Changes and Challenges
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Higher Education Reform and Development
in Shanghai 2000-2010 & 2010-2020
Minxuan ZHANG
Minxuan ZHANG
Shanghai Municipal Education Commission
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Sub Themes
• Snapshot of Shanghai Education and Society
• Snapshot of Shanghai Education and Society
• Quantity Expansion: Main theme 2000-2010
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• Successful Innovations for the Change
• Quality Exaltation: Main theme 2010-2020
• Strategic plan & devices to the challenge
Society
I. A Shanghai Snapshot
Society——
Territory: 6340 sq. km.
Population：
p
23.03 million
Education：
19.1％ with higher education
25.8％ with senior secondary ed.
51 6％ with junior secondary ed
51.6％ with junior secondary ed.
3.5% with primary education
Sub-area：
18 districts and counties
GDP: RMB 2000 Billion
GDP per Cap.: US$ 11,451
Ind. Structure: 1：48：51
Labor Structure: 5.9：37.7：56.4
Development Goal: “
4 centers
” (trade, finance, ship & logistics
& economy) &
an international metropolis
& economy) &
an international metropolis
I. A Shanghai Snapshot
Institution number Enrollment %
Education——
Kindergarten
private
1252
299
328760
63850
19.4
％
Primary school
672
590561
Primary school
private
672
87
590561
82189
13.9
％
Secondary school
774
617724
private
119
86913
14.1
％
Vocational school
private
101
5
168671
3107
1.8
％
private
Colleges & Univ.
private
Special ed school
5
66
21
29
3107
626747
98498
9074
1.8
％
15.9
％
4Special ed. school
29
9074
II. Quantity Expansion: 2000-2010
1) Enrollment Expansion: From Elite to Universal Higher Education
In the year of 2000, the gross rate of HEd was just 14%, yet the same rate was over 65% in Shanghai in 2010. Full-time undergraduates jumped from 226,800 to
600
F.1. Full-time Undergraduates Enrollment 2000-2010 (,000) 65% in Shanghai in 2010. Full time undergraduates jumped from 226,800 to 515,700 (F.1.), while high degree students raised form 30,614 to 111,717.
378.5 415.7 442.6 466.3 484.9 502.9 512.8 515.7 400 500 600 226.8 280.1 331.6 300 400 100 200 5 0
II. Quantity Expansion: 2000-2010
2) Increment of higher education institutions: From 37 to 66
3) Increment of college staff: From 60,800 staff to 74,200 staff,
while from 20,500 teaching staff to 39,200 teaching staff .
图8 2000-2010年上海普通高校专任教师情况F.2. Increment of College Staff 2000-2010 (0,000)
6.08 6.17 6.18 6.31 6.83 7.09 7.17 7.18 7.31 7.45 7.42 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.47 0.45 6 7 8 0 4 0.5 0.6 2.05 2.17 2.29 2.44 2.87 3.18 3.39 3.55 3.69 3.81 3.92 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 2 3 4 5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 1 2 2000年 2001年 2002年 2003年 2004年 2005年 2006年 2007年 2008年 2009年 2010年 0 0.1 6 教职工数 专任教师数 占比
II. Quantity Expansion: 2000-2010
4) Enlargement of College Campus:
In the year of 2000 there were totally 13,556,700 Y2010 32 847 5
F.3. Campus Enlargement (,000 sm)
y y , ,
square meters of college campus, now there are 32,847,500 square meters. It means the campus increased 2.42 times in the last 10 years in
Shanghai 32,276.3 32,847.5 Y2000 Y2005 Y2010 Shanghai. Y2000 13,556.7 图3 2000年、2005年和2010年上海普通高校校舍面积变化情况 (单位:万平方米)
2000 5) Construction of College Building:
F.4. College Building Construction(,000sm)
1659.37
1473.74
1200 1600
) g g
In the year of 2000 there were totally 9,288.700 square meters of college buildings for all the functions; Now there
928.87
800
1200 buildings for all the functions; Now there
are 16,593,700 square meters of college buildings. That shows 78.6% increment in the last 10 years.
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400
II. Quantity Expansion: 2000-2010
6) Increment of Foreign Students:
In the year of 2000, there were only over 6,100 foreign students
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who studied in Shanghai colleges and universities, yet the
number is over 43,000.
