chicago (IL)
411 Philadelphia (PA)
5,343 Houston (TX)
4,595 Detroit (MI)
466 Baltimore (MD)
425 Chicago (IL)
7,024 Philadelphia (PA)
6,523 Philadelphia (PA)
505 New York (NY)
New York (NY) 427 9,341
Los Angeles (CA) 8,295
Los Angeles (CA)
536 Newark (NJ)
Detroit (MI) 447 13,466
Chicago (IL) 11,837
Chicago (IL)
631 Washington (DC)
742 Washington (DC)
40,435 New York (NY)
31,236 New York (NY)
2000 City
1990 City
2000 City
1990 City
Number of full-time sworn personnel per 100,000 residents Number of full-time sworn personnel
Fifteen largest local police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, by number of full-time sworn personnel and number of full-time sworn personnel per 100,000 residents served, 1990 and 2000
Minority and female representation Minority representation among local police officers in large cities increased from 29.8% in 1990 to 38.1% in 2000 (table 3). Hispanics recorded the greatest increase, from 9.2% to 14.1%.
Black representation also increased, from 18.4% in 1990 to 20.1% in 2000.
Asian and Pacific Islander representa- tion was 2.8% in 2000, up from 2.0% in 1990. The percentage of female officers rose from 12.1% in 1990 to 16.3% in 2000. (See appendix table B for minority and female officer percent- ages for all 62 local police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more.)
Using a ratio based on the percentage of sworn personnel who were members of a racial or ethnic minority relative to the percentage of city residents who were members of that minority group indicates that, on average, police departments in large cities were slightly more representative of the cities they served in 2000 than in 1990.
From 1990 to 2000, the average ratio increased from .59 to .63 for minorities overall (figure 1). That is, on average, police departments in large cities had 63 minority police officers for every 100 minority residents in 2000, compared to 59 for every 100 in 1990. For blacks or African Americans, the average ratio increased from .64 in 1990 to .74 in 2000, for Hispanics or Latinos from .54 to .56, and for other minority groups (such as Asians and American Indians) from .26 to .37.
Education and training requirements The percentage of police departments in large cities that required a 4-year degree of new officers rose from 1.6%
in 1990 to 4.8% in 2000 (table 4). The percentage requiring a 2-year degree increased from 4.8% to 9.7% during this time, and the percentage with a non-degree college requirement went from 12.9% to 22.6%. Overall, about twice as many departments had some type of college education requirement for new officers in 2000 (37.1%) as did in 1990 (19.3%).
From 1990 to 2000, the median number of classroom training hours required of new officer recruits in police depart- ments in large cities increased from 760 to 880 (table 5). The median field training requirement also increased during this time — from 520 hours to 600 hours. In 2000, police depart- ments in large cities had a median annual in-service training requirement for officers of 40 hours (data were not collected in 1990).
15.8 10.5
0.4 0.2
0.7 0.3
10.4 6.2
20.9 17.4
32.7 24.0
250,000-349,999
14.4 10.9
1.0 0.6
2.1 1.0
12.7 10.2
20.4 18.9
36.4 30.7
350,000-499,999
16.1 12.6
0.5 0.3
5.3 5.3
7.7 5.0
27.0 25.2
41.1 35.8
500,000-999,999
16.8%
12.3%
0.3%
0.2%
2.1%
0.9%
17.5%
11.4%
16.9%
15.1%
37.6%
27.6%
1,000,000 or more
16.3%
12.1%
0.4%
0.3%
2.8%
2.0%
14.1%
9.2%
20.1%
18.4%
38.1%
29.8%
Total
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
Female American Indian
Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic, any race
Black, non-Hispanic Any minority
Population served
Percent of full-time sworn personnel who were:
Table 3. Female and minority representation among full-time sworn personnel in police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
610 490
250,000-349,999
648 520
350,000-499,999
560 540
500,000-999,999
500 500
1,000,000 or more
600 520
All sizes Field training
880 756
250,000-349,999
897 760
350,000-499,999
852 760
500,000-999,999
1,111 831
1,000,000 or more
880 760
All sizes
Classroom training
2000 1990
Median number of training hours required Type of
training and population served
Table 5. Mininum training requirement for new officers in police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
*
Non-degree requirements only.0.0 1.6
None
62.9 79.0
High school
22.6 12.9
Some college*
9.7 4.8
2-year degree
4.8%
1.6%
4-year degree
100%
100%
Total
2000 1990
Percent of agencies Minimum
requirement
Table 4. Mininum education requirement for new officers in police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
Figure 1
O ther m inority H ispanic/Latino B lack/A frican A m erican A ny m inority
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
A verage officer-to-resident ratio 1990
2000 M inority gro up
A v e ra g e ra tio o f p e rc e n t m in o rity lo c a l p o lic e o ffic e rs to p e rc e n t m in o rity c ity re s id e n ts , c itie s w ith a p o p u la tio n o f 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o re , 1 9 9 0 a n d 2 0 0 0
Operating budgets
The operating budgets of police depart- ments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more totaled about $13.1 billion in fiscal 2000. Controlling for inflation (see methodological note on page 15), this was 20% more than in 1990. The per agency average was nearly $212 million in 2000 compared to about $176 million in 1990 (table 6).
Operating budgets for 2000 totaled
$266 per resident, $24 higher than in 1990. Per employee operating costs were $64,323 for 2000, about the same as in 1990 ($64,493). The overall operating budget per sworn officer increased 2% during this period, from
$83,814 to $85,786.
In 2000, departments serving 1 million or more residents had the highest per resident operating budget, $290.
Departments serving a population of 350,000 to 499,999 had the highest per employee ($73,811), and per officer ($102,539) budgets. (See appendix table C for budgetary data for all 62 local police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more.) Salaries and special pay
From 1990 to 2000, the average base starting salary for police chiefs in cities with a population of 250,000 or more increased by about 2%, from $95,393 to $97,215 (table 7). The average starting salary for chiefs was highest in departments serving 500,000 or more residents C about $105,500.
Average starting salaries for sergeants or equivalent first-line supervisors
increased by 3% from 1990 ($49,081) to 2000 ($50,541), while starting salaries for entry-level officers declined by about 1%, from $35,002 to $34,556.
From 1990 to 2000, the percentage of police departments in large cities that offered shift differential pay to officers increased from 66% to 76% (table 8).
Nearly all (93%) of the departments serving 250,000 to 349,999 residents offered this type of special pay in 2000.
