SCIMATB Q1 REVIEWER SCIMATB Q1 REVIEWER I. INTRODUCTION I. INTRODUCTION DefinitionDefinition
Application of technology to improve a Application of technology to improve a biological organismbiological organism
The The application application of of the the technology technology to to modify modify the the biologicalbiological function of an organism by adding
function of an organism by adding genes from another organismgenes from another organism
The The techniques techniques used used by by the the biotechnology biotechnology industry industry to to modify modify genes and introduce them into tran
genes and introduce them into tran sgenic organismssgenic organisms
Why is Biotechnology needed?Why is Biotechnology needed?
Nature has a rich source of variation; however, nature does notNature has a rich source of variation; however, nature does not have all of the traits we need
have all of the traits we need
Purposeful design and modifications/assembly of bio-orientedPurposeful design and modifications/assembly of bio-oriented materials (proteins/enzymes, microorganisms, plant/animal cells, materials (proteins/enzymes, microorganisms, plant/animal cells, tissues, stem cells, etc) and unit processes to benefit humans or tissues, stem cells, etc) and unit processes to benefit humans or toto make a profit
make a profit
o
o To produce valuable To produce valuable products at products at commercial scale commercial scale andand
to treat diseases to treat diseases
o
o To To discover discover and and understand understand the the underlying underlying
mechanisms of behaviors and disorders in living mechanisms of behaviors and disorders in living organisms
organisms
Cost-effectivenessCost-effectivenesseconomically feasibleeconomically feasible
Definition of Biotechnology based on the use of techniques andDefinition of Biotechnology based on the use of techniques and
methods methods
Traditional Biotechnology (before 1970) Traditional Biotechnology (before 1970)
o
o Broad definition of biotechnology Broad definition of biotechnology o
o Using a biological system to make productsUsing a biological system to make products o
o Food Processing Food Processing
Fermented foods, brewery, dairy products,Fermented foods, brewery, dairy products,
etc. etc.
Brewing beer: conversion of starch to sugarBrewing beer: conversion of starch to sugar
followed by the addition of
followed by the addition of a specific yeasta specific yeast
o
o Agriculture Agriculture
Modifications of living plants for improvedModifications of living plants for improved
yield of food crops via artificial selection and yield of food crops via artificial selection and hybridization
hybridization
o
o Simple processSimple process
Direct use of or isolation from originalDirect use of or isolation from original
biological sources biological sources
FermentationFermentation
Modern Biotechnology Modern Biotechnology
o
o Use of recombinant DNA technology since 1973Use of recombinant DNA technology since 1973
Stanly Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfectedStanly Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfected
techniques to cut and paste DNA (using techniques to cut and paste DNA (using restriction enzymes and ligases) and restriction enzymes and ligases) and reproduce the new DNA in bacteria
reproduce the new DNA in bacteria
o
o Combined use of different disciplinesCombined use of different disciplines
Biology-based knowledgeBiology-based knowledge
Knowledge linked with practical applicationsKnowledge linked with practical applications
(Biochem Eng, etc.) (Biochem Eng, etc.)
o
o Use of genetically altered organismsUse of genetically altered organisms
Enabling the production of existing Enabling the production of existing
medicines or products easily and
medicines or products easily and cheaply cheaply
Traditional Biotechnology industries Traditional Biotechnology industries
o
o Adopts Adopts new new approaches approaches and and modern modern techniques techniques toto
improve the quality and productivity of
improve the quality and productivity of their productstheir products
BioBiotechnology focuses on…technology focuses on…
Development of therapeutics based on underlying mechanisms of Development of therapeutics based on underlying mechanisms of diseases
diseases
Development of new methods to cure diseasesDevelopment of new methods to cure diseases
o
o Gene and cell (stem cells) therapiesGene and cell (stem cells) therapies
Production of valuable products at commercial scaleProduction of valuable products at commercial scale
o
o Organic acids, antibiotics, amino acids, proteinsOrganic acids, antibiotics, amino acids, proteins
(enzymes), biofuels, vitamins, hormones, alcohol, (enzymes), biofuels, vitamins, hormones, alcohol, fermented food, etc.
fermented food, etc.