图7 2000-2010年上海留学生情况 (单位:人)
F 5 Increment of Foreign Students 2000 2010
43016 38458 34886 40000 45000 50000
F.5. Increment of Foreign Students 2000-2010
36738 31570 26054 22197 13858 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 13858 6136 9117 13303 0 5000 10000 15000 2000年 2001年 2002年 2003年 2004年 2005年 2006年 2007年 2008年 2009年 2010年 2000年 2001年 2002年 2003年 2004年 2005年 2006年 2007年 2008年 2009年 2010年
II. Quantity Expansion: 2000-2010
7) Manifold of research and knowledge production
Staff and universities were encouraged to join academic research and market-oriented development directly for enterprises. Refereed papers increased
idl tt t f 524 t 7 640 d SCI j d f
rapidly, patterns went up from 524 to 7,640, and SCI papers jumped from 391 to 3,507, nearly 10 times.
图10 上海17所本科院校发表论文和申请专利数变化情况 (单位:篇)
F.7. Manifold of papers and patterns 2000-2009
49835 50000 60000 18208 20000 30000 40000 524 6740 0 10000 2000年 2009年 Y 20002000年 2009年 Y 2000 Y 2009
III. Innovations for Expansion
1) Diversification of higher education institutions:
• Universities affiliated to central government: 8+1
g
• Universities and colleges administrated by Municipal Ed.
Commission: 17+4
• Colleges affiliated to local departments & state enterprises:
3+12
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2 14
• Private (non-governmental) institutions: 2+14
• Colleges affiliated to university: 5
J i t
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• Joint-running colleges and programs by Shanghai and
foreign higher education institutions: 138
III. Innovations for Expansion
2) Establishment of university parks
To save the limited land in Shanghai and to share the resources, the government encouraged the universities and colleges to buy land for government encouraged the universities and colleges to buy land for new campus in several special areas, and formulated into university parks.
• The well-known “2+2+2+X Model”:The well known 2+2+2+X Model :
Two parks in South and North suburbs; Two parks in East and West suburbs;
Two parks in Fengxian and Linggang Outskirts
• The “Interlink development of 3 communities” Model
In 2005 some local governments noticed that “university park” should In 2005, some local governments noticed that university park should develop with other matters, especially “residential community” and
“high-tech industry park”. Therefore, in 2007 the new concept and model of “Interlink development of 3 communities” was spread in p p Shanghai, and introduced to other cities and provinces.
III. Innovations for Expansion
3) Loans for land and buildings
In the world history, England had university colleges in middle 19th century and USA had land-granted colleges for higher
19th century and USA had land granted colleges for higher education expansion.
• The first ten years of the new Century witnessed the Chinese innovation started in Shanghai: Public universities and colleges innovation started in Shanghai: Public universities and colleges borrowed money from banks to purchase lands for enlarging their campus and to build college houses and mansions for their teaching and researching activities. g
• It was said that Chinese universities arreared the debt of over RMB 100-200 billion for the expansion. Last year, the Shanghai Municipal Government already started to pay the debt of RMB 4 billion for public y p y p universities and colleges,…….
• Is it an initiative to solve the dilemma of “Hen first or eggs first?” ----“Borrow a hen for eggs first, and pay back the hen with some eggs”.
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III. Innovations for Expansion
4) Establishment of mixed student financial aid policies
Since mid 1990s Shanghai municipal government tried hard to set-up a cost-sharing higher education finance system with student financial g g ysupport to assure the equal access.
• Shanghai establishes “a
mixed-h li h ”
F.8. Mixed approaches of support
(RMB million; %)
approaches policy scheme”
composed by scholarship, grant, loan, tuition exemption, special subsidy student-work social
(RMB million; %) others 105; 12% exemption 11; 1% state scholarship 113; 13%
subsidy, student-work, social security plan & health insurance.
• In 2009, RMB 872 million was spent for student financial aid
ugent subsidy 12; 1%
university shcolarship
130; 15%
spent for student financial aid beside health insurance , and 637,000 students received, more or less financial aid
student work 55; 6%
state loan 222; 27%
state & uni. grant
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III. Innovations for Expansion
4) Establishment of mixed student financial aid policies
• The financial resources for student support come from 5 channels: municipal budget central subsidy university budget guaranteed
municipal budget, central subsidy, university budget, guaranteed bank loan and social endowment.
• The aid objective is that “No
F 9 Resouces for student financial aid
student would discontinue his/ her study only for financial
difficulty of his/her family”.