About 3 in 5 departments offered education incentive pay in 1990 (60%) and 2000 (61%). Those serving 250,000 to 349,999 residents (71%) were the most likely to offer it in 2000.
From 1990 to 2000, the percentage of departments offering hazardous duty pay declined slightly, from 56% to 50%.
In 2000, a majority of the departments serving 500,000 to 999,999 residents (57%) offered this type of special pay.
The percentage of departments with merit pay in 2000 (34%) was about the same as in 1990 (35%). Those serving 1 million or more residents (50%) or 350,000 to 499,999 residents (47%) were the most likely to offer merit pay.
Note: All data are presented in 2000 dollars
.
89,364 81,747
65,788 62,470
229 196
71,229,731 59,757,009
250,000-349,999
102,539 91,352
73,811 67,715
237 200
99,818,601 77,063,388
350,000-499,999
91,127 84,109
69,391 64,667
250 228
165,117,265 138,511,331
500,000-999,999
$79,804
$82,450
$60,061
$64,024
$290
$272
$695,642,921
$586,494,149 1,000,000 or more
$85,786
$83,814
$64,323
$64,493
$266
$242
$211,581,036
$176,134,761 Total
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
Per sworn employee Per employee
Per resident Per agency
Population served
Annual operating budget Table 6. Annual operating budget of police departments
serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
29 43
250,000-349,999
47 35
350,000-499,999
19 19
500,000-999,999
50%
60%
1,000,000 or more
34%
35%
All sizes Merit pay
43 43
250,000-349,999
47 71
350,000-499,999
57 57
500,000-999,999
50%
50%
1,000,000 or more
50%
56%
All sizes
Hazardous duty pay
71 50
250,000-349,999
59 65
350,000-499,999
57 62
500,000-999,999
60%
60%
1,000,000 or more
61%
60%
All sizes
Education incentive pay
93 86
250,000-349,999
65 53
350,000-499,999
71 62
500,000-999,999
80%
70%
1,000,000 or more
76%
66%
All sizes
Shift differential pay
2000 1990
Percent of agencies:
Type of pay and population served
Table 8. Types of special pay for sworn personnel in police depart- ments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
Note: All data are presented in 2000 dollars.
35,095 35,158
250,000-349,999
34,476 35,742
350,000-499,999
34,454 34,306
500,000-999,999
$34,153
$34,986 1,000,000 or more
$34,556
$35,002 All sizes
Entry-level patrol officer
52,298 49,143
250,000-349,999
48,718 48,279
350,000-499,999
51,265 49,042
500,000-999,999
$49,726
$50,444 1,000,000 or more
$50,541
$49,081 All sizes
Sergeant or equivalent
87,989 86,430
250,000-349,999
89,050 88,789
350,000-499,999
105,488 98,401
500,000-999,999
$105,524
$113,150 1,000,000 or more
$97,215
$95,393 All sizes
Chief
2000 1990
Average minimum starting annual salary Position and
population served
Table 7. Minimum starting salaries in police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
UCR violent crimes
From 1990 to 2000, according to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), the number of violent Crime Index offenses (murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) reported to police departments in cities with 250,000 or more residents declined 34% C from an average of 13,091 per department to 8,686 (table 9).
The drop in the rate of violent crimes per 100,000 residents was even larger, falling from a rate of 1,802 violent crimes per 100,000 residents in 1990, to 1,091 per 100,000 in 2000 — a reduction of 39%. Cities with 1 million or more residents had the largest decrease (46%), led by a 60% drop in New York City. (See appendix table D for UCR violent crime data for all 62 local police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more.) A large reduction in violent crime also occurred in the number reported per officer employed. In 2000 there were 353 violent crimes per 100 sworn personnel, 43% fewer than the 1990 rate of 623 per 100. Among cities with 1 million or more residents, the decline was 51%, including 57% in New York.
By specific type of violent crime, the number of murders per 100,000 residents declined from an average of 21 per city in 1990 to 13 in 2000; forci- ble rapes, from 84 to 52; robberies, from 671 to 399; and aggravated assaults, from 786 to 603 (figure 2).
UCR property crimes
From 1990 to 2000, the number of UCR property Crime Index offenses (larceny- theft, burglary, motor vehicle theft) in large cities decreased 31%, from an average of 60,563 per city to 41,571.
In 2000, there were 5,221 property crimes per 100,000 residents compared to 8,352 in 1990, a decrease of 37%. In cities with 1 million or more residents, the drop was 46%, led by New York (64%). (See appendix table E for UCR property crime data for all 62 local police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more.)
There were 41% fewer reported UCR property crimes per 100 sworn person- nel in 2000 (1,692) than in 1990 (2,887). Departments serving 1 million or more residents reported a drop in property crimes per 100 officers that exceeded 50% (from 2,425 to 1,186), with a 69% drop in New York.
The burglary rate in cities with a population of 250,000 or more declined from an average of 2,122 per 100,000 residents in 1990, to 1,167 per 100,000 residents in 2000 (figure 3). For larceny-theft, the average rate declined from 5,082 to 3,798, and for motor vehicle theft from 1,529 to 1,005.
397 649
1,018 1,553
3,171 4,739
250,000-349,999
483 782
1,115 1,710
4,696 6,579
350,000-499,999
397 556
1,072 1,506
7,083 9,154
500,000-999,999
305 620
1,108 2,056
26,558 44,123
1,000,000 or more
353 623
1,091 1,802
8,686 13,091
All sizes
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
Per 100 sworn personnel Per 100,000
residents Per
agency Population
served
Number of UCR violent crime index offenses
Table 9. UCR violent crime index offenses reported to police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
2,344 3,514
6,013 8,407
18,732 25,652
250,000-349,999
2,773 4,201
6,398 9,190
26,959 35,348
350,000-499,999
2,197 3,109
5,933 8,424
39,208 51,205
500,000-999,999
1,186 2,425
4,312 8,038
103,346 172,513
1,000,000 or more
1,692 2,887
5,221 8,352
41,571 60,653
All sizes
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
Per 100 sworn personnel Per 100,000
residents Per
agency Population
served
Number of UCR property crime index offenses
Table 10. UCR property crime index offenses reported to police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
1990 U C R v io le n t c rim e in d e x o ffe n s e s , c itie s w ith a p o p u la tio n o f 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o re , 1 9 9 0 a n d 2 0 0 0
2000 T ype of vio lent crim e
A ggravated assault R obbery F orcible rap e M urder
0 200 400 600 800
A verage nu m ber per 100,000 res idents 1990
2000
M otor vehicle theft Larceny-the ft
B urglary
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
N um ber per 100,000 residents T ype of prop erty crim e
U C R p ro p e rty c rim e In d e x o ffe n s e s , c itie s w ith a p o p u la tio n o f 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o re , 1 9 9 0 a n d 2 0 0 0
2000 1990
Figure 2 Figure 3
Special units
Police departments in large cities operated various types of special units to address crime-related problems and to provide resources to those affected by crime. In 1990 and 2000, more than three-fourths of departments had full- time special units or part-time person- nel assigned to general crime preven- tion, child abuse, juvenile crime, drug education in schools, missing children, drunk drivers, and gangs (table 11).
