INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF SOME VITAMINS AND SALINITY ON THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION AND GROWTH OF SOME BROAD BEAN LINES

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INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF SOME VITAMINS AND SALINITY ON THE RATE OF

TRANSPIRATION AND GROWTH OF SOME BROAD BEAN LINES

A.F. RADII, A.M. ISMAIL*l AND M.M. AZOOZJ

'Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University. Assiut, Egypt. 2,3. Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South valley University, Qena, Egypt

Received on 12 June., 2000. Revised on 18 Feb., 2001

SUMMARY

Transpiration rate, leaf area and dry weights of shoots and roots of three broad bean (Vicia/aba L.)lines, 900-3,67 and 13 were significantly reduced with the increase in salinity. Treatments (seed soaking, or spraying) with vitamins B6 (pyridoxine) or PP(nicotinamide) exhibited variable effects. The rate of transpiration was significantly reduced in treated plants at all salinity levels compared with untreated salinized plants. However, vitamin treatments generally exhibited a significant increase in the leaf area and dry matter yield of salt stressed bean lines, resulting in a complete alleviation of the adverse effect of the high levels of salinity.

Key words: Broad bean (Vicia/aba L.), dry matter, leaf area~ nicotinamide, pyridoxine, salt stress, transpiration.

INTRODUCTION

The plant water relationship parameters were found to be directly affected by salinity. In this context salinity inhibited water absorption by plants especially with the

rise of NaCI concentration (EI-Shahaby 1978).

Consequently, the loss of water via transpiration, was also found to decrease with rise of salinity level (Radi et al., 1988, Schmidhalter and Oertli 1991, and Storey 1995). This reduction in transpiration rate due to salt stress was attributed to some changes in the frequency, size and movement of stomata (Kirschbaum 1987). In addition Brugnoli and Lauteri (1/991) found that the plant growth, leaf area development and stomatal conductance were also strongly reduced by salinity, which could be attributed to a reduction in leaf area and leaf number (Nabil and Coudret 1995). This'reduction as a result of excess Na+ and CI- ions was also associated with chlorosis and death of expanded"leaves leading to a decrease in photosynthetic' activity.

Seed soakingpresowing in vitamins could be exploited to ensure better germination and enhanced early seedling

• Author tor correspondence

24

growth (Samiullah et al. 1985). Thus, the aim of the present work was to test the effect of various vitamin treatments (seed soaking and spraying) in ameliorating the adverse effects of salinity on some broad bean lines. Various treatments were also compared to evaluate their further applicability on a large scale.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Broad bean (Vieja/aba L.) lines, pure strain (parent) 900-3, FAAU 67 and FAAD 13, were grown in plastic pots with po Iyethy lene bags. Two kg of air-dry soi I(sandi clay 1:2v/v) were put into a polyethylene bag which was then introduced into the plastic pot. Perforated plastic tubes (1.5 cm in diameter and 40 cm long) were inserted into the soil to help the distribution of added solution. Seeds from the experimental lines were sown in the plastic pots and the seedlings, selected on the basis of vigor and uniformity, were subjected to the desired salinization levels (60, ]20, ]80 and 240 mM NaCI). Thereafter, the test plants were daily irrigated with water to reach in each treatmenttothe above desired salinization levels, by weighing the whole system (pot, soil,

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EFFECT OF VITAMINS AND SALINITY ON BROAD BEAN tube and polyethylene bag). The plants were left to grow

under the different salinization levels and vitamin treatments until the end of experimental period (40 days). Five plants were allowed to grow in each pot and three replicates from each level ofNaCI were considered.

Two different methods of vitamin application have been used in the present work. Seed soaking: Seeds of experimental plants were soaked in freshly prepared vitamin (vit. B6 or vit. PP) sol. 100 ppm. for 4 hours and then air-dried for 48 hours. The treated seeds sown in pots having the different concentration ofNaCI starting from absolute control (without NaCI) to 240 mM NaCI and left to germinate. Spraying method: Plants attwo leaves stage were sprayed with 100 ppm ofvit. B6or vit. PP. (5 ml for each pot). Spraying was conducted 3 times at intervals of 7 days.

