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Governance and Accountability

DeMPA Training

World Bank ‐ CEMLA

Mexico City, Mexico

February 28 – March 4, 2011

Why place so much focus on governance and 

accountability?

Historically, government debt management was limited to 

borrowing, recording, and debt servicing

There was one policy goal

– Ensure that government financing needs were met

This narrow objective had consequences

– Multiple borrowing units (front offices) – Several debt databases – No systematic analysis of cost/risk in the debt portfolio (i.e., no  middle‐office function)

(2)

In the 1990s, a new perspective emerged…

“The most pressing issue confronting governments is the need to 

reform the institutional arrangements governing debt policy,

reform the institutional arrangements governing debt policy, 

so that the technical expertise and experience required to 

manage the risks of external debt competently and 

transparently can be applied.  Professionalism and 

accountability can best be achieved when debt management 

is assigned to an agency that is separate and autonomous 

from the political process.”

Cassard and Folkerts‐Landau, (1997),“Sovereign Debt: Managing the Risks,” Finance and Development, IMF 3

…and a new definition

“Sovereign debt management is the process of establishing and 

executing a

strategy

for managing the government’s debt in

executing a 

strategy

for managing the government s debt in 

order to raise the required amount of funding, achieve its risk 

and cost 

objectives

, and meet any other sovereign debt 

management goals the government may have set, such as 

developing and maintaining an efficient market for 

government securities.”

(3)

Consequently, new issues moved to the center

Policy goals

– What are the long‐term debt management objectives/goals? 

Strategy design

– How best to achieve those goals? 

De‐politicization and decision‐making

– What is to be decided at the political level, and what is best left  to professional debt managers?

to professional debt managers? 

Organizational arrangements

– Is a debt management office required, and how to set it up?  5

Consequently, new issues moved to the center

Evaluation 

– How to evaluate the performance of debt management?How to evaluate the performance of debt management? 

Audit

– How to have a performance audit of debt management?

Regulatory changes

(4)

Policy goals

Common primary debt management objectives

– Ensure that the government’s financing needs are metEnsure that the government s financing needs are met – Minimize borrowing costs over the medium to long term,  consistent with a prudent degree of risk

Common subsidiary objective

– Promote development of the domestic debt market 7

Strategy design

A medium‐term debt management strategy guides borrowing 

decisions

decisions

– What are the preferred cost/risk trade‐offs? – Will the government borrow short‐term to reduce cost, or long‐ term to reduce interest‐rate and rollover risks? – Will the government borrow in foreign currencies to reduce  cost, or in local currency to reduce the exchange‐rate exposure? – How to promote development of the domestic debt marketHow to promote development of the domestic debt market 

(5)

De‐politicization and decision‐making

Some decisions are commonly taken at the political level

– Policy goals – Medium‐term strategy – Supervision and evaluation

Other decisions are taken by the debt manager

– Preparation of the debt management strategy proposal – Annual borrowing plans based on the strategy f h l – Execution of those plans

There is a parallel with monetary policy

– Price stability (policy goal)→ inflation targeting (strategy)→  money supply management (execution) 9

Organizational arrangements

Increasing demands for a debt management office 

– Drive strategy developmentDrive strategy development – Determine annual borrowing plans – Create one comprehensive debt database – Assume overall responsibility for debt management activities – Build up a domestic yield curve – Report on the entire government debt

Debt management is moved out of the central bank

(6)

Evaluation and audit

Before the focus was limited

– Reports limited to debt statisticsReports limited to debt statistics – Audits limited to the financial accounts

Now the analysis is richer, considering debt management as a 

process

– Evaluation reports submitted to the legislature, covering all debt  management activities assessment of outcomes against the management activities, assessment of outcomes against the  stated policy goals, and compliance with the debt management  strategy – Increasingly a focus on performance audits 11

Regulatory changes

Before it was common to have detailed regulations on 

individual transactions

individual transactions

– Borrowing restricted to certain markets and through certain  instruments – Legislature’s approval required for all external borrowing

Now legislation is policy‐based

Focus on policy goals strategy development and accountability – Focus on policy goals, strategy development, and accountability

(7)

Pulling it together

Legislature Minister/Cabinet Audit Central Bank 13 Principal Debt Management Entity

Legal framework (DPI 1)

One dimension to assess

(8)

Legal framework

• Clear authorization to borrow and undertake debt‐related  transactions and issue loan guarantees • Borrowing purposes specified

Score C

• Plus…  Clear debt management objectives in primary  legislation • Requirement for annual reporting to the legislature and for  external audit

Score B

15 • Plus…  Requirement in primary legislation to develop a debt  management strategy • Annual reporting includes evaluation of outcomes against  stated objectives

Score A

Managerial structure (DPI 2)

