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R E S E A R C H

Open Access

On

p

-regular

G

-conjugacy class sizes

Xianhe Zhao

1*

, Ruifang Chen

2

and Xu Geng

1

*Correspondence:

zhaoxianhe989@163.com

1College of Mathematics and

Information Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China

Full list of author information is available at the end of the article

Abstract

LetNbe a normal subgroup of ap-solvable groupG. The purpose of this paper is to investigate some properties ofNunder the condition that the two longest sizes of the non-centralp-regularG-conjugacy classes ofNare coprime. Some known results are generalized.

MSC: 20E45

Keywords: normal subgroups;G-conjugacy class sizes;p-regular elements

1 Introduction

All groups considered in this paper are finite. LetGbe a group, andxan element ofG. We denote byxGthe conjugacy class ofGcontainingxand by|xG|the size ofxG.

The relationship between thep-regular conjugacy class sizes and the structure of a group

Ghas been studied by many authors, see, for example, [–]. LetNbe a normal subgroup of a groupG. ClearlyNis the union of some conjugacy classes ofG. So, it is interesting to decide the structure ofN by some arithmetical properties of theG-conjugacy class contained inN, for example, [, , ]. Particularly, in [], we decided the structure ofN

whenNpossesses twoG-conjugate class sizes. In this paper, the case considered is thatN

has more than twoG-conjugate class sizes.

In a recent paper [], the authors studied the structure ofGunder the condition that the largest twop-regular conjugacy class sizes (say,mandn) ofGare coprime, wherem>n

andpn. Notice that, whenG=N, the conditionndividing|N/Z(N)|is of course true, so our aim is, by eliminating the assumptionpn, to investigate the properties ofN under the corresponding condition. More precisely, we prove the following.

Theorem A Let N be a normal subgroup of a p-solvable group G.If m=|bG|>|aG|=n are the two longest sizes of the non-central p-regular G-conjugacy classes of N with(m,n) = 

and n dividing|N/Z(N)|,where a,bN,then either a p-complement of N/Z(N)is a prime power order group or

(i) |N|p=|aN|p|bN|p|Z(N)|p;

(ii) |xG|=mfor any non-centralp-regular elementxC

N(b).Furthermore,CN(b)pis abelian;

(iii) ifdandtare two non-centralp-regular elements ofNsuch that|tG| =m=|dG|, then(CN(t)∩CN(d))p=Z(N)pZ(G)andnpdivides|tN|.

Based on this, in Section , we give our improvement and generalization of [] by con-sidering the case thatpdoes not dividen.

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Let π be a set of some primes; we use and for the π-component and the π-component ofx, respectively. Moreover,denotes a Hallπ-subgroup ofG,a Hall π-subgroup ofG,theπ-part ofnwhenevernis a positive integer. Apart from these,

we call an elementxnon-central ifx∈/Z(G), whereZ(G) is the center ofG. Following [] a groupGis said to be quasi-Frobenius ifG/Z(G) is a Frobenius group and then the inverse images of the kernel and a complement ofG/Z(G) are called the kernel and complement ofG.

2 Preliminaries

We first list some lemmas which are useful in the proof of our main result.

Lemma .[, Lemma .] Let N be a normal subgroup of a group G and x an element of G.Then:

(a) |xN|divides|xG|;

(b) |(Nx)G/N|divides|xG|.

Lemma . Let N be a p-solvable normal subgroup of a group G and B=bG,C=cGwith

(|B|,|C|) = ,where b,c are two p-regular elements of N.Then:

(a) G=CG(b)CG(c).

(b) BC=CBis ap-regularG-conjugacy class ofNand|BC|divides|B||C|.

Proof SetG=Nin Lemma  of [], the proof is finished.

Lemma . Let N be a p-solvable normal subgroup of a group G and Bbe a non-central p-regular G-conjugacy class of N with the largest size.Then the following properties hold:

(a) LetCbe ap-regularG-conjugacy class ofNwith(|B|,|C|) = ,then|C–C|divides |B|.

(b) Letn,m=|B|be two largestp-regularG-conjugacy class sizes ofNwith(m,n) = 

andDbe ap-regularG-conjugacy class ofNwith|D|> .If(|D|,n) = ,then|D|=m.

Proof (a) By Lemma .(b),CBis ap-regularG-conjugacy class ofN. Clearly,|CB| ≥

|B|, so the hypotheses of the lemma imply that|CB|=|B|, from which it follows that

C–CB

=B, and henceC–CB=B, consequently|C–C|divides|B|.