In 2000 a majority of departments had personnel assigned full time to special units for gangs (84%), domestic vio- lence (81%), child abuse (77%), crime prevention (76%), drug education in schools (73%), juvenile crime (68%), and missing children (66%).
Seventy-one percent of departments operated a full-time unit or had part- time personnel assigned to victim assistance in 2000 compared to 45% in 1990. The percentage with full-time victim assistance units rose from 32%
to 47% during this time.
Ninety-seven percent of departments operated either a full-time domestic violence unit or had personnel assigned part-time to deal with the problem in 2000, compared to 61% in 1990. The percentage with full-time units
increased from 50% to 81% during this time.
From 1990 to 2000, the percentage with personnel assigned on at least a part-time basis to address gang-related
problems rose from 89% to 98%, and the percentage with a full-time gang unit increased from 69% to 84%.
The percentage of departments with personnel assigned at least part-time to handle bias-related crimes increased from 58% in 1990 to 71% in 2000;
however, the percentage with a full- time unit dropped from 34% to 26%
during this time.
71 58
26 34
Bias-related crimes
81 76
40 56
Drunk drivers
95 98
73 90
Drug education
98 89
84 69
Gangs
84 94
68 81
Juvenile crime
95 95
66 89
Missing children
92 95
77 87
Child abuse
97 61
81 50
Domestic violence
58 76
31 66
Prosecutor relations
57 77
34 68
Repeat offenders
97 100
76 95
Crime prevention
71%
45%
47%
32%
Victim assistance
2000 1990
2000 1990
Full-time special unit or part-time personnel Full-time
special unit:
Type of special unit
Percent of agencies with:
Table 11. Special units operated by police departments
serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
Since the enactment of the 1994 Crime Act and the subsequent creation of the Department of Justice’s Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), most police departments have taken steps to implement community policing.
The COPS office facilitated this effort by providing funding to deploy commu- nity policing officers, facilitate problem solving efforts, encourage interactions with communities by officers, promote innovations in policing, and enhance existing technologies.
Although such data were not collected in 1990, the 2000 LEMAS survey pro- vided several measures of large city police departments’ community polic- ing efforts. For example, 94% of the departments provided all new officer recruits with at least 8 hours of community policing training during the 12-month period ending June 30, 2000.
Also, nearly all departments had full- time sworn personnel serving as community policing officers with a mean of 21% and a median of 5% of all officers so assigned.
Seventy-one percent of departments had a formal, written community polic- ing plan, while 29% had an informal plan. Other indicators of community policing in large cities:
61%
Formed problem-solving partnerships through specialized contracts or written agreements
63%
Conducted or sponsored a survey of citizens on crime or police-related topics
76%
Upgraded technology to support community policing
77%
Actively encouraged patrol officers to engage in SARA-type problem-solving projects on their beats
79%
Trained citizens in community policing techniques such as community mobilization and problem solving
84%
Assigned detectives to cases based on geographic areas/beats
87%
Conducted a citizen police academy
90%
Gave patrol officers responsibility for specific geographic areas/beats
100%
Met at least quarterly with citizen groups to discuss crime-related problems
Percent of agencies Type of community policing activity during
12-month period ending June 30, 2000 Community policing initiatives of police departments in large cities, 2000
Drug enforcement
All but 1 of the 62 local police depart- ments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more reported in the 2000 LEMAS survey that they had receipts from a drug asset forfeiture program during the prior year, as did 60 departments in the 1990 survey.
Although data on the value of the goods, money, and property received were not collected in 1990, it totalled an estimated $108.2 million in 1999, or about $708 per sworn officer.
Estimated value of drug asset forfeiture receipts, police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1999
Population Total Per
served (in millions) officer
All sizes $108.2 $708
1,000,000 or more $58.7 $674 500,000 - 999,999 25.0 657 350,000 - 499,999 14.0 845 250,000 - 349,999 10.5 939
Departments had an average of 15 full- time officers each assigned to a multi- agency drug enforcement task force in 2000, compared to 13 in 1990. As a percentage of all officers, the average decreased slightly, from 1.0% in 1990 to 0.9% in 2000 (table 12).
From 1990 to 2000, departments serving a population of 1 million or more increased their average number of officers assigned to a task force from an average of 21, or 0.3% of all
officers, to an average of 48, or 0.7%.
The average number of officers per department assigned to a special unit for drug enforcement increased from 86 in 1990 to 123 in 2000; however, the average percentage of all officers so assigned in 2000 (3.5%) was lower than in 1990 (4.4%) (table 13). The largest drop was among departments serving 350,000 to 499,999 residents C from an average of 6.3% of officers in 1990 to 3.4% in 2000.
Equipment
In 1990 nearly all police departments serving 250,000 or more residents authorized the use of both semiauto- matic (98%) and revolver (97%) sidearms; however, the percentage authorizing revolvers had dropped to 65% by 2000 (table 14). All depart- ments authorized semiautomatic sidearms in 2000.
From 1990 to 2000, the percentage of police departments in large cities requiring all patrol officers to wear protective body armor increased from 21% to 48%. During this time, the percentage of departments that
required at least some patrol officers to wear armor rose from 31% to 69%
(table 15). Departments serving 250,000 to 349,999 residents (43%) were the least likely to have a body armor requirement for patrol officers during 2000.