F.9. Resouces for student financial aid
(RMB million, %) Endowment and work, central subsidy, y y
• The scheme covers all the students who study in private colleges Students in private
137, 16% 65, 7%
Shanghai budget, 194, 22%
colleges. Students in private institutions also enjoy all the aid approaches, social security and h lth university, 254 30% State loan, 222 2 % 194, 22% health care. 222, 25% 254, 30%
III. Innovations for Expansion
5) Open-door for higher education development
Shanghai is known as a window for reform and open-door li i i Chi
policies in China.
• In 2009 753 teachers in municipal universities and colleges were sent abroad for their further study or high degrees;
se ab oad o e u e s udy o g deg ees;
• Over 6,000 teachers went abroad for academic exchange; nearly 1,000 scholars went abroad for joint research projects and another 3 000 staff visited other countries
3,000 staff visited other countries.
• In 2009, 4,445 foreign scholars and teachers came to work in Shanghai, among them 1,201 worked for more than half a year.
• 4,189 college students went abroad as exchange students with the support of their universities and colleges, among them 1,260 are post graduate students for high degrees
IV. New Challenges 2010-2010
• In the last ten years, the rapid expansion of universities and colleges met the quantitative HEd. demands of the Shanghai residents and of the manpower for economic and social
d l t b th t th l l d ti l l l
development both at the local and national levels.
• However, the government and society at large meet new
challenges focusing on quality:
1. Homogenization in curriculum, specialty, examination, student admission criteria, institution evaluation, management structure. Almost all the universities and colleges offer the programs such Almost all the universities and colleges offer the programs, such as business, design, English, finance, ICT, law, logistics,
management, …
2 Private technical and vocational institutions offer low cost 2. Private technical and vocational institutions offer low-cost
programs, such as management, accounting, trade, language, etc, yet lack of high-tech & technical courses needed by manufactory industry
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IV. New Challenges 2010-2010
3. Professors pay much attention to their research and publication, while neglect or despise their teaching responsibility. Many full professors do not give any lessens to their under-graduates.
4. Events, such as academic frauds for papers and student cheat in tests, were reported: Some very serious frauds happened in
some well-known universities in Shanghai, also in other cities. 5. Complains to low quality of college education and to low
capability of college graduates: employment of graduates becomes a serious problem to the government and society becomes a serious problem to the government and society.
6. Universities’ contribution to knowledge and innovation could not meet the requirement and expectation of the enterprises and society although they were encouraged to strengthen the ties society, although they were encouraged to strengthen the ties and relationships among universities, enterprises, and society. 7. The cooperation between local universities and foreign ones still
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V. Plan and Devices for Future
• In the year of 2010, the Nation held its National Conference of Education, and the Central Government promulgated the National
Guideline for Mid long term Education Reform and Development Guideline for Mid-long-term Education Reform and Development 2010—2020.
• Shanghai, as a pilot province formulating its Guideline simultaneously with the central government, published Shanghai Guideline for
Mid-long-term Education Reform and Development 2010—2020 last year.
• The core conception of the Shanghai Guideline isThe core conception of the Shanghai Guideline is “For the lifelongFor the lifelong development of every student”. In the part of higher education, the
Guideline states that the central task in higher education should be “to
cultivate the spirit of innovation and capacity of practice in our students”, cultivate the spirit of innovation and capacity of practice in our students , and the Guideline puts improvement of teaching quality into the first priority. The formulation process of the Shanghai Guideline was quite interesting.
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V. Plan and Devices for Future
1) A democratic approach for formulation of the Shanghai
Guideline 2010-2020.
The Shanghai Guideline
Two rounds of Public Solicit
Thematic Research 35 thematic research projects in 11 areas were Leaders Inquiry Mayors came to schools, ll d i i
Integrating the 3 into 1
for suggestions. Parallel Formulation p j invited to public bidding, and 45 reports were given to the Work Force. A i l fi i colleges and communities to investigate people’s demands and problems. They held over 30
East‐China Normal University
Shanghai Academy of Soc. Sciences Shanghai Edu.Commission & SAES
A special prefiguring research project handed to the Government Development Research C t They held over 30 discussions directly with teachers, school head, businessmen and g Center. residents.
V. Plan and Devices for Future
To realize the objectives, the government raises
several reform and development projects.