(b) Suppose thatAis ap-regularG-conjugacy class and|A|=n. Lemma .(b) implies thatDAis ap-regularG-conjugacy class. Also|DA| ≥ |A|, so|DA|=norm. If|DA|=n, thenD–DAis ap-regularG-conjugacy class, and henceD–DA=A, which implies that D–DA=A. It follows that|D–D|divides|A|. On the other hand,D–DA–A,

so|D–D|divides|A–A|. By (a), we find that|A–A|divides|B|, from which it

fol-lows that|D–D|divides|B|, a contradiction. Consequently|DA|=m, equivalently,|B| divides|A||D|, it follows that|D|=|B|by the hypotheses of the lemma, as wanted.

Lemma . Suppose that N is a p-solvable normal subgroup of a group G,Let Bbe a non-central p-regular G-conjugacy class of N with the largest size.Write

M=D|D is a p-regular G-conjugacy class of N with|D|,|B|= .

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Proof Write

K=D–D|Dis ap-regularG-conjugacy class ofNwith|D|,|B|= .

By the definition of MandK, we haveK = [M,G]. Let dD, whereDis ap-regular

G-conjugacy class ofNwith (|D|,|B|) = . Applying Lemma .(a), we haveπ(K)⊆π(B), which implies that (|K|,|D|) = , hence|dK|= . It shows thatK=C

K(d), soKZ(M).

Notice thatM/KZ(G/K), we find thatMis nilpotent, henceM=P×Mp, whereP∈ Sylp(M). Obviously, (Z(G)∩N)pMp. If (Z(G)∩N)p<Mp, letrπ(Mp/(Z(G)∩N)p), R∈Sylr(M), thenRG. Also = [R,G]≤[M,G] =K, we haverπ(K)⊆π(B), which

implies thatπ(Mp/(Z(G)∩N)p)⊆π(B). Suppose thatDis a generating class ofMand dD, then|dR|divides|R|, and|dR|divides|D|. The fact that (|R|,|D|) =  implies that R=CR(d), soRZ(M) by the nilpotence ofM, which shows thatMp is abelian.

3 Proof of Theorem A

In this section we are equipped to prove the main result.

Proof of TheoremA Suppose thatN/Z(N) is not a prime power order group. We will complete the proof by the following steps:

Step  We may assume that NrZ(G)for every p-prime factor r of|N|.

Otherwise, there exists ap-prime factorrof|N|such thatNrZ(G), thenN=Nr×

Nr. Obviously, Nr satisfies the condition of the theorem. Application of the induction hypothesis to |N|shows that the conclusion of the theorem holds, and hence we may assume thatNrZ(G) for everyp-prime factorrof|N|.

Step  If the p-regular element xZ(CG(b))∩N,then either xZ(G),or CG(x) =CG(b).

Obviously,CG(b)≤CG(x), which implies that|xG|divides|bG|, it follows that (|xG|,n) = .

Ifx∈/Z(G), Lemma . shows that|xG|=m, soC

G(x) =CG(b).

Step  We may assume that b is a prime power order q-element(q=p).

Letq be a prime factor ofo(b), bq be the q-component andCG(bq)=G. Notice that

CG(b) =CG(bqbq) =CG(bq)∩CG(bq)⊆CG(bq), applying Step , we haveCG(bq) =CG(b),

and this completes the proof by replacingbwithbq.

Step  CN(b) =PbQb×L,where Pbis a Sylow p-subgroup of CN(b),Qbis a Sylow

q-sub-group of CN(b),L is a {p,q}-Hall subgroup of CN(b)with LZ(CG(b)).Particularly,if LZ(G),then CN(b)pZ(CG(b)).

LetxCN(b) be a{p,q}-element. Notice thatCG(bx) =CG(b)∩CG(x)≤CG(b), we find that|bG|divides|(bx)G|, so the maximality of|bG|implies that|bG|=|(bx)G|, and hence CG(bx) =CG(b)≤CG(x), from which it follows thatxZ(CG(b)). Consequently,CN(b) =

PbQb×L, wherePbis a Sylowp-subgroup ofCN(b),Qbis a Sylowq-subgroup ofCN(b),L

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Particularly, ifLZ(G), letyLbe a non-central prime power orderr-element, then Step  implies that|yG|=m, and henceCG(y) =CG(b). By the above argument, we have CN(y) =PyRy×Ly, wherePyis a Sylowp-subgroup ofCN(b),Ryis a Sylowr-subgroup of CN(b),Lyis a{p,r}-Hall subgroup ofCN(b) withLyZ(CG(b)). Clearly,CN(b) =Pb×LLy, soCN(b)p=LLyZ(CG(b)).