Transpiration rate of the plants (20 days after germination) was estimated as described by Bozcuk (1975). Leaf area was measured by the disk method (Watson and Watson 1953) and given in dm2 per plant. For dry matter determinations the fresh plants (roots and shoots) were dried in an aerated oven at 70°C to constant mass.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The experimental data obtained (Table I) revealed that loss of water via transpiration ofthe three test broad bean lines was slightly affected at low and moderate levels ofNaCI. This slight effect is in accordance with the results observed by Schmidhalter and Oertli (1991). The transpiration rate was severely affected by salinity. This insignificant effect of salinity upon transpiration rate indicate that the bean line tested could be considered as tolerantto the level of60 mM NaCI (broad bean lines 900-3 and 1900-3), and up to 120 mM NaCI (broad bean line 67). The reduced transpiration manifested at the high salinity

levels should be considered harmful because

concomitantly, the potential gradient between leaves and root; which play an important role in water absorption and translocation could be negatively affected (Radi et al.

1988 and Storey 1995).

Treatments with vit. B6 or vit. PP, seed soaking or spraying, resulted a significant reduction in the transpiration rate of the three broad bean lines compared

Indian 1.Plant Physiol., Vol. 6, No.1, (N.S.) pp.24-29 (Jan.-March, 2001)

with those of plants subjected only to the corresponding levels of NaCI. This means that the reduction in the transpiration rate after vitamins treatments was additive to the reduction exerted by salt stress. It has been concluded that application of vitamins stimulated water conservation via stomatal movements and/or decreasing water loss, which is ultimately reflected on the growth of the tested plants.

The values of growth parameters (leaf area, and dry matter yield) of the test broad bean lines, (Table 2 and 3) were generally lowered by increasing salinity. This lowering was more obvious in line 13 than in line 900-3 and 67, and in line 900-3 than 67. Generally, it was found that root growth was less affected than shoot growth. This agrees with the results obtained by Ortiz et al.(1994) and Line and Kao (1996). Also, Munns (1993) proposed that the death of old leaves due to uptake of salts in the tissue would prevent the supply of nutrients of hormones to emerging leaves, reducing leaf area.

Applicaion of the two vitamins in this study, led to a significant increase in the values of leaf area, and dry matter yield of the experimentally salt stressed bean lines, consequently the adverse effects of high levels of salinity were compeletely alleviated. Moreover, the lethal effect of salinity of some levels were overcome. It appears probable from th is response that the two vitam ins used act as growth stimulant wh ich can playa role in counteracting the adverse effectsofNaCI on metabolic activities relevant to growth through enhancing cell division and/or cell enlargement. The results may also indicatethatthevitamin treatments had increased the plant efficiency of water uptake, conservation and utilization. By these strategies, broad bean lines could maintain a positive turgor potential, required for cell enlargement and stomatal opening (Jones and Rawson 1979). Such promoting effects of vitamins on the growth rate were also obtained by Mozafar and Oertli (1992).

In conclusion, the results indicate that vitamin B6was more effective in alleviation the adverse effects of salinity than vitamin PP. Considering the application methods, seed soaking was the best method com pared with spraying method. Based on the response and the abi 1ity ofthe broad bean lines to cope with salinity stress, line 67 is more salt tolerant than the two other lines and line 900-3 is moderately salt tolerant, while line 13 is salt sensitive.

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Table 1. Interactive effects of salinity and vitamins (pyridoxine and nicotinamide) treatments on transpiration [mg

(HP)cm·2d·l]of broad bean lines. Values in parenthesis show per cent increase/decrease over control.

NaCI Transpiration rate Img

(Hp>

cm·1d·11

Treatment h·mM Line 900-3 Line 67 Li"e 13

Control 00 67.47 (100.0) 48.46 (100.0) 91.63 (100.0)

60 63.96 (100.0) 55.18 (100.0) 88.20 (100.0)

120 59.17 (100.0) 53.73 (100.0) 79.63 (100.0)

180 36.46 (100.0) 48.90 (100.0) 56.25 /100.0)

240 IE 38.49 (100.0) IE

00 52.43 (77.40) 50.48 (86.35) 72.63 (79.26)

.-.._~

_."

~ ₆₀ _48.97 _(76.56) _39.29 _(71.20) _67.87 _(76.95)

I: _~

.~

'"

~ ~

."

[/} ₁₂₀ _44.63 _(75.43)

34.92 (64.99) 55.72 (69.97)

'i:

>.

Q,

180 27.94 (76.63) 32.85 (67.18) 38.15 (67.83)

'-'

='"

..: 240 18.78 24.15 (62.74) IE

'>

e

Q, ₀₀

56.19 (82.95) 52.72 (89.92) 62.65 (68.37)

Q, Q

1.

Q

60 54.13 (84.63) 46.27 (83.8st 60.2'5 (68.31)

-

+

'"

..

