A Role of Web of Things (WOT) to meet Internet of Things (IOT) challenges

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ISSN(Online): 2320-9801 ISSN (Print) : 2320-9798

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(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 4, Issue 2, February 2016

A Role of Web of Things (WOT) to meet

Internet of Things (IOT) challenges

Pradip Patil, Rupa Hiremath

Assistant Professor, Dept. of MCA, Indira Institute of Management (MCA), Pune (MH), India Director, Dept. of MCA, Indira Institute of Management (MCA), Pune (MH), India

ABSTRACT: In this era, Internet has reigned the world and everything is going digital. So, in this platform, its important for the everyone to understand the key term which is very popular nowadays known as Internet Of the Things (IOT) meaning that everything must be connected with each other, everything must be talkative with each other. So, in this paper, we will focus on the Internet of the things and its benefits along with that we will focus on the challenges and we will also focus on the what is mean by the web of thing(WOT) and role of the WOT in current digital era and role of WoT to meet challenges of IoT .

KEYWORDS: Internet of Things(IoT), challenges,Web Of Things(WoT) , Services ,web 2.0.

I. INTRODUCTION

As all of you are aware about the current technological world Internet of the Things (IOT) is very Higher in demand of the researchers , technical and well as small group of non-technical people and number of workshop conferences are being organized for the discussion about it .

The term “Internet of things” was first coined by the former Auto-ID Center, founded in 1999, based at the time at MIT. (Kevin Ashton and David L. Brock ) Internet of things also known as the internet of the object.

How to find a “thing” in the Internet of Things (IoT) ?

The answer to this question will be the key challenge that IoT users and developers are facing nowadays and will face in the future. Current models of IoT are focused on initial vertical solutions which are very limited by hardware and software platforms and its support. With the sudden increase of IoT in the upcoming years as per predicted by Cisco, IBM and Gartner, there is a necessity for second thoughts about how IoT can deliver value to the end-user? So currently its very much required to first discover the current IoT development to understand the “thing” and to discover the knowledge or meaningful data from the IoT and to provide the facility to the user to develop the IoT applications, services for bringing the application as a “smart thing” without any knowledge of the things. But sources which develop the data are very huge in number like sensors which are developing the data are very huge in number if we are saying every object are linking the every other object then data generated by the sensor must be process and linked with the digital library and this is the key challenge for the IOT.

So, for the sake of that, we need the web of the things. Web of the things makes it possible to interact with every object via Web browsers and thus explore the world of smart things with its many relationships. So integration of the IOT with WOT is very important.

II. INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

A. Internet of things

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many general object to see, hear, smell for own and make it link to share that observation but in current era, only connected is not the enough we need to go beyond that general object must provide facility to learn, think and to understand physical and social world by themselves.

Following diagrams shows some of the examples of the internet of the things

Fig 1 Example of Internet Of Things [5]

From the above diagram, you are able to identify that how we are able to connect or able to make connectivity of the objects from any card to any key. This is the example of the internet of the things where every object is communicating with each other with the help of unique identification that is RFID. Now, this communication is simple as compared to the next communication that is Internet of everything.

B. Internet Of Everything

In this communication, everything is interlinked with the living as well as nonliving things with each other and sending the number of bits or communication signal to each other. Fig.2 will elaborate the same.

Fig 2 Internet of Everything [5]

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Vol. 4, Issue 2, February 2016 C. “things “Attributes in IOT[5]

 “Things” would be competing with other “things” on resources, services and subject to selective pressures

 “Things” can create, manage and destroy other “things” “Things” can use services that act as interfaces to “things”

 “Things” respect the privacy, security and safety of other “things” or people with which they interact

 “Things” use protocols to communicate with each other and the infrastructure

 “Things” can negotiate, understand and adapt to their environment

 “Things” can extract patterns from the environment or to learn from other “things”

 “Things” are environmentally safe

 “Things” can take decisions through their reasoning capability

III. CHALLENGES FOR INTERNET OF THE THINGS

 The need for a comprehensive understanding of the complete spectrum of types of human-in-the-loop controls. .[1][2][3]

 The need for extensions to system identification or other techniques to derive models of human behaviors.[1][2][3]

 Who assigns the identifier to a thing? (the assigning authority)

 How is a thing identification structured? (the object naming)

 How and where can additional information about that thing be retrieved, including its history? (the addressing mechanism and the information repository)

 How is information security/privacy/trust/safety ensured?

