PHAR 3 (LAB) - Monthly Reviewer PART 1: PREPARATIONS
Preparation 1: Anhydrous Thyroxine Na Category:
Powder - drug or chemical in dry form which can be taken internally (nose, throat, tooth) or externally (skin)
Production Method:
1. Comminution/ Particle Size -reduction of particle size Large Scale - mill
Extemporaneous
-Trituration - reducing by rubbing the particles by mortar & pestle.
-Pulverization by intervention - state of condition of solid with the aid of anoher example: camphor + alcohol
iodine + ether
-Levigation -- formulation of paste by a levigating agent (example: glycerin) 2. Blending/ Mixing extemporaneous -spatulation -trituration -sifting -tumbling
-geometric dilution (potent drug) *geometric dilution 1g diluet ==> 1 g potent 3. Divided Powder
-weighing -block & divide 4. Packaging Material
1. Powder Paper Type -vegetable parchment
-thin, semi-opaque, moisture resistant
-white bond
-opaque, no moisture resistance -glassine
- waxed, transparent w/ moisture resistance
-waxed
-transparent with water proof properties
2. Paper boxes/ Powder Envelopes Special Problems:
Volatile Substance
-sealed plastic envelope
-double wrapped with bond paper Eutectic Mixture
-add diluents (starch, lactose) -ASA, camphor, menthol
Hygroscopic
-absorb/ adsorb moisture - ZnCl, NaCl
Deliquescent
-absorbs moisture & liquid - CuSO4
*Powder - chartulae
*Description- properly folded *Uses- thyroxine Formulation Ingredients Original Amount Computed Amount Eltroxin 100 mcg 25 mcg Lactose 200 mg 50 mg Procedure 1. triturate lactose 2. pulverized tablet 3. Mix together
4. Place in pill tile, form a block then divide into 4 potions
5. Wrap each individually in a glassine paper & place in paper envelope
Label: white
Container: papertab (8 x13) envelope: (17 x 12.5)
Preparation 2: Effervescent Granule
Granules - prepared agglomerate of smaller particle size of powder
-can pass through #4 - #12 sieve
Effervescence -granules/ course to very course powder containing medicinal substances & dry powder Main Components
1. Na HCO3 2. C8H7O7 . H2O 3. C4H6O6 Methods of Preparation
1. Wet Method - H20 +Alcohol H2O as moistening agent
-pliable mass/paste -sieve then oven 2. Dry Method (fusion)
-doesn't need binding agt/ moistening agent (vegetable /animal)
1. very coarse - all particle size pass through #8 sieve & not more than 20% pass through #60 sieve
2. coarse - all particle size pass through #20 sieve & not more than 40% pass through #60 sieve
3. moderately coarse - all particle size pass through #40 sieve & not more than 40% pass through #80 sieve
4. fine - all particle size pass through
#60 sieve & not more than 40% pass through #100 sieve
5. very fine - all particle size pass through #80 sieve & no limit as to greater fineness Chemical
1. Coarse - all #20 sieve, NMT 60% #40 sieve 2. Mod. Coarse - all #40 sieve, NMT 60% #60 sieve
3. Fine - all #80 sieveno limit as to greater fineness
4. Vey Fine - all #120 sieve, no limit as to greater fineness Formulation Ingredients Original Amount Computed Amount Citric acid 1 g 2.3 g NaHCO3 3.4 g 8.0 g Tartaric acid 2g 4.7 g Procedure
1. Triturate ingredients individually; then mix 2. Moisten with minimum of 10 drops of
H2O
3. Sieve #12
4. Oven (34 - 40 degrees) 15 mins 5. Place in a container
If citric acid is used alone it will be very sticky & difficult to granulate.
If Tartaric Acid is used alone it will not be firm & tend to crumble.
These chem are used to be able to balance their properties.