U

[/)Q, ₁₂₀ _48.67

(82.25) 42.30 (78.73) 53.31 (66.95)

'"

:z:

180 28.41 (77.92) 31.15 (63.70) 36.76 (65.36)

240 22.16 26.16 (67.97) IE

00 50.57 (74.65) 49.95 (85.44) 70.02 (67.42)

.-.._~

_."

~

:5! ~

60 41.98 (65.63) 40.07 (74.07) 63.20 (71.66)

e

_'"

_~

'"

[/}

I:

120 37.73 (63.77) 30.51 (56.78) 50.47 (63.38)

:;:: ~

u

Z

180 21.95 (60.20) 26.24 (53.66) 34.23 (60.86)

'-'

~

~ ₂₄₀ _18.15

21.15 (54.95) IE

..:

'>

e

₀₀ _50.12 _(73.99)

48.15 (82.36) 59.67 (65.21)

Q, Q,

."

Q ~

Q _>.

60 39.16 (61.23) 39.19 (71.02) 55.94 (63.42)

-

+

'"

..

Q,

U

[/} ₁₂₀ _37.24 _(62.94)

32.12 (59.78) 44.15 (55.62)

'"

:z:

180 23.56 (64.62) 31.10 (63.60) 31.28. (55.62)

240 21.63 28.\3 (73.08) IE

L.S.D. at5% 6.92 5.78 8.64

L.S.D. at 1% 9.20 7.69 11.49

IE denotes injurious effects and the plants failed to survive.

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EFFECT OF VITAMINS AND SALINITY ON BROAD BEAN

Table 2. Interactive effect of salinity and vitamins (pyridoxine and nicotinamide) on leaf area (cm2 plant'l) of broad

bean lines. Values in parenthesis show per cent increase/decrease over control.

NaCI Leaf area (em2 plant'l)

Treatment mM Line 900-3 Line 67 Line 13

Control 00 182.24 (100.0) 158.52 (100.0) 201.36 (100.0)

60 172.77 (100.0) 153.67 ( 100.0) 128.89 (100.0)

120 109.57 (100.0) 100.67 (100.0) 84.93 (100.0)

180 50.76 (100.0) 61.20 (100.0) 46.98 (100.0)

240 IE 42.89 (100.0) IE

00 215.59 (118.3) 209.88 (132.4) 249.28 (123.8)

.-

~

60 (130.4) 196.56 ( 152.5)

Ql _Ql

211.88 ( 122.6) 100.32

=

.:t

.~

"

Q Q

120 148.47 (135.5) 166.31 (165.2) 145.74 (171.6)

~ ~

.;:

~

Cl. ₁₈₀ _105.07 _(207.0) _109.43 _{( 178.8)} _81.37 _(173.2)

'-'

='"

_.,J ₂₄₀ _66.58 _88.44 _(206.2) _IE

.;;

E

00 209.03 (114.7) 204.81 (129.2) 229.95 (114.2)

Cl. Cl.

Q ~

Q Ql

60 192.65 (111.5) 182.14 (118.5) 199.01 (154.4)

-

~

'"

+

..

U

Cl.

120 120.30 (109.8) 119.19 (118.4) 148.71 (17.51)

~

"

z

180 60.54 (176.4) 96.82 (158.2) 110.97 (236.2)

240 60.69 82.45 (192.2) IE

00 204.84 (112.4) 210.20 (132.6) 227.94 (113.2)

.-

Ql ~_Ql

:5! .:t ₆₀ _207.87 _(120.3) _209.62 _(136.4) _206.22 _(160.0)

=

_"

;; Q

~

=

120 13.89 ( 122.2) 188.76 (187.5) 120.86 ( 142.3)

;':

Q

OJ

Z

180 106.60 (210.0) 123.76 (210.4) 95.89 (204.1 )

'-'

c..

c...,J 240 68.88 97.88 (228.2) IE

.;;

E ₀₀ _202.29 _(111.0) _187.21 _{(118.1 )} _233.68 _(116.1)

Cl.

Cl. ~

Q Ql

60 197.64 (114.3) 183.48 (120.2) 218.08 (169.2)

Q ~

-

+

"

..

Cl.

U

~ 120 124.36 (113.5) 148.49 (147.5) 140.39 (165.3)

"

z

₁₈₀ _93.60 _{( 184.4)} _98.90 _(161.6) _111.90 _(238.2)

240 61.41 73.02 (170.2) IE

L.S.D. at 5% 10.30 11.54 9.05

L.S.D ..at 1% 13.70 15.35 12.04

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Table 3. Interactive effects of salinity and vitamins (pyridoxine and nicotinamide) treatments on dry weight of root and shoot of broad bean lines. Values in parenthesis show per cent increase/decrease over control.