Step  qm.

Ifq|m, thenqn, and of course we haveq|aN|by Lemma .. Notice that|aN|=|N: CN(a)|=|CN(b) :CN(a)∩CN(b)|, henceCN(a)∩CN(b) contains a Sylowq-subgroup of CN(b), which implies thatbCN(a)∩CN(b), thereforeaCN(b). We distinguish two cases according to the structure ofCN(b).

() IfLZ(G), Step  implies thatCN(b)pZ(CG(b)). By the aboveaCN(b), we have CG(b)≤CG(a), which leads to|aG|dividing|bG|, a contradiction.

() IfLZ(G), then we may assume thatais aq-element sinceaCN(b) =PbQb×L. For every{p,q}-elementxCN(a), we have CG(ax) =CG(a)∩CG(x)≤CG(a), the hy-pothesis of the theorem shows thatCG(ax) =CG(a)≤CG(x), from which it follows that xZ(CG(a)). Notice thatbCN(a), soxCN(b), which implies thatxL, consequently ap-complement ofN/Z(N) is a prime power order group, a contradiction.

Step  We may assume that a is a{p,q}-element.

Leta=aqaq, whereaq,aq are theq-component andq-component ofa, respectively. Notice thatCG(a) =CG(aq)∩CG(aq)⊆CG(aq); we haveaqM, whereMis ever defined

in Lemma .. If aq∈/ Z(G), then, by Lemma .,qπ(Mp/(Z(G)∩N)p)⊆π(m), in

contradiction to Step .

Step  CN(a)qZ(G)q.

Suppose that there exists a non-central q-element yCN(a), thenCG(ay) =CG(a)∩

CG(y)⊆CG(a), so we haveCG(ay) =CG(a) by the hypothesis of the theorem. It follows that ayM, which implies thatyMbecause ofaM. Soqπ(Mp/(Z(G)∩N)p)⊆π(m),

in contradiction to Step . Hence,CN(a)qZ(G)q, as required.

Step 

(.) (CN(a)∩CN(b))p=Z(N)pZ(G).

(.) |N|p=|aN|p|bN|p|Z(N)|p.

(.) Our immediate object is to show that (CN(a)∩CN(b))pZ(G). Otherwise, then

there exists a non-central p-regular elementyCN(a)∩CN(b). In view of Step , if

LZ(G), then we may assume thatyis aq-element. So theq-elementylies inCN(a), in contradiction to Step . So another possibilityLZ(G) must prevail, which implies thatyCN(b)p. Keeping in mind thatCN(b)pZ(CG(b)), we haveCG(y) =CG(b) by the

hypotheses, from which it follows thataCN(y) =CN(b). ApplyingCN(b)pZ(CG(b))

once again, we haveCG(b)≤CG(a), a contradiction, as wanted. Consequently, (CN(a)∩ CN(b))p≤(Z(G)∩N)p. Notice that (Z(G)∩N)pZ(N)pandZ(N)p≤(CN(a)∩CN(b))p,

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(.) Next, the conclusion |N|p =|aN|p|bN|p|Z(N)|p is to be dealt with. Obviously,

(|aN|,|bN|) =  by Lemma . in terms of (|aG|,|bG|) = , which implies thatN=CN(a)× CN(b). This leads to|N|=|CN(a)||CN(b)|/|CN(a)∩CN(b)|, and hence|N|=|aN||bN| × |CN(a)∩CN(b)|. Notice that (CN(a)∩CN(b))p=Z(N)p, and we have|N|p=|aN|p|bN|p× |Z(N)|p, as wanted.

Step  It followed that n=|aN|pα,whereα.And hence,if LZ(G),|aG|is at most a {p,q}-number.

Notice that|N|=|aN||bN||CN(a)CN(b)|and (CN(a)CN(b))

p =Z(N)p, and by the

hypothesis thatndivides|N/Z(N)|, we haven=|aN|pα, whereα. On the other hand, |aN|=|CN(b)|/|CN(a)CN(b)|. By what has already been proved, we find that, ifLZ(G),

then|aN|is at most a{p,q}-number, and so is|aG|.