Sieve tube
Preparation # 3 : Aspirin Capsule
Capsule - solid dosage forms containing medicinal substace enclosed in "shell" (gelatin) container
Gelatin - partial hydrolysis from the skin, connective tissues, bones of animals
Types of Capsule:
1. Hard gelatin Capsule/ Dry filled capsule - gelatin, sugar, water
- colorless, transparent, tasteless - colored w/ FD&C dye ; D&C dye - opaque by titanium dioxide
2 telescoping part
Body piece - longer Cup
2. Soft Gelatin Capsule - more moisture
- contains preservative (methyl, propyl) Sizes of Capsule
Size Weight Volume
000 15 gr 1.36 mL 00 10 gr 0.95 mL 0 7.5 gr 0.67 mL 1 5 gr 0.48 mL 2 4 gr 0.37 mL 3 3 gr 0.27 mL 4 2 gr 0.20 mL 5 1 gr 0.13 mL Examples of fill in HGC 1. granules & powders 2. pellet mixture 3. tablet 4. capsule 5. paste Examples of fill in SGC 1. pasty material 2 .scaled liquid 3. preformulated tablet 4. suspension 5. dry powder Procedure
1. know the capsule size ( #1 capsule) 2. needed amount of aspirin (650 mg) 3. triturate the ingredients
4. place in a pill tile
5. remove/ separate the capsule 6. do the Punch Method
* press repeatedly the open end of the body of capsule downward into the flat powder bed.
7. finger prints- partial dissolution of capsule 8. close the capsule
9. clean/polish the capsule with mineral oil 10. place appropriate container
Preparation # 4: Glycerin Suppository
Suppository - solid dosage form for insertion into the body orifice to melt, soften, dissolve, exert local/systemic effect.
- from latin word "supponere" - to palce under ; "sub" - under ; "ponere" -to place
Local Effect - 1/3
Systemic Effect - lower than local
#4 - 4.75 mm #12 - 1.7 mm #20 - 850 mcm #80 - 180 mcm #8 - 2.36 mm #16 - 1.18 mm #40- 425 mcm #100 - 150 mcm #10 - 2 mm #18 - 1.0 mm #60 - 250 mcm #120 - 125 mcm
Types
1. rectal - cylindrical bullet type shape *infant : 1g ; adult 2 g 2. urethral - slender, pencil type shape
- 3.6 mm diameter
*male: 4g => 100 - 150 mm long *female: 2 g => 60 - 70 mm long 3. Vaginal -globular, ovi form
- 3g - 5g
RARE SUPPOSITORIES: 4. Nasal Suppository "burginarium" 5. Aural Suppository "ear cones"
Methods
1. Molding/ Fussion - heat 2. Cold Compression
3. Hand molding/ rolling/ shaping 4. Compression into tablet Bases: 1. Fatty/oleagenous Bases - cocoa butter -dehydag -cothar -witepsol -wecobel 2. Water Soluble
-glycerinated gelatin (Jel-o) -polyethylene glycol (polybase) 3. Miscellenous base
- combination of oleagenous & water poly oxyl 40 stearate
Procedure
1. lubricate the molder with mineral oil then place in the freezer
2. weigh the diff constituents
3. melt the glycerin by water bath/ heating mantle 4. add monohydrate NA2CO3 (triturated) 5. add water + steric acid
6. stir the mixture & place in the molder 7. place it back in the freezer (5-10 mins) 8. remove it then wrap in aluminum foil glycerin (1.248 g/ml) - 12.4 g
monohydrated Na2CO3 - 0.54 g stearic acid - 2.48 g
water - 1.67 g
PART 2: CONVERSION Apothecary Fluid Measure
60 minims = 1 fluiddrachm 8 fluiddrachm = 1 fluidounce 16 fluidounce = 1 pint 2 pint =1quart 4 quarts = 2 gallon Apothecary Measure of Weight
20 grains =1 scruple 3 scruples = 1 drachm 8 drachm = 1ounce 12 ounce =1 pound Interconversion 1meter =39.37 in 1inch =2.54 cm 1mL =16.23 minims 1minim =0.06 mL 1fluidrachm =3.69 mL 1fluidounce =29.57 mL 1 pint = 473 mL 1quart = 946 mL 1 gal = 3785 mL 1 g = 15.432 gr 1kg = 2.20 lb 1gr = 0.065 g 1 avoir oz =28.35 g 1 apoth oz =31.1 g 1avoir lb =454 g 1apoth lb =373 g
PART 3: LATIN TERMS
ABBREVIATIONS LATIN TERM / PHRASE ENGLISH MEANING
1. a., applic. applicantus, a, um to be applied
2. aa ana of each
3. a.c., ant. cib. ante cibum before food
4. ad ad to sufficient or to produce
5. addend addendus, a, um to be added
addendo by adding
6. a.h., alt.hor. alternis horis every other hour
7. a.j. ante jentaculum before breakfast
8. alt. die alterno die every other day
9. aq. calid. aqua calida hot water