Development of tools and methodology Development of tools and methodology
o
o Expression systems, gene synthesis/sequencing,Expression systems, gene synthesis/sequencing,
purification process, formulation, bioassays, diagnosis, purification process, formulation, bioassays, diagnosis, delivery
delivery
Required DisciplinesRequired Disciplines
Integration of biology with engineering principlesIntegration of biology with engineering principles
o
o Cost-effectivenessCost-effectiveness o
o Process development/design/optimizationProcess development/design/optimization
Basic biology Basic biology
Mass/energy balanceMass/energy balance
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
Physical, organic chemistry/Pharmacology Physical, organic chemistry/Pharmacology
Biochemical engineering Biochemical engineering
Bioreaction engineering Bioreaction engineering
Major Application AreasMajor Application Areas
Health Care/DiagnosticsHealth Care/Diagnostics
o
o Development of therapeutics: efficacy, toxicity Development of therapeutics: efficacy, toxicity o
o Diagnosis: early detection and preventionDiagnosis: early detection and prevention
Best solution compared to treatmentsBest solution compared to treatments
Prediction and treatment based on Prediction and treatment based on genomesgenomes
Invasive or non-invasive analysis orInvasive or non-invasive analysis or
detection of disease biomarkers detection of disease biomarkers
Agriculture Agriculture
o
o Crop production with high yield and quality Crop production with high yield and quality
Bio-based processedBio-based processed
o
o Pollution, COPollution, CO22emission, global warming emission, global warming
Bio-energy Bio-energy
o
o Use of renewable sourcesUse of renewable sources
Key Technologies and FieldsKey Technologies and Fields
Protein engineering Protein engineering
o
o Design of proteins/enzymes based on structural andDesign of proteins/enzymes based on structural and
mechanistic knowledge, molecular evolution and mechanistic knowledge, molecular evolution and computational design
computational design
Metabolic pathway engineering Metabolic pathway engineering
o
o Design of more efficient metabolic pathways; highDesign of more efficient metabolic pathways; high
yield of target product, low by-product yield of target product, low by-product
Computational modeling and optimizationComputational modeling and optimization
o
o Systems biology Systems biology o
o Genome-wide analysisGenome-wide analysis
Nano-biotechnology Nano-biotechnology
o
o For diagnosis and imaging For diagnosis and imaging
Cell culture engineering Cell culture engineering
o
o Microorganisms and mammalian cellsMicroorganisms and mammalian cells o
o Hybridoma technology Hybridoma technology
Forming hybrid cell lines (hybridomas) by Forming hybrid cell lines (hybridomas) by
fusing a specific antibody-producing B cell fusing a specific antibody-producing B cell with
with a a myeloma myeloma (B (B cell cell cancer) cancer) cell cell that that isis
Biotechnology Biotechnology Molecular Molecular Biology Biology Biochemi Biochemi stry stry Eng & Eng & Compute Compute r Science r Science Other Other traditiona traditiona ll discipline discipline ss Microbiol Microbiol ogy ogy Genetics Genetics
selected for its ability to grow in tissue selected for its ability to grow in tissue culture
culture
Separation technology Separation technology
o
o Recovery and purification of a target productRecovery and purification of a target product
Synthetic biology Synthetic biology
o
o Creation of new biosystemsCreation of new biosystems o
o Systematic, hierarchal design of artificial, bio-inspiredSystematic, hierarchal design of artificial, bio-inspired
system using robust, standardized and system using robust, standardized and well-characterized building blocks
characterized building blocks
Branches of Biotechnology Branches of Biotechnology
o
o Blue biotechnology Blue biotechnology
Marine and aquaticMarine and aquatic o
o Green biotechnology Green biotechnology
Agricultural Agricultural o
o Red biotechnology Red biotechnology
MedicalMedical o
o White biotechnology White biotechnology
IndustrialIndustrial
Bio-based Economy: Impact on Global Economy Bio-based Economy: Impact on Global Economy
Shift from petroleum-based economy Shift from petroleum-based economy
o
o Exhaustion and soaring price of petroleumExhaustion and soaring price of petroleum o
o Environmental issueEnvironmental issue
Global warming Global warming and polluand pollutiontion
Development of renewable source-based BioprocessDevelopment of renewable source-based Bioprocess
Replacement of chemical processes with Bio-based Replacement of chemical processes with Bio-based onesones
Key role of enzymesKey role of enzymes
o
o Use of enzymes in Biofuel production from renewableUse of enzymes in Biofuel production from renewable
biomass biomass
Alternative Energy SourcesAlternative Energy Sources
Production of biofuels from natural resourcesProduction of biofuels from natural resources
o
o Increase in the yield and alcohol toIncrease in the yield and alcohol to lerancelerance
Redesign of pathway for the ethanolRedesign of pathway for the ethanol
production in yeast to use raw materials production in yeast to use raw materials
Elucidation of enzyme mechanismsElucidation of enzyme mechanisms
Redesign of pathway to increase the yieldRedesign of pathway to increase the yield
and to reduce by-products and to reduce by-products
Design of critical enzymes in the pathway Design of critical enzymes in the pathway o
o Process development: fermentation processProcess development: fermentation process o
o Separation and concentrationSeparation and concentration
Therapeutic ProteinsTherapeutic Proteins
High specificity and less toxicity High specificity and less toxicity – – high safety and efficacy high safety and efficacy
Therapeutic proteins Therapeutic proteins
o
o Antibodies, proteins, enzymes, peptides, Antibodies, proteins, enzymes, peptides, etc.etc.