1 Administration and guidance based on university and college 1. Administration and guidance based on university and college
classification with different objectives and strategies:
• 985 Project University (4): towards world-class university • 211 Project university (5): towards world-well-known university;
• Old universities and colleges(12): towards world-well-known ones or ti l ll k
national well-known ones;
• New universities and colleges(15): towards qualified teaching and professional colleges;
• Technical and vocational colleges (30): qualified private and public technical and vocational colleges and institute.
V. Plan and Devices for Future
2) “Immanence Exaltation Project” (085 Project):
• With government ear-marked financial support (RMB 15 billion in 5
years), universities are asked to formulate their own strategic plans years), universities are asked to formulate their own strategic plans with their demanded, special and strong disciplines and specialties.
• The government only gives a suggestion with 6 aspects:
(1) Development map for priority disciplines;
(1) Development map for priority disciplines;
(2) Faculty professional development, and attracting outstanding scholars; (3) Curriculum and teaching reform for innovating new models of student and
manpower cultivation; (4) B ildi l tf f h d k l d i ti
(4) Building new platforms for research and knowledge innovations; (5) Promoting Internationalization and international exchange and cooperation;
(6) Public service facilities for teachers, students and communities.
E t “E i tit ti i d d t i tit ti
• Expect: “Every institution gains deserved support, every institution
improves its quality, and every institution forms its own feature” ;
• For it, the policy is to “support the demands, support the special identity,
and support the strength”
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V. Plan and Devices for Future
3) Improve education evaluation mechanism and
approaches based on college classification
• Shanghai established Shanghai Institute for Educational Evaluation
• Shanghai established Shanghai Institute for Educational Evaluation, which is a full member of APQN and INQAAHE, and it becomes the Secretary of APQN.
SIEE d i 4 f it i ti l f 985 & 211 P j t
• SIEE redesigns 4 groups of criteria respectively for 985 & 211 Project universities, old universities and colleges, new universities and colleges and technical and vocational colleges and institutes.
• For China-foreign joint-running institutions and programs, Shanghai
Education Evaluation Association sets up an accreditation mechanism for protecting the interests of the students in the programs with government
iti d fi i l t “ d l i tit ti ”
recognition and financial support as “model institutions” .
• All the PhD dissertations have to be two-blind-way refereed by other 3 scholars outside of their own universities and colleges……
V. Plan and Devices for Future
4) Reform (professional) programs in engineering,
teacher education and medicine as a first step.
• Engineering programs in several universities began to join the
accreditations in USA and Germany. One of the successful models was MU+SJU joint bachelor program for EE and ME students.
• Two tuition-fee-free teacher-training programs in East China Normal University and Shanghai Normal University started in 2009 for 50 and 100 students respectively.p y
• Extending study-duration from 5 years to 7 years for medical students with both master degree and practice license. Besides the extension of study years practice-oriented teaching approaches and induction in study years, practice-oriented teaching approaches and induction in hospitals are emphasized and well-designed.
V. Plan and Devices for Future
5) Attracting well-known scholars and FPD
• Central government set up a national program called “The national program to attract 1000 well-known scholars” to work in China.
Among them over 40 overseas Chinese and foreign well-known scholars arrived and work in Shanghai Jiaotong University.
• A similar local program is carried on. It is called “Orient Scholars” to attract 1000 well-known scholars as “Orient Scholars” to teach and research in Shanghai universities and colleges in 5 years. In last two years, Shanghai already recruited over 60 scholars.
• The Municipal Education Commission encourages all universities and colleges to recruit more and more scholars coming back abroad. and colleges to recruit more and more scholars coming back abroad. • Universities and colleges realized recruitment of best scholars and teachers the most first priority in institutional development, while they start to carry out their FPD (faculty professional development)
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V. Plan and Devices for Future
6)
Enterprenous education in universities & colleges
• The first “Shanghai Enterprenous Foundation for Graduates” was set-up in 2008, and the Foundation received over RMB 500 million from
government, business and society at large for helping students in their first two years for their new innovations or companies.
• Every university and college trained some teachers as professional tutors for student enterprenous affairs.
• Set up over 10 enterprenous centers for students around universities • Set-up over 10 enterprenous centers for students around universities and colleges, and the Foundation provides relevant service for promoting the capacity of practice and innovation of the students.
• Universities and colleges joined the Shanghai International Industry
Exhibition as an initiative and innovation platform, and encourage students and faculty to show their initiatives, innovation, and works.