10. aq. dest. aqua destillata distilled water
11. ad. frig. aqua frigida cold water
12. aug. augeatur let it be increased
13. aur. auris the ear
14. b. bis twice
15. b.d., b.i.d. bis die, bis in die twice daily
16. b.t.d., b.t.i.d. bis terve in die two or three times a day
17. c.c. cum cibos with food
18. c.l.q.s. cuilibet quantum sufficiat a sufficient quantity or
as you please
19. cap. cape take
capitat let him take
capiatur let it be taken
capiantur let them be taken
capiendus, a, um to be taken
20. comp. compositus, a, um compound
21. coch. cochleare spoonful
22. conc. concentratus, a, um concentrate
23. d.d. de die daily
25. d.p. directione propria with proper directions
26. decub. hor. decubitas hora at bedtime
27. dext. dexter right, on the right
28. dil. dilutus, a, um diluted
29. div. divide divide
30. dol. urg. dolore urgente when the pain is severe
31. dolent. part. dolente parti to the afflicted part
32. dup., dx. duplex double
33. dur. durus hard
34. dur. dol. durante dolore when the pain lasts
35. e.m.p. ex modo praescripto in the manner prescribed
36. e. paul. aq. ex paulo aquae in a little water
37. ex ex from out of
38. ex aq. ex aqua with water
39. ex. aq. coch. ampl. ex aqua cochleari amplo in a tablespoonful of water
40. extempl. extemplo immediately
41. f., ft. fiat let it be made
fiant let them be made
42. fort. fortis, e strong
43. gtt. gutta, guttae drop, drops, eye-drops
44. guttur gutturi to the throat
45. h.s. hora somni at bedtime
46. hac noct. hac nocte tonight
47. i.c. inter cibos between meals
48. in loc. Frig. In loco frigido in a cool place
49. infric. Infracandus, a, um to be rubbed in
Infricetur let it be rubbed
50. laev. laevus, a, um left, on the left
52. m. misce mix
53. m., man. mane in the morning
54. m., mitt. mitte send
55. m.d. moredicto as directed
56. n., noct. nocte at night
57. n. mque. nocte maneque night and morning
58. n. et m. nocte et mane night and morning
59. ne rep. ne repetatur do not repeat
60. non rep. non repetatur do not repeat
61. N.P., nom. prop. nomen proprium proper name
62. o., om. omni every, each
63. oc., ocul. oculus the eye
64. o.d. omni die everyday
65. p.a., part. aff. parti affectae to the affected part
66. p.a.a. parti affectae applicandus to the applied to the affected part
67. p. aeq. partes aequales equal parts
68. p.c. post cibum after food
69. p.m. post meridiem afternoon
primo mane early in the morning
70. p.p.a. phiala prius agitata the bottle having first been
shaken
71. p.r.n. pro re nata when required
72. pond. ponderosus heavy
73. ppt. praecipitatus, a, um precipitated
74. pro dos. prodosi for a dose
75. prox. luc. proximaluce on the next day
76. pulv. pulverisatus, a, um powdered
77. q., qq. quaque every
78. q.d.s. quarter die sumendus, a, um to be taken four times daily
80. q.h.s. quartis horis sumendus to be taken every four hours
81. q.i.d. quarter in die four times a day
82. q.q.h. quarta quaque hora every four times
83. q.s. quantum sufficiat as much as is sufficient
84. quart. quarter, a, um fourth
85. quot. quotidie daily
86. Rx recipe take
87. rep. repetatur let it be repeated
88. rep. dos. repetatur dosis let the dose be repeated
89. s. sine without
90. s., sum. sumat let him take
sumatur let it be taken
sumantur let them be taken
sumendus, a, um to be taken
91. s.a. secumdum artem with pharmaceutical skill
(i.e. according to art)
92. saep. saepe often
93. sem in die semen in die once a day
94. sicc. siccus dried
95. s., sinist. Sinister left, on the left
96. sig. signa label
97. S.O.S. si opus sit if necessary
98. ss. semis the half
99. stat. statim immediately
100. sug. Sugatur let it be sucked
101. t..d.s. ter diesumendus, a, um to be taken three times daily
102. t.i.d. ter in die three times daily
103. t.q.d., t.q.i.d. terquarterve in die three or four times daily
104. tuss. tussis a cough
105. tuss. urg. tussis urgente when the cough is troublesome