Therapeutic proteins will form the Therapeutic proteins will form the back-bone of future medicinalback-bone of future medicinal therapy
therapy
PerspectivesPerspectives
Biotechnology will have an impact on human’s health, lifeBiotechnology will have an impact on human’s health, life-style,-style, and economy.
and economy.
Modern biotechnology constitutes a variety of diverse areas andModern biotechnology constitutes a variety of diverse areas and technologies, requiring interdisciplinary collaborations.
technologies, requiring interdisciplinary collaborations.
II. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS II. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS
WaterWater
Most abundant moleculeMost abundant molecule
Has special traits that make it important to lifeHas special traits that make it important to life
Polar moleculePolar molecule
o
o Oxygen atoms are large and hydrogen are Oxygen atoms are large and hydrogen are smallsmall
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
o
o Liquid at room temperatureLiquid at room temperature o
o Universal solvent for polar moleculesUniversal solvent for polar molecules o
o Water molecules are cohesive Water molecules are cohesive o
o Temperature of water change Temperature of water changes slowly s slowly o
o High heat of vaporizationHigh heat of vaporization
o
o Frozen water is less denseFrozen water is less dense
Organic MoleculeOrganic Molecule
Contains carbonContains carbon
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Serve as quick energy and short-term Serve as quick energy and short-term energy storageenergy storage
Play a structural role in plants, bacteria and insectsPlay a structural role in plants, bacteria and insects
Monomers are monosaccharidesMonomers are monosaccharides
o o Glucose (CGlucose (C66HH1212OO66 ) ) o o FructoseFructose o o GalactoseGalactose DisaccharidesDisaccharides o
o Glucose + Fructose = SucroseGlucose + Fructose = Sucrose o
o Glucose + Galactose = LactoseGlucose + Galactose = Lactose o
o Glucose + Glucose = MaltoseGlucose + Glucose = Maltose
Larger polysaccharides are made from linking many monomerLarger polysaccharides are made from linking many monomer molecules together through condensation synthesis
molecules together through condensation synthesis
o
o StarchStarch
Polysaccharide composed of glucosePolysaccharide composed of glucose
Predominantly made by plantsPredominantly made by plants
OligosaccharidesOligosaccharides
o
o 3-12 monosaccharides with proteins3-12 monosaccharides with proteins
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides o o 12 monosaccharides12 monosaccharides LipidsLipids
Serve as long-term energy stores in cells and form membranesServe as long-term energy stores in cells and form membranes
Serve as hormones and insulationServe as hormones and insulation
Do not dissolve in waterDo not dissolve in water
Fats and oils are formed from a glycerol molecule and three fatty Fats and oils are formed from a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
acid molecules
Fatty acidsFatty acids – – long chains of hydrocarbons ending inlong chains of hydrocarbons ending in – – COOHCOOH
o
o Saturated (without double bonds)Saturated (without double bonds)
Animal fats Animal fats
Coconut and palm oilCoconut and palm oil o
o Unsaturated (with double bonds, low melting point,Unsaturated (with double bonds, low melting point,
fluid nature, sensitive to oxidation) fluid nature, sensitive to oxidation)
Corn, soybean, olive, canola oilCorn, soybean, olive, canola oil
Food rich in plant sterols and sterolinsFood rich in plant sterols and sterolins
o
o Avocado, Avocado, walnuts, walnuts, almonds, almonds, soybeans, soybeans, cold-pressedcold-pressed
olive oil, peanuts, sunflower seeds, wheat germ oil, olive oil, peanuts, sunflower seeds, wheat germ oil, sesame seeds
sesame seeds
Types of oil Types of oil
o
o FixedFixed
Palm, soybean, sunflower seed, tuba-tuba,Palm, soybean, sunflower seed, tuba-tuba,
kasuy (cashew), corn kasuy (cashew), corn
o o FatsFats
Avocado, Avocado, cacaocacao o
Saging butuan, sisalSaging butuan, sisal o
o Volatile Volatile
Lavender, pine needle, rosemary, jasminolLavender, pine needle, rosemary, jasminol
