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(1)

Performance Assessments in 

Computer Science

An example of student perceptions

2014‐03‐20, Falun, Sweden

Erik Bergström Helen Pehrsson ‘ University of Skövde

(2)

Background (1)

Computer science studies are transforming

Specialization of study programs

Demand mainly from industry and students

Certifications included in many study programs

IT certifications dominated by Microsoft and Cisco 

(McGill & Dixon, 2007)

Job advertisements ask for certifications, not 

necessarily degrees (Morris et al., 2012)

(3)

Background (2)

Benefits of certification

Greater knowledge and increased productivity, a certain level of 

expertise and skill, improved support quality, reduced training costs 

and higher morale and commitment as benefits of employing students 

that have undertaken certification (Ray & McCoy, 2000)

From an educational perspective, the certification examination 

provides an additional tool for evaluating course and program content 

(Ray & McCoy, 2000)

Attracting students (Brookshire, 2000)

Drawbacks of certification

Absence of unbiased neutral groups for determining course contents, 

creating exams and authorizing examiners (Ray & McCoy, 2000)

Lack of educational rigor, to focused material, training‐oriented rather 

than education oriented, and that it is too market and popularity 

driven. (Jovanovic et al., 2006)

(4)

Background (3)

Courses in computer science normally contain two parts

Theory part  Written exam

Practical part  Written lab report

Lab reports are prone to plagiarism

Exams are hard to vary

Despite the use of practical assignments computer science 

educators expresses concern for their students’ lack of 

practical skills (McCracken et al., 2001, Lister et al., 2004).

Why examine programming/system administration/…  with 

a written lab report?

Performance assessments can be best of both worlds

(5)

Background (4)

Performance assessments provide an alternative 

way of examine practical skills

Performance assessments “can measure students’ 

cognitive thinking and reasoning skills and their 

ability to apply knowledge to solve realistic, 

meaningful problems” (Lane, 2010)

They “emulate the context or conditions in which 

the intended knowledge or skills are actually 

applied” (American Educational Research 

Association, 1999)

(6)

Goal

How do the students perceive performance 

assessments ?

Literature describe it as a more stressful situation 

than a test with pen‐and‐paper (Wästlund et al. 

2005

Asked for by companies, but do the students 

perceive it as a positive aspect?

Can we have a clear progression in the 

performance assessments?

(7)

Research Questions

Do the students perceive the performance 

assessment as more stressful than 

examination with a written lab report?

Do the students perceive the performance 

assessment as a positive aspect to highlight 

when applying for jobs?

How do the students experience the 

progression of performance assessment 

between courses?

(8)

Method and Context

A soft case study as described by Walsham

(1993)

Interpretative (understanding) as described by 

Braa and Vidgen (1999).

Case study context

Network and Systems Administration study

program at University of Skövde

(9)

Data Collection

Document studies (three courses)

Course plans

Examination criteria

Lab documentation

Questionnaires

First year students in the NSA study program

First year students in the web development and computer 

science study programs

Second and third year students of the NSA program

Group discussions

Students

Educators

(10)

Case Study Context – Lab Setup

One student = two 

computers, three screens, 

several virtual machines

Own subnet

VPN possibilities

Teachers can push 

images, create 

faults in setups

(11)

Performance Assessment

Lab presentation prerequisite

~2.5‐4 hours

Their own disks and lab systems

Open book examination (system 

documentation, manuals, Internet,…)

No conversations in individual assessments

(12)

Performance Assessments ‐

Progression

Course: Computer Fundamentals

2 individual performance assessments plus no additional 

documentation

• Level 1: Repeat steps performed in the lab • Tasks such as: add user, set correct file system permissions, schedule backup • Time limit: 2.5 hours

Course: Windows‐administration I

1 individual performance assessment plus system documentation

• Level 2: Create new things on a prepared system • Tasks such as: Install feature, perform backup, restore backup, centrally  distribute client settings, shared folders and file system permissions  • Time limit: 2.5 hours

Course: Windows‐administration II

1 group performance test plus system documentation, system design 

report

• Level 3: Prepare a system to work in an environment created by the educators

(13)

Results (1)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Yes No Don't know a b a) Does performance assessments measure your practical skills?

(14)

Results (2)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Yes No Don't know Do you perceive performance assessments as more stressful than submission 

(15)

Results (3)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Yes No Don't know (1) (2) (3) Do you perceive performance assessments as more stressful than submission of a  written lab report? (Group 1=NSA year 1, Group 2= Web and CS year 1 and Group 3= 

(16)

Results (4)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Yes No Don't know Do you think that the performance assessments in the NSA program is a 

(17)

Results (5)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Yes No Don't know Do you feel that there has been a progression in the performance  assessments in the program?

(18)

Results (6)

Group discussion and free‐text answers from students

Performance assessment in the first course served as a soft start of the 

studies

Proves in a better way the student have learned the course goals than 

repetitive “how‐to” reports based on manuals and Google

The only real good argument [educators] have for examining lab 

reports is that it gives training for the FYP

Many companies wish for practical knowledge when applying for 

jobs… add even more performance assessments.

I think all courses with a practical part should have performance 

assessment

Progression is important and there are clear repetitions between the 

courses, but it would be good with even clearer “steps”

Better preparations from the educators so there are no problems with 

e.g. faulty NICs

(19)

Results (7)

Group discussions with educators

Results from performance assessments show that 

skilled students are normally theoretically skilled as 

well

Measures practical skills

Catch students not skilled enough

Better than a written lab report

Less risk of plagiarism

Harder to fail students face‐to‐face

Need more synchronization to get a progression of lab 

reports in other courses (to prepare for FYP)

(20)

Conclusion

Surprising low differences between student 

groups

Perceived as less stressful than expected

Give the students more performance 

assessments, but not only performance 

assessments!

Takes some time to prepare, set up labs, more 

hardware dependent, need skilled teachers (new 

problems might arise during assessment), does not 

save time

(21)

Next step for us

To investigate the uncritical approach among 

teachers and students of how certifications 

are used and applied within higher education.

Literature is uncritical to certification

Students accept “anything” as long as it leads to 

certification 

(22)

References

• Braa, K., & Vidgen, R. (1999). Interpretation, intervention, and reduction in the  organizational laboratory: a framework for in‐context information system research.  Accounting, Management and Information Technologies, 9(1), 25‐47. • Brookshire, R. G. (2000). Information technology certification: Is this your mission?  Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 18(2), 1‐2.  • Lister, R., Adams, E. S., Fitzgerald, S., Fone, W., Hamer, J., Lindholm, M., McCartney,  R., Moström, J. E., Sanders, K., Seppälä, O., Simon, B. & Thomas, L. 2004. A multi‐ national study of reading and tracing skills in novice programmers. SIGCSE Bull., 36, 119‐150. • McGill, T., & Dixon, M. (2007). Information Technology Certification: A Student  Perspective Integrating Information & Communications Technologies Into the  Classroom (pp. 203‐215): IGI Global. • Morris, G., Fustos, J., & Haga, W. (2012). Preparing for a Career as a Network  Engineer. Information Systems Education Journal, 10(1), 13‐20.  • Ray, C. M., & McCoy, R. (2000). Why Certification in Information Systems?  Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 18(1), 1‐4.  • Walsham, G. (1993). Interpreting Information Systems in Organizations: John Wiley  & Sons, Inc. • Wästlund, E., Reinikka, H., Norlander, T. & Archer, T. 2005. Effects of VDT and paper 

References

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