Step  |xG|=m for any non-central p-regular element xCN(b),and therefore CN(b)p is abelian.

By the structure ofCN(b), we distinguish two cases:

() If LZ(G), thenCN(b)pZ(CG(b)) by Step . Obviously,CN(b)p is abelian. In

addition, for any non-centralp-regular elementxCN(b), we find that|xG|divides|bG|,

application of Lemma . yields|xG|=m.

() IfLZ(G), by Step , we know|aG|is at most a{p,q}-number. Also,xC N(b) = PbQb×Lis a non-centralp-regular element; we may assume thatxQb\Z(G) if necessary by a suitable conjugate.

On the other hand, we knowMp is abelian andZ(G)qNMpCN(a), by Step ,

we can writeMp =S×(Z(G)qN) whereq|S|. Notice thatxacts coprimely on the

abelian subgroupS, and by coprime action properties, we have

S=S,x×CS(x).

Denote byU= [S,x]. AsaS, we can writea=uwwithuU,wCS(x). Consider the elementg=wx; we have

CG(g) =CG(w)∩CG(x)≤CG(x).

If|gG|=m, then|xG|=mby Lemma . since|xG|divides|gG|.

If|gG|=n, notice that|xG|divides|gG|, thenxM

q. However,MqCN(a)qZ(G)q,

a contradiction.

So we are left with only one alternative:|gG|<n. Keeping in mind thatGis ap-solvable

group, letT be a Hall{p,q}-subgroup ofG, ST is a subgroup of GsinceS is a normal subgroup ofG. Notice that

ST:CST(g)≤gG<n=aG

=G:CG(a)

=G:CG(a){p,q}

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Moreover, sinceSG,Sis abelian,ST= , andSCG(w) we have

CST(g) =CST(w)∩CST(x)

=SCT(w)∩CS(x)CT(x)

=CS(x)SCT(w)∩CT(x)

=CS(x)CT(w)∩CT(x). (.)

We denoteD=CT(w)∩CT(x). Combining (.) and (.), we have

|T| |CG(a)|{p,q}>

|S||T| |CS(x)||D|.

This implies that|D|:|CG(a)|{p,q}>|S:CS(x)|=|U|.

On the other hand, asDCG(x) andU= [S,x], thenDnormalizesU. Also,

CD(u) =CG(u)∩D=CT(u)∩CT(w)∩CT(x)≤CT(a)∩CT(x),

so

CD(u)≤CT(a)∩CT(x)≤CG(a){p,q}.

Therefore

uD=D:CD(u)=|D|:CD(u)≥ |D|:CG(a){p,q}>|U|,

a contradiction.

So the argument on the above three cases forces|xG|=m.

Next, we show that (CN(b))p is abelian whenLZ(G). Notice thatCN(b) =PbQb×L,

it is enough to show that Qb is abelian. For any non-central element xQb, we have CS(x)≤Z(G)p. Otherwise, by the above, we have|xG|=m. Replacingbwithx, we have

(CN(a)∩CN(b))pZ(G), which contradicts Step . ThereforeQb/QbZ(G) acts on the

groupS/SZ(G) fixed-point-freely, which implies thatQb/QbZ(G) is cyclic or a gen-eralized quaternion. So, ifQbis not abelian, thenq=  andQb/QbZ(G) is a generalized quaternion group. NowbZ(Qb) butb∈/ Z(G), so there exists an elementyQb and

y∈/Z(Qb) such thatb=ycwherecZ(G)Qb. SoCG(y)CG(b), which indicates that yZ(CG(b)), and of course we haveyZ(Qb), a contradiction. ThereforeQbis abelian, as

required.

Step  If d and t are two non-central p-regular elements of N such that|tG| =m=|dG|, then:

(.) (CN(t)∩CN(d))p=Z(N)pZ(G).

(.) |aN|p divides|tN|,and hencenpdivides|tN|.

(.) Firstly, it will be established that (CN(t)∩CN(d))pZ(G). Otherwise, there exists

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() IfLZ(G), thenCN(d)pZ(CG(d)) by Step , which implies thatyZ(CG(d)).