(jasmine), geraniol (rose), citral (oranges), (jasmine), geraniol (rose), citral (oranges), citronella, camphor (sambong, manzanilla), citronella, camphor (sambong, manzanilla), safrol (cinnamon) safrol (cinnamon) ProteinsProteins FunctionsFunctions o
o Serve as structural proteinsServe as structural proteins o
o Act as enzymes to speed reac Act as enzymes to speed reactionstions o
o Serve as transport carriersServe as transport carriers o
o Allow materials to cross cell membranes Allow materials to cross cell membranes o
o Expression of our genesExpression of our genes
Proteins are polymers of amino acidsProteins are polymers of amino acids
Peptide bonds join amino acidsPeptide bonds join amino acids
Proteins have levels of organizationProteins have levels of organization
o
o Primary structurePrimary structure
Peptide bondsPeptide bonds o
o Secondary structureSecondary structure
3D structure3D structure
3.6 amino acids per turn3.6 amino acids per turn
Alpha-helix stabilized by hydrogen bonds Alpha-helix stabilized by hydrogen bonds
H bonds between NH and COH bonds between NH and CO o
o Tertiary structure Tertiary structure
Formation of domainsFormation of domains
Functional unit of proteinsFunctional unit of proteins
Made up of about 200 amino acidsMade up of about 200 amino acids
Stabilized by bondsStabilized by bonds
DisulfideDisulfide HydrophobicHydrophobic HydrogenHydrogen
Ionic interactionsIonic interactions
o
o Quaternary structureQuaternary structure
Several subunits of proteinsSeveral subunits of proteins
Held together by hydrophobic bonds, HHeld together by hydrophobic bonds, H
bonds, ionic bonds bonds, ionic bonds
Protein denaturationProtein denaturation
o
o Unfolding and disorganization of the protein structureUnfolding and disorganization of the protein structure o
o Destroys up to secondary structureDestroys up to secondary structure o
o Peptide bonds not hydrolyzedPeptide bonds not hydrolyzed o
o Heat, organic solvents, mechanical mixing Heat, organic solvents, mechanical mixing
Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid
Polymers of nucleotidesPolymers of nucleotides
o
o Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Double-stranded with complementary baseDouble-stranded with complementary base
pairing pairing
Strands are antiparallelStrands are antiparallel
G-C pairs have 3 hydrogen bondsG-C pairs have 3 hydrogen bonds
A-T pairs have 2 hydrogen A-T pairs have 2 hydrogen bondsbonds
One strand is the complement of the otherOne strand is the complement of the other
Major and minor grooves present differentMajor and minor grooves present different
surfaces surfaces
Cellular DNA is almost exclusively B-DNACellular DNA is almost exclusively B-DNA
B-DNA has ~10.5bp/turn of the helixB-DNA has ~10.5bp/turn of the helix
o
o Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
III. CELLS III. CELLS
Plant cellsPlant cells
Cell wallCell wall
o
o Primary wallPrimary wall
Microfibrils attached to the cell membraneMicrofibrils attached to the cell membrane
PolysaccharidePolysaccharide
CellulosesCelluloses – – polymers of glucosepolymers of glucose
HemicellulosesHemicelluloses – – akali-solubleakali-soluble portion
portion
PectinPectin – – hot water-soluble portionhot water-soluble portion
o
o Secondary wallSecondary wall
LigninLignin
Aromatic polymer Aromatic polymer that that rigidifiesrigidifies secondary cell walls
secondary cell walls
Stained red by phloroglucinolStained red by phloroglucinol solutions
solutions
o
o Mid lamellaMid lamella
PectinPectin
CompartmentalizationCompartmentalization
Eukaryotic cells are full of membrane-enclosed compartmentsEukaryotic cells are full of membrane-enclosed compartments
o
o Separates incompatible chemical and physicalSeparates incompatible chemical and physical
conditions conditions
o
o Proteins can be both synthesized and hydrolyzed in aProteins can be both synthesized and hydrolyzed in a
single cell single cell
Parts of the cell (incomplete :o)Parts of the cell (incomplete :o)
NucleolusNucleolus
o
o Holds the genetic information of the cellHolds the genetic information of the cell
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
o
o Rough and SmoothRough and Smooth
Ribosomes attached outside = roughRibosomes attached outside = rough