1.2 8
1.1 6
250,000-349,999
1.1 10
1.5 10
350,000-499,999
0.7 11
0.8 15
500,000-999,999
0.7%
48 0.3%
21 1,000,000 or more
0.9%
15 1.0%
13 All sizes
Average percent Average
number Average
percent Average
number Population
served
2000 1990
Officers assigned full-time to drug task force:
Table 12. Officers assigned to a multi-agency drug task force by police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
4.0 30
3.7 28
250,000-349,999
3.4 33
6.3 48
350,000-499,999
3.3 69
3.6 55
500,000-999,999
3.6%
474 3.5%
289 1,000,000 or more
3.5%
123 4.4%
86 All sizes
Average percent Average
number Average
percent Average
number Population
served
2000 1990
Officers assigned full-time to special drug unit Table 13. Officers assigned to a special drug enforce- ment unit in police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
50 100 100
100 250,000-349,999
59 100 100
100 350,000-499,999
71 95 100
95 500,000-999,999
80%
90%
100%
100%
1,000,000 or more
65%
97%
100%
98%
All sizes
2000 1990 2000
1990
Revolver Semiautomatic
Population served
Percent of agencies authorizing field/patrol officers to use semi- automatic sidearms or revolvers Table 14. Types of sidearms authorized by police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
7 36
43 0
21 21
250,000-349,999
18 59
77 12
18 30
350,000-499,999
38 43
81 10
19 29
500,000-999,999
10%
60%
70%
20%
30%
50%
1,000,000 or more
21%
48%
69%
10%
21%
31%
All sizes
Some All
Total Some
All Total
2000 Population 1990
served
Percent of agencies requiring field/patrol officers to wear protective body armor Table 15. Body armor policies for field/patrol officers in police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
Vehicles
In 2000, 29% of police departments in large cities operated airplanes, about the same percentage as in 1990 (26%) (table 16). Nearly all departments with planes had just one, with no more than four operated by any department. In 2000 those serving a population of 1 million or more (50%) were the most likely to operate an airplane.
Sixty-six percent of departments op- erated at least one helicopter in 2000, compared to 55% in 1990. The median number of helicopters operated was 2 with a maximum of 19. Ninety percent of departments serving a population of 1 million or more operated helicopters during 2000.
From 1990 to 2000, the percentage of departments using boats increased from 48% to 58%. Among those using boats in 2000, the median number operated was 3, and the maximum was 27. About three-fourths of the depart- ments serving a population of 500,000 or more used boats during 2000.
Among land vehicles, motorcycle use increased slightly, from 90% of depart- ments in 1990 to 95% in 2000.
A much more substantial increase was observed for bicycles, with 98% of departments using them in 2000, compared to 39% in 1990 (table 18).
On average, departments operated 44 bicycles per 1,000 sworn personnel in 2000 compared to 3 per 1,000 in 1990 (figure 4).
Police departments in large cities operated 307 marked cars per 1,000 sworn personnel in 2000, 17% more than in 1990 (263). The ratio of un- marked cars also increased, from 188 per 1,000 sworn personnel in 1990 to 207 per 1,000 in 2000.
The percentage of departments allow- ing officers to drive marked vehicles between work and home increased from 39% in 1990 to 55% in 2000 (table 19). However, the percentage of departments allowing officers to use these vehicles for personal errands decreased from 24% to 13%.
B icycles M otorcycle s U nm arked cars M arked ca rs
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
A verage n um ber operated per 1,000 sw orn person nel T ype of v e hicle
N u m b e r o f v e h ic le s p e r 1 ,0 0 0 s w o rn p e rs o n n e l o p e ra te d b y p o lic e d e p a rtm e n ts in la rg e c itie s , 1 9 9 0 a n d 2 0 0 0
2000 1990 93
71 250,000-349,999
94 94
350,000-499,999
95 95
500,000-999,999
100%
100%
1,000,000 or more
95%
90%
All sizes
2000 1990
Percent of agencies using motorcycles Population
served
Table 17. Use of motorcycles by police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
93 29
250,000-349,999
100 41
350,000-499,999
100 38
500,000-999,999
100%
50%
1,000,000 or more
98%
39%
All sizes
2000 1990
Percent of agencies using bicycles Population
served
Table 18. Use of bicycles by police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
50 36
36 21
7 7
250,000-349,999
35 29
82 53
41 24
350,000-499,999
76 62
62 67
24 33
500,000-999,999
70%
70%
90%
80%
50%
40%
1,000,000 or more
58%
48%
66%
55%
29%
26%
Total
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
Boats Helicopters
Airplanes Population
served
Percent of agencies using:
Table 16. Use of off-land vehicles by police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
43 7
50 14
21 36
250,000-349,999
53 18
71 24
35 59
350,000-499,999
48 19
67 14
19 33
500,000-999,999
10%
0%
10%
0%
20%
20%
1,000,000 or more
42%
13%
55%
15%
24%
39%
All sizes
Personal use not allowed Personal
use allowed Total
Personal use not allowed Personal
use allowed Total
Population served
2000 1990
Percent of agencies allowing officers to take marked vehicles home Table 19. Marked vehicle use policies of police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
Figure 4
Computers and information systems The increase in computerization among police departments in large cities from 1990 to 2000 was evident
in a variety of areas. For example, all departments were using computer- aided dispatch systems in 2000, compared to 90% in 1990 (table 20).
Participation in enhanced 9-1-1 emergency systems, capable of
pinpointing a caller’s location automati- cally, increased from 76% of depart- ments in 1990 to 97% in 2000 (table 21). In 2000, all departments serving 250,000 to 999,999 residents were using enhanced 9-1-1.
Increases in the percentage of depart- ments using in-field computers or terminals were also observed. Ninety- two percent of police departments in large cities used them in 2000, compared to 73% in 1990 (table 22).
All departments serving 500,000 or more residents were using in-field computers or terminals during 2000.
The use of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) rose from 60% of departments in 1990 to 97% in 2000 (table 23). In 2000 all departments serving 350,000 or more residents had AFIS access.
The percentage of departments with exclusive or shared ownership of an AFIS system increased from 57% to 71% during this time.
In terms of the technological measures provided by LEMAS, nearly all police departments in large cities had advanced capabilities in 2000 (figure 5). This included the use of
computer-aided dispatch, enhanced 9-1-1, automated fingerprint identifica- tion, and in-field computers.
79 43
250,000-349,999
88 77
350,000-499,999
100 81
500,000-999,999
100%
90%
1,000,000 or more
92%
73%
All sizes
2000 1990
Percent of agencies using in-field computers or terminals
Population served
Table 22. Use of in-field computers or terminals by police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
Note: System ownership may have been exclusive or shared.