However,yis non-central, the hypotheses of the theorem shows thatCG(y) =CG(d), from which it follows thattCN(d)p. Notice thatCN(d)pZ(CG(d)), we haveCG(t) =CG(d) by

the hypotheses of the theorem, but this contradicts the fact that|tG| =m=|dG|. Therefore

(CN(t)∩CN(d))pZ(G).

() Suppose thatLZ(G). Our immediate object is to show thattcan be assumed to be aq-element. In fact, lettqbe theq-component oft. Iftq∈/ Z(G), Step  implies that

|tqG|=m. Notice thatCG(t)CG(tq), we have|tG|=mby Lemma ., against the fact that |tG| =m=|dG|. It follows thattqZ(G), soCG(t) =CG(tq), wheretqis theq-component oft. Thus, without loss of generality, we may assume thattis aq-element.

Also, in this case, we may assume thatyis aq-element. Keeping in mind that qm, application of Step  once again, we have|yG|=m. Moreover,

CG(ty) =CG(t)∩CG(y)⊆CG(y),

which implies that|(ty)G|=mby the maximality ofm. SoCG(ty) =CG(y)CG(t), which

shows that|tG|=mby Lemma .(b), a contradiction. Thus, (C

N(d)∩CN(t))pZ(G).

Next, in a similar manner as in Step (.), the equality in (.) follows.

(.) Consider the quotient group (CN(b)/Z(N))p and the set {tN}. For any x¯ ∈

(CN(b)/Z(N))p andy∈ {tN}, without loss of generality, we may assume thatx¯=xZ(N)

wherexCN(b), and we set

yx¯=yx.

Clearly, (CN(b)/Z(N))pacts as a group on the set{tN}through the above action. Obviously, tNCN(b) =∅and (CN(t)∩CN(b))p=Z(N)p, this shows that the group (CN(b)/Z(N))p

acts on the set{tN}fixed-point-freely. Therefore|CN(b)/Z(N)|p divides|tN|. Notice that |CN(b)/Z(N)|p=|aN|p, so we find that|aN|pdivides|tN|. By Step ,n

pdivides|tN|, which

is fairly straightforward.

Corollary  Suppose that G is a group.Let|bG|=m>n=|aG|be the two longest sizes of the non-central conjugacy classes of G.If(m,n) = ,then G is solvable and the conjugacy class size of the element in G is exactly,n or m.

Proof Letpbe a prime andpbe not a prime factor of|G|, thenGisp-solvable. Obviously,

ndivides|G/Z(G)|. So, in Theorem A, by takingN=G, we have|xG|=np =nif|xG| =

m, from which it follows thatxMp. On the other hand,|yG|=nfor any non-central

elementyCG(a). In fact, if|yG|=m, we haveyCG(a)∩CG(y), in contradiction to (iii)

in Theorem A. It follows thatCG(a) =Mpis abelian. By Theorem A,CG(b) is abelian, and

the solvability ofGis obtained.

4 Application of Theorem A

Based on Theorem A, we consider the case thatpdoes not dividen.

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and n dividing|N/Z(N)|,where a,bN and pn,then either a p-complement of N/Z(N)

is a prime power order group or

(i) thep-regularG-conjugacy class sizes ofNare exactly,nandm.

(ii) Letxbe a non-centralp-regular element ofN.IfxCN(a),then|xG|=n;if xCN(b),then|xG|=m.

(iii) Ap-complement ofNis a solvable quasi-Frobenius group with abelian kernel and complement.

(iv) The conjugacy class sizes of ap-complement ofNare exactly,|aN|,and|bN|p. Proof Suppose that ap-complement ofN/Z(N) is not a prime power order subgroup, and

t,dare two non-centralp-regular elements ofNwith|tG| =m=|dG|.

(i) Now, we show theG-conjugacy class size of thep-regular element ofNis ,norm. Obviously,|tG|=nis to be dealt with. Sincenis ap-number, by Theorem A, we find that ndivides|tG|, forcing|tG|=n, as wanted.

(ii) Let xCN(a) be a non-centralp-regular element. If|xG|=m, thenx∈(CN(a)∩

CN(x))p, in contradiction to (iii) in Theorem A. So|xG|=n. By Theorem A once again,

the conclusion (ii) is obtained.