 Which stakeholders are accountable for each of the above questions, what is the accountability mechanism?

 Which ethical and legal framework applies to the different stakeholders?

 What are uniform thing naming scheme, communication protocols between various things, thing’s data collection, storage, query management, processing, visualization, use, security, privacy.[5]

IV. WEB OF THINGS (WOT)

The Web of Things is a vision inspired from the Internet of Things where everyday devices and objects, i.e. objects that contain an embedded devices or computer, are connected by fully integrating them to the Web. Examples of smart devices and objects are Wireless Sensor Networks, Ambient devices, household appliances, etc.

Unlike in the many systems that exist for the Internet of things, the Web of Things is about re-using the Web standards to connect the quickly expending eco-system of embedded devices built into everyday smart objects. Well-accepted and understood standards and blueprints (such as URI, HTTP, REST, RSS, etc.) are used to access the functionality of the smart objects[5][10][11]

A. Characteristic of the WOT

 Uses HTTP as an application protocol rather than as a transport protocol as done in the world of WS-* Web Services.

 Exposes the synchronous functionality of smart objects through a REST interface (also known as RESTful API) and more generally respects the blueprints of Resource Oriented Architectures.

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V. BUILDING SMART WEB OF THINGS

The Internet of Things (IoT) is regularly in the news and booming nowadays, and it expected that around one hundred billion IoT devices within ten years. The promise of innovative new services and efficiency savings are fueling interest in a wide range of potential applications across many sectors including smart homes, healthcare, smart grids, smart cities, retail, and smart industry. Currently there are lot of activities going on, but are occurring in isolation and hence resulting in product storage and incompatible platforms. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is seeking to change that through work on global standards for using web technologies that link IoT platforms through the Web, based upon a new class of Web servers. The Internet provides a basis for connecting systems, but like the phone system, it is not useful unless people are speaking in the same language. For interoperability, W3C proposes a conceptual framework with shared semantics and data formats as the basis.

This starts with virtual “things” as proxies for physical and abstract entities that are described in terms of metadata, events, properties and actions. It also include REST bindings to popular protocols, such as HTTP, Web Sockets, CoAP, MQTT and XMPP. Servers for the Web of Things will be available for microcontrollers, smart phones, home hubs and cloud based server farms. Larger servers will support a range of scripting languages, while smaller servers could use precompiled behaviors. There is also increasing interest in enabling end user service creation based upon event-condition-action rules with graphical editing tools and cloud based processing of vocal commands such as “turn(switch) off the lights when I leave home”, etc.

The Web of Things Framework allows for distributed control, with control located where it would be appropriate, and precise synchronization of behavior where it would be needed, e.g. for factory robots and process control.

The use of Web technologies is expected to effectively reduce the cost for implementing and deploying IoT services. Companies may get realize savings in operational costs, but just as important, companies will have to increase flexibility for rapidly reconfiguring manufacturing processes, and a reduction in time from design to shipping of new products. This will enable a shift from mass production to modified production where products are designed to meet customer’s needs.

There are many IoT technologies exists today which are serving different requirements and new technologies appear frequently nowadays. This makes it necessary to adapt a layer to bridge to the Web of Things Framework, and decouples the services from the details of how devices are connected. So, it is essential to build robust systems that are resistant to changes at lower layers. Security and privacy are important topics here. W3C expects to work closely with the IETF and other organizations on bindings to protocols and best practices for end to end security.

For managing privacy and confidentiality, data owners will get choices/rights to control over who can access their data and for what purposes. With the success of open source software and the advent of open hardware, there is a huge opportunity for amateurs and members of the “maker” community to get involved and help to build the momentum around open standards for the Web of Things. It is now possible to build our own IoT services for a few dollars. Working together, we are able to build strong standards based upon sharing our practical experience of developing the services for the Web of Things. [6]

In order that real-world objects and embedded devices should blend seamlessly into the Web, the “Web of Things” can be realized by applying principles of Web architecture. Instead of using the Web as a transport infrastructure, we are trying to make devices an integral part of the Web and its infrastructure and tools by using HTTP as an application layer protocol.