21 64
85 0
36 36
250,000-349,999
35 65
100 6
71 77
350,000-499,999
29 71
100 5
57 62
500,000-999,999
10%
90%
100%
0%
60%
60%
1,000,000 or more
26%
71%
97%
3%
57%
60%
All sizes
Remote terminal Owned
system Total
Remote terminal Owned
system Total
Population served
2000 1990
Percent of agencies with AFIS capability through — Table 23. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) capabilities of police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
93 64
250,000-349,999
100 82
350,000-499,999
100 76
500,000-999,999
90%
80%
1,000,000 or more
97%
76%
All sizes
2000 1990
Percent of agencies with enhanced 9-1-1 Population
served
Table 21. Use of an enhanced 9-1-1 system by police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
100 86
250,000-349,999
100 94
350,000-499,999
100 90
500,000-999,999
100%
90%
1,000,000 or more
100%
90%
All sizes
2000 1990
Percent of agencies using computer- aided dispatch Population
served
Table 20. Use of computer-aided dispatch by police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
T e c h n o lo g ic a l c a p a b ilitie s o f p o lic e d e p a rtm e n ts in la rg e c itie s , 1 9 9 0 a n d 2 0 0 0
In-field co m puters/term inals A utom ated fingerprint ID E nhanced 9-1-1 C om puter-aided dispatch
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
P ercent of agencies
2000 1990
Figure 5
14.8 269
234 9.4
689 630
30.5 394 302
24.3 1,009 Louisville (KY) 812
45.6 536
368 44.7
1,466 1,013
30.6 598 458
29.8 1,635 1,260 Newark (NJ)
2.9 147
143 10.9
407 367
6.9 213 200
15.2 592 Corpus Christi (TX) 514
2.6 201
195 8.3
576 532
5.4 278 264
11.1 798 St. Paul (MN) 718
0.8 317
315 -10.1
928 1,032
8.1 388 359
-3.6 1,135 1,177 Buffalo (NY)
5.2 309
294 14.0
939 824
4.7 405 387
13.5 1,229 1,083 Tampa (FL)
7.2 220
205 1.0
690 683
16.7 258 221
9.9 810 Toledo (OH) 737
-6.3 121
129 15.4
397 344
-3.1 179 185
19.3 588 Anaheim (CA) 493
20.7 311
258 9.8
1,030 938
24.5 399 320
13.3 1,321 1,166 Cincinnati (OH)
7.1 146
136 36.2
485 356
9.4 193 177
39.2 643 462 Arlington (TX)
-0.7 310
312 -10.1
1,036 1,153
17.3 393 335
6.1 1,315 1,239 Pittsburgh (PA)
-8.1 120
130 5.8
404 382
8.7 208 192
25.0 704 563 Santa Ana (CA)
27.1 177
139 44.0
609 423
67.6 319 190
89.8 1,097 Wichita (KS) 578
9.9%
428 389
-3.6%
1,489 1,544
5.5%
597 566
-7.4%
2,078 2,244 St. Louis (MO)
250,000 to 349,999
12.4 162
144 44.3
586 406
15.1 242 210
47.7 873 591 Colorado Springs (CO)
-1.1 306
310 0.0
1,110 1,110
2.4 410 401
3.6 1,487 1,436 Miami (FL)
7.7 236
219 11.9
902 806
22.8 304 248
27.5 1,163 912 Minneapolis (MN)
8.7 192
177 26.3
750 594
8.4 239 221
25.9 933 Omaha (NE) 741
9.0 208
191 16.7
819 702
3.6 249 240
10.9 977 Tulsa (OK) 881
35.7 181
133 86.7
717 384
41.4 286 202
94.5 1,132 Mesa (AZ) 582
7.4 178
165 15.3
710 616
7.4 272 254
15.3 1,088 944 Oakland (CA)
-1.5 160
162 8.5
650 599
5.6 248 234
16.4 1,008 866 Sacramento (CA)
-10.6 354
396 -5.5
1,474 1,560
-2.0 476 486
3.5 1,984 1,916 Atlanta (GA)
11.6 170
152 20.8
721 597
2.3 207 203
10.7 881 796 Virginia Beach (VA)
31.9 160
121 59.2
683 429
27.5 236 185
53.9 1,011 657 Fresno (CA)
7.6 284
264 9.1
1,253 1,148
6.0 419 395
7.6 1,848 1,718 Kansas City (MO)
-8.8 191
210 6.3
859 808
-10.5 276 308
4.4 1,236 1,184 Albuquerque (NM)
27.5 191
150 37.0
881 643
31.0 295 225
40.8 1,363 Long Beach (CA) 968
9.3 381
348 3.5
1,822 1,761
22.4 499 407
15.8 2,386 2,060 Cleveland (OH)
22.1 343
281 19.1
1,664 1,397
24.7 423 339
21.6 2,050 1,686 New Orleans (LA)
3.8%
191 184
24.6%
928 745
5.5%
257 244
26.7%
1,253 Tucson (AZ) 989
350,000 to 499,999
2.9 200
194 17.1
1,011 863
-3.7 251 260
9.6 1,269 1,158 Oklahoma City (OK)
8.2 190
176 30.9
1,007 769
16.6 255 218
41.0 1,347 955 Portland (OR)
5.4 224
212 25.9
1,196 950
0.7 282 280
20.3 1,510 1,255 Fort Worth (TX)
-4.8 268
282 13.0
1,489 1,318
-2.5 325 333
15.7 1,802 1,558 Denver (CO)
-9.1 224
246 -0.8
1,261 1,271
-1.0 340 344
8.1 1,918 1,775 Seattle (WA)
30.9 188
143 43.2
1,057 738
33.1 240 180
45.6 1,351 El Paso (TX) 928
9.8 219
200 22.5
1,249 1,020
15.0 297 258
28.4 1,693 1,319 Nashville (TN)
-15.0 631
