Foreword p. xiii Research and Writing
The Research Paper as a Form of Exploration p. 2
The Research Paper as a Form of Writing p. 4
Selecting a Topic p. 4
Conducting Research p. 5
The Modern Academic Library p. 5
The Central Information System p. 6
Reference Works p. 6
The Online Catalog of Library Holdings p. 14
Other Library Resources and Services p. 19
Internet Sources p. 20
Compiling a Working Bibliography p. 22
Evaluating Sources p. 25
Authorship and Authority p. 27
Accuracy and Verifiability p. 28
Currency p. 28 Taking Notes p. 28 Plagiarism p. 30 Outlining p. 34 Working Outline p. 34 Thesis Statement p. 35 Final Outline p. 36 Writing Drafts p. 40
Language and Style p. 42
Guides to Writing p. 43
The Mechanics of Writing
Spelling p. 49 Consistency p. 49 Word Division p. 49 Plurals p. 50 Foreign Words p. 50 Punctuation p. 50
The Purpose of Punctuation p. 50
Commas p. 51
Semicolons p. 56
Colons p. 56
Dashes and Parentheses p. 58
Hyphens p. 59
Apostrophes p. 61
Square Brackets p. 63
Slashes p. 64
Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points p. 64
Italics (Underlining) p. 65
Words and Letters Referred to as Words and Letters p. 65
Foreign Words in an English Text p. 66
Emphasis p. 66
Names of Persons p. 66
First and Subsequent Uses of Names p. 66
Titles of Persons p. 67
Names of Authors and Fictional Characters p. 68
Numbers p. 68
Arabic Numerals p. 68
Use of Words or Numerals p. 68
Commas in Numbers p. 70
Percentages and Amounts of Money p. 70
Dates and Times of the Day p. 71
Inclusive Numbers p. 72
Roman Numerals p. 72
Titles of Works in the Research Paper p. 73
Capitalization and Punctuation p. 73
Underlined Titles p. 75
Titles in Quotation Marks p. 76
Titles and Quotations within Titles p. 76
Exceptions p. 78
Shortened Titles p. 80
Quotations p. 80
Use and Accuracy of Quotations p. 80
Prose p. 81
Poetry p. 83
Drama p. 84
Ellipsis p. 85
Other Alterations of Sources p. 89
Punctuation with Quotations p. 90
Translations of Quotations p. 93
Capitalization and Personal Names in Languages Other Than English p. 94
French p. 94
German p. 96
Italian p. 97
Spanish p. 99
The Format of the Research Paper
Printing or Typing p. 104
Paper p. 104
Margins p. 104
Spacing p. 105
Heading and Title p. 105
Page Numbers p. 106
Tables and Illustrations p. 106
Corrections and Insertions p. 109
Binding p. 109
Electronic Submission p. 110
Documentation: Preparing the List of Works Cited
Documenting Sources p. 114
MLA Style p. 114
The List of Works Cited and Other Source Lists p. 116
Placement of the List of Works Cited p. 117
Arrangement of Entries p. 118
Citing Books and Other Nonperiodical Publications p. 119
The Basic Entry: A Book by a Single Author p. 119
An Anthology or a Compilation p. 123
Two or More Books by the Same Author p. 123
A Book by Two or More Authors p. 124
Two or More Books by the Same Authors p. 126
A Book by a Corporate Author p. 126
A Work in an Anthology p. 127
An Article in a Reference Book p. 130
An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or an Afterword p. 131
Cross-References p. 132
An Anonymous Book p. 133
An Edition p. 134
A Translation p. 135
A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition p. 137
A Multivolume Work p. 137
A Book in a Series p. 140
A Republished Book p. 141
A Publisher's Imprint p. 141
A Book with Multiple Publishers p. 142
A Pamphlet p. 142
A Government Publication p. 143
The Published Proceedings of a Conference p. 145
A Book Published before 1900 p. 146 A Book without Stated Publication Information or Pagination p. 147
An Unpublished Dissertation p. 148
A Published Dissertation p. 148