(iii) LetCN(a)pCN(b)p=H, thenH=MpCN(b)pis ap-complement ofN. Now,CN(a)p

(=Mp) andCN(b)p are abelian, we find thatHis solvable. Taking into account (CN(a)∩ CN(b))p=Z(N)pby Theorem A, we find thatZ(H) =Z(N)p. For convenience, we employ

‘ ’ to work in the factor group moduloZ(H). Notice that|Mp|=|CN(a)p|divides|bN|and |CN(b)p|divides|aN|, so we have (|CN(b)p|,|Mp|) = .

Now,Mp is an abelian normal subgroup ofH. To prove thatH is a Frobenius group, we are left to showCM

p(x¯) =  for any non-central elementxCN(b)p. Otherwise, there

exists a non-central elementyMp such that =y¯∈CMp(x¯), then (xy)o(¯x)= (x¯y¯)o(x)¯ =

¯

yo(x)¯ =  since (o(x¯),o(y¯)) = . Hence

xyo(x)¯ =y¯o(x)¯ ∈CN(x)∩CN(xy) =CN(x)∩CN(xy) =CN(x)∩CN(y),

soCN(x)∩CN(y) contains a non-centralp-regular element.

Notice that|xG|=mand|yG|=n; by Theorem A, we have (CN(x)∩CN(y))pZ(G),

in contradiction to the previous paragraph. So ap-complement ofNis a solvable quasi-Frobenius group with the abelian kernelMpand complementCN(b)p.

(iv) LetxHbe a non-central element. We have|xG|=normby (i). If|xG|=n, then

xH=H:CH(x)=CN(b)p/Z(N)p=CN(b)/CN(a)∩CN(b)=aN.

If|xG|=m, thenCN(x)pMpis also ap-complement ofN. In view of thep-solvability ofN,

replacingHif necessary by a suitable conjugate, we may assume thatCN(x)pH. Notice

thatCN(x)pMp≤(CN(x)∩CN(a))p=Z(N)p, we have|CN(x)p|=|CN(b)p|. Also,

CN(b)p/Z(N)p=CN(b)p/Z(H) =CN(b)p,

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gNsuch thatxgCN(b), so

xH=xg H=H:CH

xg=CN(a)p/Z(N)p

=CN(a)/CN(a)∩CN(b)p

=bNp.

So the conjugacy class sizes ofHare ,|aN|, and|bN|p.

Corollary [, Theorem A] Suppose that G is a p-solvable group.Let m>n> be the two longest sizes of the non-central p-regular conjugacy classes of G.Suppose that(m,n) = 

and p is not a prime divisor of n.Then G is solvable and

(a) thep-regular conjugacy class sizes ofGare exactly,n,andm;

(b) ap-complement ofGis a quasi-Frobenius group with abelian kernel and complement.Furthermore,its conjugacy class sizes are exactly,n,andmp.

Proof Obviously,ndivides|G/Z(G)|. So, in Theorem B, by takingN=G, the proof of this

corollary is finished.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

The authors declare that the study was realized in collaboration with the same responsibility. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Author details

1College of Mathematics and Information Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China. 2Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P.R. China.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the referees for careful reading and valuable comments for the origin draft. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10771172, 11271301), NSFC (U1204101) and Major project of Henan Education Department (13B110085).

Received: 4 October 2013 Accepted: 7 January 2014 Published:24 Jan 2014 References

1. Beltrán, A, Felipe, MJ: Certain relations betweenp-regular class sizes and thep-structure ofp-solvable groups. J. Aust. Math. Soc.77, 387-400 (2004)

2. Dolfi, S, Lucido, MS: Finite groups in whichp-classes haveq-length. Isr. J. Math.122, 93-115 (2001)

3. Guo, X, Zhao, X, Shum, KP: Onp-regularg-conjugacy classes and thep-structure of normal subgroups. Commun. Algebra37, 2052-2059 (2009)

4. Lu, Z, Zhang, J: On the diameter of a graph related top-regular conjugacy classes of finite groups. J. Algebra231, 705-712 (2000)

5. Zhao, X, Guo, X: On conjugacy class sizes of thep-elements with prime power order. Algebra Colloq.16, 541-548 (2009)

6. Riese, U, Shahabi, MA: Subgroups which are the union of four conjugacy classes. Commun. Algebra29, 695-701 (2001)

7. Shahryari, M, Shahabi, MA: Subgroups which are the union of three conjugate classes. J. Algebra207, 326-332 (1998) 8. Bertram, EA, Herzog, M, Mann, A: On a graph related to conjugacy classes of groups. Bull. Lond. Math. Soc.22,

569-575 (1990)

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References

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