742 -19.8
3,612 4,506
-9.9 781 867
-15.0 4,468 5,259 Washington (DC)
2.7 367
357 5.4
2,164 2,053
8.3 517 477
11.1 3,046 2,741 Boston (MA)
12.7 335
297 7.1
1,998 1,866
14.4 414 362
8.7 2,472 2,274 Milwaukee (WI)
14.0 231
202 55.1
1,442 930
14.1 298 261
55.2 1,864 1,201 Charlotte (NC)
29.3 293
226 37.8
1,904 1,382
25.3 429 343
33.4 2,791 2,092 Memphis (TN)
19.9 466
389 6.0
3,034 2,861
20.8 560 464
6.9 3,649 3,414 Baltimore (MD)
2.1 174
171 43.9
1,144 795
8.5 252 232
53.0 1,656 1,082 Austin (TX)
12.3 245
218 26.3
1,744 1,381
10.6 301 272
24.4 2,144 1,724 Columbus (OH)
11.9 208
186 29.6
1,530 1,181
5.5 345 327
22.2 2,541 2,080 Jacksonville (FL)
1.9 207
203 10.9
1,592 1,436
4.5 313 299
13.7 2,402 2,113 Indianapolis (IN)
16.8 287
245 25.3
2,227 1,777
-8.5 324 354
-1.8 2,520 2,566 San Francisco (CA)
-4.0 205
213 0.6
1,792 1,781
-2.4 259 265
2.3 2,270 2,220 Honolulu (HI)
10.9 157
142 26.8
1,408 1,110
8.1 202 187
23.7 1,812 1,465 San Jose (CA)
-2.3%
437 447
-9.6%
4,154 4,595
-0.2%
505 506
-7.7%
4,804 5,203 Detroit (MI)
500,000 to 999,999
12.7 213
189 86.6
2,168 1,162
11.4 322 289
84.4 3,286 1,782 Las Vegas (NV)
-2.4 164
168 19.4
1,882 1,576
2.1 209 204
24.8 2,387 1,912 San Antonio (TX)
-8.0 241
262 8.6
2,862 2,635
-12.9 302 346
2.8 3,586 3,487 Dallas (TX)
1.1 165
164 11.3
2,022 1,816
-0.2 224 225
9.9 2,746 2,498 San Diego (CA)
0.3 199
198 34.7
2,626 1,949
-2.2 257 263
31.3 3,394 2,584 Phoenix (AZ)
12.5 463
411 7.7
7,024 6,523
12.6 522 464
7.8 7,928 7,354 Philadelphia (PA)
8.7 273
252 30.2
5,343 4,104
11.3 381 342
33.4 7,440 5,579 Houston (TX)
9.4 465
425 13.8
13,466 11,837
6.2 569 536
10.4 16,466 14,909 Chicago (IL)
6.2 253
238 12.6
9,341 8,295
6.8 336 315
13.2 12,409 10,695 Los Angeles (CA)
18.4%
505 427
29.4%
40,435 31,236
23.1%
662 538
34.6%
53,029 39,398 New York (NY)
1,000,000 or more
Percent change 2000
1990 Percent change 2000
1990 Percent change 2000
1990 Percent change 2000
1990 Population
category and city
Per 100,000 residents Total number
Per 100,000 residents Total number
Full-time sworn personnel Full-time employees
Appendix table A. Full-time employees of police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
0.21 0.4
0.0 0.51
16.8 16.5
17.7 0.48 16.5
16.3 Louisville (KY) 11.1
0.93 27.5
10.7 0.69
36.8 31.3
64.3 0.83 42.0
11.9 3.0
Newark (NJ)
0.76 41.3
41.1 0.68
3.2 4 4.1
45.0 1.07 46.0
6.6 Corpus Christi (TX) 6.0
0.42 3.3
2.3 0.56
6.6 4 4.9
13.4 0.41 9.2
16.1 St. Paul (MN) 7.1
1.07 8.1
6.0 0.63
23.5 19.2
0.68 31.9
25.7 20.9
12.9 Buffalo (NY)
0.67 12.9
11.3 0.48
12.4 11.8
0.57 27.2
23.7 15.4
15.5 Tampa (FL)
1.24 6.8
4.1 0.81
19.1 17.0
26.2 0.86 21.2
21.0 Toledo (OH) 13.9
0.38 17.6
10.2 0.74
2.0 2 2.3
23.7 0.49 15.4
10.3 Anaheim (CA) 6.4
0.00 0.0
0.3 0.67
28.7 16.5
30.0 0.65 17.2
19.6 10.1
Cincinnati (OH)
0.69 12.6
6.2 0.88
12.0 6.7
30.5 0.85 12.9
14.8 8.1
Arlington (TX)
0.00 0.0
0.2 0.92
24.9 2 24.3
24.9 0.80 24.6
24.6 Pittsburgh (PA) 22.8
0.48 36.9
24.6 0.71
1.2 2 2.4
42.1 0.76 29.6
10.4 3.9
Santa Ana (CA)
0.55 5.3
2.8 0.81
9.2 4 4.7
17.9 0.68 7.8
10.7 Wichita (KS) 5.9
0.55 1.1%
0.5%
0.62 31.9%
26.3%
0.61 2 33.8%
26.8%
13.3%
St. Louis (MO) 7.1%
250,000 to 349,999
0.88 10.6
8.4 0.83
5.5 4 4.9
18.6 0.75 14.3
12.5 7.1
Colorado Springs (CO)
0.81 53.6
44.5 1.22
27.2 19.9
81.4 0.92 64.7
17.6 12.1
Miami (FL)
0.45 3.4
2.1 0.34
6.2 3.2
15.7 0.42 8.4
15.7 10.5
Minneapolis (MN)
0.73 5.5
2.7 0.83
11.1 10.8
18.1 0.74 14.0
19.7 Omaha (NE) 8.2
0.22 1.6
0.4 0.70
10.9 9.1
21.4 0.65 13.8
14.0 Tulsa (OK) 11.1
0.75 14.8
6.0 1.04
2.6 1.0
19.7 0.74 8.0
10.2 Mesa (AZ) 8.9
0.74 16.2
10.7 0.73
25.9 2 25.3
54.5 0.71 44.6
10.1 7.0
Oakland (CA)
0.53 11.5
11.9 0.42
6.5 6.3
29.4 0.49 25.7
13.7 9.7
Sacramento (CA)
0.29 1.3
1.6 0.93
57.1 52.5
59.2 0.86 54.1
16.6 12.9
Atlanta (GA)
0.40 1.7
1.5 0.51
9.6 8.0
0.47 14.4
11.2 10.4
9.5 Virginia Beach (VA)
0.67 26.8
20.3 0.75
6.3 7.7
0.61 38.1
30.1 10.7
6.1 Fresno (CA)
0.55 3.8
2.3 0.39
12.1 12.9
16.9 0.40 15.5
14.9 11.7
Kansas City (MO)
0.91 36.3
37.9 0.65
2.0 2 2.4
39.7 0.79 42.0
11.4 11.3
Albuquerque (NM)
0.52 18.5
10.1 0.44
6.5 5.3