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of clients and servers to interact without the need for individual negotiations. On the Web, media type support in HTTP and the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) allow peers to cooperate without individual agreements. It further allows clients to navigate amongst the resources using hyperlinks.[8]

For machine-to-machine communication, other media types, such as the XML and the JSON have obtained extensive support across services and client platforms. JSON is a lightweight alternative to XML that is widely used in Web 2.0 applications.[9]

In the case of smart things, to ensure browse-ability by human beings, we can suggest a support for an HTML representation. It should be noted that since HTML is a rather verbose(wordy) format, it might not be directly served by the things themselves. So, by intermediate proxies, for machine-to-machine communications, we suggest using JSON. Since JSON is a more lightweight format compared to XML, we believe that it will be better adapted to the devices with limited capabilities such as smart things. Again, it can directly be parsed to JavaScript objects. This makes it an ideal candidate for integration into Web Mashups.

Now, what is Web Mashup? A Web Mashup is an application for creating a new application with the use of several available web resources. Unlike traditional forms of integration, Mashups focus mainly on opportunistic integration occurring on the Web for an end-user’s personal use and generally for non-critical applications (Yu et al. 2008). They are usually created ad-hoc, using lightweight and well-known Web technologies, such as JavaScript and HTML, and contribute to serving short terms needs. For example, a Mashup can be created to display, on Google Maps, the location of all the pictures posted to Flickr.10

By extending the Mashup concept to physical objects and applying RESTful patterns to smart things, we allow their seamless integration into the Web, thus enabling a new range of applications based on this unified view of a Web of information resources and physical objects. We call this concept “physical Mashup”, because it is directly inspired from Web 2.0 Mashups.[4]

A. Future Web of Things

Web 2.0 Mashups have significantly lowered the entry barrier for the development of Web applications, which is now accessible to non-programmers. It should be noted that a resource-oriented approach should not be universally considered as the miracle solution for every problem. In particular, scenarios with very specific requirements, such as high performance real-time communications, might be the benefit.[4]

VI. CONCLUSION

Introducing support for Web standards at the device-level is beneficial for developing a new generation of networked devices that are much simpler to deploy, program, and reuse. Applying the same design principles that supported the success of the Web, in particular openness, connectedness, and simplicity, can significantly leverage the ubiquity and versatility of the Web as a common ground for supporting interactions between devices and applications. Furthermore, as most mobile devices have already Web connectivity and Web browsers, and most programming environments support HTTP, we tap into the very large Web developer community as potential application developers for the Web of Things .

REFERENCES

1. M. Huang, J. Li, X. Song, and H. Guo, Modeling Impulsive Injections of Insulin: Towards Artificial Pancreas. SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics 72, 5, 2012, pp. 1524–1548.

2. S. Munir, J. Stankovic, C. Liang, and S. Lin, New Cyber Physical System Challenges for Human-in-the-Loop Control, 8th International Workshop on Feedback Computing, June 2013.

3. John A. Stankovic, Life Fellow, IEEE Research Directions for the Internet of Things http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2014.2312291

4. Dominique Guinard1,2, Vlad Trifa1,2, Friedemann Mattern1, Erik Wilde3 5 From the Internet of Things to the Web of Things: Resource Oriented Architecture and Best Practices1

5. http://cis.k.hosei.ac.jp/~jianhua/course/ubi

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Vol. 4, Issue 2, February 2016 7. http://www.sunspotworld.com

8. http://www.json.org

9. http://www.genpact.com/home/solutions/it-infrastructure-services 10. http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-examples/

11. http://www.cognizant.com/internet-of-things

BIOGRAPHY

First AuthorPradipPatil has completed his bachelors in Computer science and he has also completed his MCA in management from RSCOE, Pune University, He has an experience of more than 5 years in teaching various core Computer subjects like Java, Computer Network, DBMS, Object oriented analysis & Design, Computer organization. He has successfully completed online Course in association with Bigdata University. Over and above the regular lectures, he has a knack for developing creative exercises for the students. These exercises include various kinds of brain games which help them in not only developing creativity but also overall personality. he has Life Memberships viz. ISTE (Indian Society for Technical Education). He also written Text book on Object oriented analysis and design .His research interest areas include Big Data, Mobile Computing & NLP. He has presented papers in national and international conferences and research journals.