Two dimensions to assess

– Managerial structure for central government borrowings andManagerial structure for central government borrowings and  debt‐related transactions 

– Managerial structure for the preparation and issuance of central  government loan guarantees

(9)

Managerial structure (dimension 1)

• Borrowing and debt‐related transactions are undertaken by a g y principal debt management entity or by several entities that  coordinate closely

Score C

• Plus…  Borrowings and debt‐related transactions are steered  by a formalized debt management strategy • No undue political influence

Score B

17 • Plus…  Borrowings and debt‐related transactions are  undertaken by the principal debt management entity

Score A

Managerial structure (dimension 2)

• Loan guarantees prepared and issued by one or more g p p y entities that coordinate closely and with the principal debt  management entity (if one exists)

Score C

• Plus…  Loan guarantees are prepared and issued by a  principal guarantee entity, which coordinates with the  principal debt management entity (if one exists)

Score B

• Plus…  Loan guarantees are prepared and issued by the  principal debt management entity

Score A

(10)

Debt management strategy (DPI 3)

Two dimensions to assess

– Quality of the debt management strategy documentQuality of the debt management strategy document

– Decision‐making process, updating, and publication of the debt  management strategy 19

Debt management strategy (dimension 1)

• Covers the medium term and at least 90% of existing and  projected debt, and is based on debt management objectives • Contains guidelines for the preferred direction of risks

Score C

• Plus…  Has realistic target levels for risks

Score B

Score A

(11)

Debt management strategy (dimension 2)

• Strategy  proposal prepared by the principal debt  management entity or jointly by entities

management entity or jointly by entities • Central bank’s views are obtained • Approved by the Minister/Cabinet and made public

Score C

• Plus…  If proposal is not accepted, the rationale is presented  in the final document • Updated at least every third year

Score B

21 • Plus…  Updated annually

Score A

Evaluation of debt management operations

(DPI 4)

One dimension to assess

– Level of disclosure of government debt management activitiesLevel of disclosure of government debt management activities,  central government debt, evaluation of outcomes against stated  objectives, and compliance with the debt management strategy

(12)

Evaluation of debt management operations

• Legislature receives an annual report on debt management • Legislature receives an annual report on debt management  activities and outstanding central government debt

Score C

• Plus…  Annual report contains an evaluation of how activities  have complied with the debt management strategy

Score B

23 • Plus…  Evaluation of outcomes against stated objectives, and  the debt management strategy and the rationale behind it • Report is made public

Score A

Audit (DPI 5)

Two dimensions to assess

– Frequency of internal and external audit of central governmentFrequency of internal and external audit of central government  debt management activities, policies, and operations, as well as  publication of external audit reports

– Degree of commitment to address the outcomes from internal  and external audits

(13)

Audit (dimension 1)

• External audit of debt management activities policies and • External audit of debt management activities, policies, and  operations within the past 5 years

Score C

• Plus…  Frequent external audits (every 3‐5 years) and annual  internal audits

Score B

25 • Plus…  External audits conducted every 2‐3 years and  external audit reports are made public within 6 months 

Score A

Audit (dimension 2)

• Commitment to address audit outcomes

Score C

• Plus…  Strong commitment

Score B

• Plus…  Immediate commitment

Score A

(14)

Mapping to PEFA

• PEFA indicator on recording and management of cash balances,  debt, and guarantees (PI 17)g ( ) – Dimension 3: systems for contracting loans and issuing guarantees – PEFA emphasizes having a single entity responsible for approvals and  the use of transparent criteria and targets.DeMPA drills down in greater detail on the legal framework,  managerial structure, strategy development, and evaluation 27

Mapping to PEFA

• PEFA indicator on effectiveness of internal audit (PI 21) – Dimension 1: coverage and quality of the internal audit functiong q y – Dimension 2: frequency and distribution of reports – Dimension 3: extent of management response to audit findings – Both PEFA and DeMPA emphasize the frequency of internal audit and  the degree of commitment to respond to audit findingsBoth PEFA and DeMPA look beyond just financial audit

(15)

Mapping to PEFA

• PEFA indicator on the scope, nature, and follow‐up of external audit  (PI 26) ( ) – Dimension 1: scope/nature of the audit performed – Dimension 2: timeliness of submission of audit reports – Dimension 3: evidence of follow‐up on audit recommendations – Both PEFA and DeMPA emphasize the frequency of external audit, the  timeliness of submission and response, and the effectiveness and  timeliness of follow‐up

PEFA expects a high quality audit to include aspects of a performancePEFA expects a high‐quality audit to include aspects of a performance  audit, whereas performance audit is key to DeMPA 29

Thank you!

http://go.worldbank.org/4VX651FHB0

PRMED

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