32.7 0.49 17.3
10.6 Long Beach (CA) 8.7
0.81 5.9
3.3 0.53
27.0 2 24.6
33.5 0.55 27.9
16.9 Cleveland (OH) 12.8
0.61 1.9
0.6 0.76
51.4 39.4
54.0 0.74 40.1
14.5 12.0
New Orleans (LA)
0.58 20.7%
20.0%
0.79 3.4%
3.1%
26.7% 0.58 24.4%
15.7%
12.2%
Tucson (AZ) 350,000 to 499,999
0.24 2.4
1.0 0.49
7.6 7.3
12.9 0.37 11.0
11.3 10.8
Oklahoma City (OK)
0.35 2.4
2.0 0.50
3.3 3.1
10.4 0.42 7.6
16.6 11.7
Portland (OR)
0.40 11.9
8.1 0.59
12.0 10.7
25.0 0.46 19.4
16.8 12.4
Fort Worth (TX)
0.60 19.1
16.2 0.90
10.0 6.8
30.7 0.64 23.7
11.1 9.4
Denver (CO)
0.87 4.6
2.4 1.18
9.9 6.5
24.3 0.76 16.1
14.4 10.2
Seattle (WA)
0.94 72.1
60.7 0.71
2.2 2 2.2
76.3 0.93 63.8
9.0 El Paso (TX) 6.4
0.23 1.1
0.5 0.72
19.3 12.5
21.5 0.60 13.0
21.9 7.8
Nashville (TN)
0.63 5.0
2.6 1.11
66.4 64.4
72.4 1.00 67.8
24.1 18.5
Washington (DC)
0.42 6.0
4.8 0.95
24.1 2 20.5
31.7 0.63 25.9
13.0 8.4
Boston (MA)
0.80 9.6
4.4 0.57
21.2 11.8
33.4 0.61 17.5
16.3 8.6
Milwaukee (WI)
0.23 1.5
0.3 0.64
17.9 2 20.3
20.5 0.52 20.6
13.9 15.5
Charlotte (NC)
0.63 1.9
0.0 0.74
45.7 32.1
0.72 47.8
32.2 16.2
14.6 Memphis (TN)
0.94 1.6
0.5 0.60
38.6 26.5
2 0.60 41.5
27.7 15.7
10.9 Baltimore (MD)
0.54 16.6
14.7 1.07
10.8 9.8
28.8 0.61 24.9
11.8 11.3
Austin (TX)
0.12 0.3
0.0 0.59
14.4 14.3
15.5 0.47 14.3
14.0 12.1
Columbus (OH)
0.29 1.2
1.1 0.67
19.5 17.5
22.6 0.60 18.9
11.0 5.0
Jacksonville (FL)
0.18 0.7
0.7 0.69
16.6 15.8
17.9 0.58 16.5
13.4 13.9
Indianapolis (IN)
0.96 13.5
10.1 1.24
9.7 8.8
40.1 0.71 29.9
15.5 11.1
San Francisco (CA)
0.39 1.7
1.1 0.67
1.6 0.8
82.5 1.03 80.4
10.3 Honolulu (HI) 8.3
0.75 22.7
19.3 1.60
5.6 3.8
36.6 0.57 29.6
8.6 San Jose (CA) 6.8
0.60 3.0%
1.3%
0.77 62.9%
51.8%
66.2% 0.74 53.4%
25.3%
20.0%
Detroit (MI) 500,000 to 999,999
0.33 7.3
3.7 1.02
9.3 7.5
19.3 0.48 13.4
10.9 Las Vegas (NV) 10.2
0.71 41.7
37.9 0.85
5.8 5.8
48.0 0.70 43.9
6.0 5.7
San Antonio (TX)
0.38 13.5
6.2 0.83
21.4 15.5
36.8 0.56 22.7
15.8 13.3
Dallas (TX)
0.63 15.9
11.4 1.10
8.7 7.7
30.7 0.61 24.0
14.5 12.7
San Diego (CA)
0.35 12.0
11.0 0.76
3.9 3.6
17.9 0.40 15.5
15.0 8.1
Phoenix (AZ)
0.66 5.6
2.8 0.80
34.5 2 23.2
41.1 0.71 26.5
24.2 14.7
Philadelphia (PA)
0.48 17.9
11.4 0.77
19.4 14.4
39.7 0.57 26.3
12.4 9.6
Houston (TX)
0.49 12.7
6.3 0.70
25.9 2 23.6
40.3 0.59 30.4
21.3 13.0
Chicago (IL)
0.71 33.1
21.0 1.21
13.6 13.4
53.9 0.77 37.5
18.4 12.5
Los Angeles (CA)
0.66 17.8%
12.1%
0.50 13.3%
12.6%
0.53 34.7%
25.5%
15.5%
12.3%
New York (NY) 1,000,000 or more
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
2000 1990
Officer-to- resident ratio, 2000 Percent of
sworn personnel Officer-to-
resident ratio, 2000 Percent of
sworn personnel Officer-to-
resident ratio, 2000 Percent of
sworn personnel Percent of
sworn personnel Population
category and city
Hispanic or Latino Black or African American
Any minority Female
Appendix table B. Percent of full-time sworn personnel who are women and minorities, and ratio of minority officers to minority residents, in police departments serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
31.3 93,375 71,556
50.8 253
168 43.6
64,721,454 45,080,533
Louisville (KY)
12.5 78,439 69,744
63.8 420
257 62.8
114,991,157 70,650,798
Newark (NJ)
20.5 94,673 78,543
24.0 139
112 33.7
38,531,910 28,825,332
Corpus Christi (TX)
14.6 110,430 96,349
17.6 222
188 24.1
63,607,453 51,257,595
St. Paul (MN)
-18.3 69,515 85,079
-17.6 220
268 -26.5
64,510,224 87,801,103
Buffalo (NY)
19.1 95,389 80,075
25.3 295
236 35.7
89,570,060 65,982,033
Tampa (FL)
14.7 93,017 81,080
23.0 205
166 15.9
64,182,050 55,377,750
Toledo (OH)
14.9 160,217 139,407
7.0 201
188 31.8
65,848,988
$49,977,230 Anaheim (CA)
20.9 75,872 62,733
45.9 236
162 32.8
78,148,540 58,843,766
Cincinnati (OH)
21.8 92,577 75,977
30.5 135
103 66.0
44,900,000 27,047,667
Arlington (TX)
-28.4 63,178 88,206
-28.8 196
275 -35.6
65,452,306 101,701,014
Pittsburgh (PA)
41.6 199,881 141,139
30.2 239
184 49.8
80,752,086 53,915,241
Santa Ana (CA)
12.7 78,818 69,924
43.3 139
97 62.3
48,000,000 29,577,966
Wichita (KS)
6.9%
$76,561
$71,606 17.5%
$327
$279 3.1%
$114,000,000
$110,560,099 St. Louis (MO)