Citing Articles and Other Publications in Periodicals p. 149 The Basic Entry: An Article in a Scholarly Journal with Continuous Pagination p. 149 An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Pages Each Issue Separately p. 152 An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Uses Only Issue Numbers p. 153 An Article in a Scholarly Journal with More Than One Series p. 153
An Article in a Newspaper p. 154
An Article in a Magazine p. 155
A Review p. 156
An Abstract in an Abstracts Journal p. 158
An Anonymous Article p. 159
An Editorial p. 159
A Letter to the Editor p. 159
A Serialized Article p. 160
A Special Issue p. 161
An Article in a Microform Collection of Articles p. 162
An Article Reprinted in a Loose-Leaf Collection of Articles p. 162
Citing Miscellaneous Print and nonprint Sources p. 162
A Television or Radio Program p. 162
A Sound Recording p. 164
A Film or Video Recording p. 167
A Performance p. 169
A Musical Composition p. 170
A Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph p. 171
An Interview p. 172
A Map or Chart p. 173
A Cartoon p. 174
An Advertisement p. 174
A Lecture, a Speech, an Address, or a Reading p. 174
A Manuscript or Typescript p. 175
A Letter or Memo p. 175
A Legal Source p. 176
Citing Electronic Publications p. 178
Introduction p. 178
An Online Scholarly Project, Information Database, or Professional or Personal Site p. 180
An Online Book p. 183
An Article in an Online Periodical p. 186
A Work in More Than One Publication Medium p. 195
A Work from an Online Service p. 195
A Work in an Indeterminate Medium p. 196
Other Electronic Sources p. 196
Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text
Parenthetical Documentation and the List of Works Cited p. 204
Information Required in Parenthetical Documentation p. 204
Readability p. 206
Sample References p. 208
Citing an Entire Print or Nonprint Work p. 208
Citing Part of a Work p. 211
Citing Volume and Page Numbers of a Multivolume Work p. 214
Citing a Work Listed by Title p. 215
Citing a Work by a Corporate Author p. 217
Citing Two or More Works by the Same Author or Authors p. 218
Citing Indirect Sources p. 220
Citing Literary and Religious Works p. 221
Citing More Than One Work in a Single Parenthetical Reference p. 224
Using Notes with Parenthetical Documentation p. 227
Content Notes p. 227 Bibliographic Notes p. 228 Abbreviations Introduction p. 232 Time Designations p. 233 Geographic Names p. 234
Common Scholarly Abbreviations p. 237
Publishers' Names p. 244
Symbols and Abbreviations Used in Proofreading and Correction p. 246
Selected Proofreading Symbols p. 246
Common Correction Symbols and Abbreviations p. 246
Titles of Literary and Religious Works p. 247
Bible p. 247
Shakespeare p. 250
Chaucer p. 251
Other Literary Works p. 252
Selected Reference Works by Field
Anthropology p. 256
Art p. 256
Biology p. 257
Business p. 257
Computer Science p. 258 Education p. 259 Environmental Sciences p. 259 Geography p. 260 Geology p. 260 History p. 260
Language and Literature p. 261
Law p. 262 Mathematics p. 262 Medicine p. 263 Music p. 263 Philosophy p. 263 Physics p. 264 Psychology p. 264 Religion p. 265
Science and Technology p. 265
Sociology p. 265
Other Systems of Documentation
Endnotes and Footnotes p. 268
Documentation Notes versus the List of Works Cited and Parenthetical References p. 268
Note Numbers p. 268
Note Form versus Bibliographic Form p. 269
Endnotes versus Footnotes p. 269
Sample First Note References: Books and Other Nonperiodical Publications p. 270 Sample First Note References: Articles and Other Publications in Periodicals p. 273 Sample First Note References: Miscellaneous Print and Nonprint Sources p. 276 Sample First Note References: Electronic Publications p. 279
Subsequent References p. 284
Author-Date System p. 285
Number System p. 287
Specialized Style Manuals p. 288
Sample Pages of a Research Paper in MLA Style p. 291
Index p. 295