107. u.d., ut dict. ut dictum as directed
108. ut.supr. ut supra as above
109. v., vesp. vespere in the evening
PRESCRIPTION FILLING DIRECTIONS
ABBREVIATION LATIN ORIGIN MEANING
aa. ana of each
ad ad up to; to make
disp. dispensatur dispense
div. dividatur divide
d.t.d. dentur tales doses give of such doses
ft fiat make
M. mice mix
No. numero number
non rep / NR non repatatur do not repeat
q.s. quantum sufficit a sufficient quantity
q.s. ad quantum sufficiat ad a sufficient quantity to make
Sig. Signa write (directions on label)
QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT
ABBREVIATION (LATIN ORIGIN) MEANING
BSA body surface area
cm3
cubic centimeter or millimeter (mL)
f or fl (fluidus) fluid
flʒ or fʒ fluid dram ( teaspoonful, 5 mL)
fl℥ss or f℥ss half-fluidounce ( tabalespponful, 15 mL) g gram gal gallon gtt (gutta) drop lb (libra) pound kg kilogram L liter m2 or M2 square meter mcg microgram mEq milliequivalent mg milligram
mg/kg milligrams (of drug) per kilogram (of body weight) mg/m2
milligrams (of drug) per square meter (of body surface area)
mL milliliter
mL/h milliliters (of drug administered) per hour (as through intravenous administration)
mOsm or mOsmol milliosmoles
oz. ounce
pt. pint
qt. quart
ss or (semissem) one half
tbsp. tablespoonful
tsp. teaspoonful
SIGNA / PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS
ABBREVIATION LATIN ORIGIN MEANING
a.c. ante cibos before meals
ad lib. ad libitum at pleasure, freely
A.M. ante meridiem morning
aq. aqua water
ATC --- around the clock
b.i.d. bis in die twice a day
c or cum with
d die day
dil. dilitus dilute
et --- and
h. or hr. hora hour
h.s. hora somni at bedtime
i.c. inter cibos between meals
min. minutum minute
m&n --- morning and night
N&V --- nausea and vomiting
noct. nocte night
NPO non per os nothing by mouth
p.c. post cibos after meals
P.M. post meridiem afternoon; evening
p.o. per os by mouth (orally)
p.r.n. pro de nata as needed
q quaque every
qAM --- every morning
q4h, q8h, etc. --- every __ hours
q.i.d. quarter in die four times a day
rep. repetatur repeat
s sine without
s.i.d. semel in die once a day
s.o.s. si opus sit if there is need; as needed
stat. statim immediately
t.i.d. ter in die three times a day
ut dict. ut dictum as directed
wk. --- week
MEDICATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS MEANING APAP acetaminophen ASA aspirin AZT zidovudineEES erythromycin ethylsuccinate
HC hydrocortisone HCTZ hydrochlorothiazide MTX methotrexate NTG nitroglycerin
CLINICAL
ABBREVIATIONS MEANING BM bowel movement BP blood pressure BS blood sugarCHD coronary heart disease
CHF congestive heart failure
GERD gastrointestinal reflux disease
GI gastrointestinal
GFR glomerular filtration rate
GU genitourinary
HA headache
HBP high blood pressure
HRT hormone replacement therapy
IOP intraocular pressure
MI myocardial ischemia/ infarction
OA osteoarthritis
Pt patient
SOB shortness of breath
TPN total parenteral nutrition
URI upper respiratory infection
UTI urinary tract infection
DOSAGE FORMS / VEHICLES
ABBREVIATIONS MEANING
amp. ampul
cap. capsule
D5LR dextrose 5% in lactated Ringer’s
D5NS dextrose 5% in normal saline
(0.9% sodium chloride) D5W dextrose 5% in water D10W dextrose 10% in water elix. elixir inj. injection NS normal saline
½ NS half-strength normal saline
oint. or ungt. (unguentum) ointment
pulv. (pulvis) powder
RL, R/L or LR Ringer’s Lactate or Lactated Ringer’s
sol. (solutio) solution
supp. (suppositorium) suppository
susp. suspension
syr. (syrupus) syrup
tab. (tabletta) tablet
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
ABBREVIATION MEANING
CIVI continuous (24 hour) intravenous infusion
ID intradermal
IM intramuscular
IT intrathecal
IV intravenous
IVB intravenous bolus
IV Drip intravenous infusion
IVP intravenous push
IVPB intravenous piggy back
NGT nasogastric tube
p.o. or PO (per os) by mouth
rect. rectal or rectum
SL sublingual
SubQ subcutaneously
Top. topically