250,000 to 349,999
0.9 95,874 95,043
13.4 156
137 45.6
56,182,134 38,587,451
Colorado Springs (CO)
-16.6 78,014 93,588
-17.5 239
290 -16.6
86,595,193 103,882,805
Miami (FL)
33.2 101,421 76,124
43.6 239
167 49.1
91,481,322 61,355,681
Minneapolis (MN)
33.9 84,413 63,053
47.0 164
112 70.7
63,943,172 37,453,397
Omaha (NE)
-9.3 77,361 85,263
-1.1 161
163 5.9
63,359,000 59,854,715
Tulsa (OK)
24.7 125,887 100,984
69.2 228
135 132.8
90,261,296 38,777,844
Mesa (AZ)
0.9 179,893 178,362
8.3 320
295 16.2
127,724,062 109,871,167
Oakland (CA)
-0.9 116,494 117,550
-8.0 186
202 1.4
75,721,000 74,702,843
Sacramento (CA)
34.9 81,009 60,064
20.6 287
238 27.4
119,407,023 93,699,529
Atlanta (GA)
0.6 80,389 79,906
12.3 136
121 21.5
57,960,815 47,703,647
Virginia Beach (VA)
-22.5 110,961 143,142
2.2 177
173 23.4
75,786,100 61,407,976
Fresno (CA)
7.2 107,299 100,111
15.3 304
264 17.0
134,445,917 114,926,917
Kansas City (MO)
14.2 88,554 77,521
4.2 170
163 21.4
76,068,000 62,636,736
Albuquerque (NM)
-10.0 151,649 168,450
16.5 294
252 25.2
135,574,459 108,313,041
Long Beach (CA)
82.8 138,310 75,651
99.9 527
263 89.2
252,000,000 133,221,062
Cleveland (OH)
-15.9 61,298 72,848
2.8 210
205 0.2
102,000,000 101,768,157
New Orleans (LA)
14.6%
$95,266
$83,107 18.9%
$182
$153 42.8%
$88,406,720
$61,914,634 Tucson (AZ)
350,000 to 499,999
33.6 92,413 69,193
37.5 185
134 56.5
93,430,016 59,713,305
Oklahoma City (OK)
6.7 108,857 101,993
15.9 208
179 40.2
110,000,000 78,432,681
Portland (OR)
48.0 99,599 67,293
56.0 223
143 86.3
119,119,884 63,928,322
Fort Worth (TX)
1.2 82,819 81,816
-3.6 222
231 14.4
123,318,114 107,833,358
Denver (CO)
25.1 107,538 85,985
13.7 241
212 24.1
135,604,854 109,287,078
Seattle (WA)
18.7 77,617 65,389
55.4 146
94 70.0
82,040,937 48,256,985
El Paso (TX)
-3.8 81,529 84,761
5.6 179
169 17.8
101,829,813 86,455,724
Nashville (TN)
41.7 87,671 61,878
20.5 554
459 13.6
316,666,268 278,822,171
Washington (DC)
20.5 94,270 78,264
23.8 346
280 27.0
204,000,000 160,676,235
Boston (MA)
-4.8 74,981 78,761
7.2 251
234 1.9
149,812,727 146,967,579
Milwaukee (WI)
26.4 77,368 61,187
44.3 179
124 96.2
111,642,098 56,903,544
Charlotte (NC)
8.2 73,529 67,928
40.0 215
154 49.1
140,000,000 93,875,910
Memphis (TN)
-3.0 76,235 78,578
16.3 355
305 2.9
231,297,485 224,811,682
Baltimore (MD)
12.5 94,133 83,662
14.8 164
143 61.9
107,687,988 66,511,125
Austin (TX)
25.8 101,612 80,802
41.3 249
176 58.8
177,210,599 111,587,657
Columbus (OH)
2.7 118,717 115,617
17.2 252
215 35.8
185,377,073 136,543,217
Jacksonville (FL)
20.1 92,035 76,625
21.0 189
156 33.2
146,520,013 110,034,203
Indianapolis (IN)
-14.8 114,821 134,742
0.7 333
331 6.8
255,706,971 239,437,393
San Francisco (CA)
8.2 78,561 72,631
3.9 161
155 8.8
140,782,160 129,355,317
Honolulu (HI)
-10.7 129,945 145,492
-1.0 204
206 13.3
182,962,392 161,496,212
San Jose (CA)
-10.9%
$84,847
$95,279 -13.0%
$371
$426 -19.5%
$352,453,163
$437,808,244 Detroit (MI)
500,000 to 999,999
-7.3 111,031 119,732
4.5 236
226 73.0
240,714,303 139,128,276
Las Vegas (NV)
39.9 104,683 74,816
36.6 172
126 67.1
197,013,318 117,910,059
San Antonio (TX)
11.2 85,954 77,307
2.3 207
202 20.8
246,000,000 203,703,864
Dallas (TX)
28.1 115,188 89,922
29.5 190
147 42.6
232,910,664 163,299,058
San Diego (CA)
-12.4 82,871 94,611
-12.1 165
188 18.0
217,617,984 184,396,384
Phoenix (AZ)
-7.3 54,759 59,046
4.3 253
243 -0.1
384,625,924 385,153,889
Philadelphia (PA)
9.4 79,706 72,872
18.9 218
183 42.4
425,867,364 299,064,866
Houston (TX)
-19.2 67,578 83,660
-11.7 314
356 -8.1
910,000,000 990,285,433
Chicago (IL)
21.1 95,459 78,800
28.7 241
188 36.4
891,679,649 653,646,007
Los Angeles (CA)
-9.1%
$79,387
$87,346 7.6%
$401
$373 17.7%
$3,210,000,000
$2,728,353,656 New York (NY)
1,000,000 or more
Percent change 2000
1990 Percent
change 2000
1990 Percent
change 2000
1990 Population
category and city
Per sworn employee Per resident
Total
Annual operating budget (in 2000 dollars) Appendix table C. Annual operating budget of police departments
serving cities with a population of 250,000 or more, 1990 and 2000