Protein synthesis within endomembraneProtein synthesis within endomembrane
system system
Protein synthesis for secretionProtein synthesis for secretion
Integral membrane protein syntheshisIntegral membrane protein syntheshis
Protein modification (Golgi also)Protein modification (Golgi also)
Membrane assembly Membrane assembly
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
o
o Packages proteins before they are sent to theirPackages proteins before they are sent to their
destination destination
MitochondriaMitochondria
o
o The cell’s “pow The cell’s “powerhouse”, as it erhouse”, as it produces ATPproduces ATP
ChloroplastsChloroplasts
o
o Contains chlorophyll, which is a catalyst forContains chlorophyll, which is a catalyst for
photosynthesis photosynthesis
Central VacuolesCentral Vacuoles
o
o Tonoplast Tonoplast
Single membraneSingle membrane o
o ContentsContents
Water, Water, salts, salts, crystals, crystals, starch, starch, protein protein bodies,bodies,
granules/fibrous materials granules/fibrous materials
o
o FunctionFunction
Storage of nutrient reserves and wasteStorage of nutrient reserves and waste
materials materials
Digestive organelleDigestive organelle
Impermeable to wastesImpermeable to wastes
RibosomesRibosomes
o
o Sites of protein synthesisSites of protein synthesis o
o In plants, only few ribosomes except in legumes andIn plants, only few ribosomes except in legumes and
insectivorous plants insectivorous plants
o
o A cluster is called a polysome A cluster is called a polysome
IV. CELL DIVISION IV. CELL DIVISION
InterphaseInterphase
GG11phasephase
o
o Period beforePeriod before
DNA synthesis DNA synthesis
o
o gap between cellgap between cell
division and division and DNA synthesis
DNA synthesis
o
o Cell makes ER,Cell makes ER,
ribosomes, and ribosomes, and cytosol
cytosol to to make make 22 functional cells
functional cells
S phaseS phase
o
o DNA synthesisDNA synthesis o
o Replicates itsReplicates its
DNA for the DNA for the next 6-8 hours
next 6-8 hours
o
o Goal of replication isGoal of replication is
to accurately copy the genetic information so that each to accurately copy the genetic information so that each daughter cell will have an exact copy of the parental daughter cell will have an exact copy of the parental DNA DNA o o StepsSteps GG22phasephase o
o Spans the time from the completion of DNA synthesisSpans the time from the completion of DNA synthesis
to the onset of cell division to the onset of cell division
o
o Spends 2-5 hours making proteins before mitosisSpends 2-5 hours making proteins before mitosis
Cell Cell performs performs all all of of its its regular regular functions functions and and gets gets ready ready toto divide
divide
High metabolic activity High metabolic activity
DNA is duplicatedDNA is duplicated
DNA is in the form of chromatinDNA is in the form of chromatin
ChromosomesChromosomes
Before a cell starts dividing, the chromosomes are duplicatedBefore a cell starts dividing, the chromosomes are duplicated (refer to S phase)
(refer to S phase)
o
o Produces sister chromatidsProduces sister chromatids
StructureStructure
o
o Homologous chromosomes = identical pairsHomologous chromosomes = identical pairs o
o One inherited from mother, and One inherited from mother, and one from fatherone from father o
M phase (Mitosis)M phase (Mitosis) o
o Purpose: to make copies of cells and their DNAPurpose: to make copies of cells and their DNA o
o EventsEvents
Replicated chromosomes align at theReplicated chromosomes align at the
metaphase plate metaphase plate
Sister chromatids separate and move toSister chromatids separate and move to
opposite poles opposite poles
Nuclear membranes form around each new Nuclear membranes form around each new
nucleus nucleus
Division of cytoplasm or cytokinesisDivision of cytoplasm or cytokinesis o
o StagesStages
Cell Cycle ControlCell Cycle Control
Checkpoint proteins monitor progression through tCheckpoint proteins monitor progression through t he cell cyclehe cell cycle
Note: Note:
Please don’t rely on this reviewer Please don’t rely on this reviewer alone! This is just a alone! This is just a summarizedsummarized version of the PowerPoints we got from the FIRST HALF of the version of the PowerPoints we got from the FIRST HALF of the
term.