Treatment NaCI Line 900-3 Line 67 Line 13

mM Root Shoot Root Shoot Root Shoot

Control 00 0.308 (100.0) 0.56 I (100.0) 0.290 (100.0) 0.811 (100.0) 0.554 (100.0) 1.2 I 5 (100.0) 60 0.266 (100.0) 0.501 (100.0) 0.288 (100.0) 0.716 (100.0) 0.314 (100.0) 0.708 (100.0) 120 O.197 (100.0) 0.456 (100.0) 0.189(100.0) 0.483 (100.0) 0.21 1(100.0) 0.545 (100.0) 180 0.102 (100.0) 0.203 (100.0) 0.089 (100.0) 0.367 (100.0) 0.156(100.0) 0.385 (100.0)

240 IE IE 0.054 (100.0) 0.245 (l00.0) IE IE

.-..

~ 00 0.475 (154.2) 0.740 (131.9) 0.343 (I 18.3) 1.038 (128.0) 0.628 (1134) 1.525 (125.5)

4J ~

I: _..ll:

.~

OIl ₆₀ _{0.412 (154.9)} _{0.773 (154.3)} _{0.335 (116.3)} _{0.925 (129.2)} _{0.381 (121.3)} _{0.973 (137.4)}

0 0

~ ~

'i:

_qo

_{0.393 (199.5)} _{0.672 (147.4)} _{0.337 (178.3)} _{0.800 (165.6)} _{0.386 (182.9)}

0.880 (161.5)

>.

Q"

--='"

180 0.214 (209.9) 0.474 (211.5) 0.199(203.1) 0.657 (179.0) 0.322 (206.4) 0.490 (127.3)

...:

.~ ₂₄₀ _0.148 _0.396 _{0.124 (229.6)} _{0.4 72 (192.2)} _IE _IE

E

Q"

Q" ₀₀ _{0.469 (152.3)} _{0.569 (123.9)} _{0.358 (132.8)} _{1.112 (137.1)} _{0.689 ( 124.4)} _1.429(117.6)

g ~~

....

>.

+ OIl

60 0.351 (132.0) 0.514 (106.6) 0.347 (120.5) 0.868 (121.2) 0.471 (150.0) 1.065 (150.4)

..

U Q"

~

OIl ₁₂₀ _{0.265 (134.5)} _{0.488 (107.0)} _{0.246 (130.2)} _{0.550 (111.9)}

0.372 (176.3) 0.910 (167.0)

Z

180 0.151 (148.0) 0.407 (200.5) 0.162 (165.3) 0.535 (145.8) 0.345 (221.2) 0.685 (177.9)

240 0.103 0.285 0.096 (177.8) 0.457 (186.5) IE IE

.

G;' ~ 00 0.396 (128.6) 0.743 (132.4) 0.423 (145.9) 1.046 (129.0) 0.611 (110.3) 1.258 (103.5)

:2 ~

E OIl

60 0.485 (182.3) 0.766 (152.9) 0.390 (135.4) 0.972 (135.8) 0.400(127.4) 1.127 (159.2)

Cl

OIl ~ I:

'';:: ₁₂₀ _{0.348( 176.6)} _{0.623 (136.6)} _{0.362 (191.5)} _0.765(158.4) _{0.383 (181.5)} _{0.771 (141.5)}

0

...

i ₁₈₀ _{0.257 (252.0)} _{0.472 (232.5)} _{0.212 (216.3)} _{0.608 (165.7)}

0.315 (201.9) 0.547 (142.1)

--~

~ ₂₄₀

0.142 0.456 0.138(155.6) 0.548 (221. 7) IE IE

...: .~

E

00 0.442 (141.5) 0.696 (124.1) 0.363 (125.2) 0.927 (I 14.3) 0.638 ( I 15.2) 1.339 (I 10.2)

Q"

Q" ~

C ~

c >. ₆₀ _·0.431 _(162.0) _{0.683 (116.7)} _{0.371 (128.8)} _{0.872 (121.8)} _{0.434 (138.2)} _{1.079 (152.4)}

....

OIl

+

..

Q"

0

~ 120 0.288 (146.2) 0.501 (110.2) 0.330 (174.6) 0.661 (136.9) 0.397 (188.2) 0.899 (165.0)

OIl

Z

180 O.I 90 (186.3) 0.424 (208.9) 0.172 (175.5) 0.526 (143.3) 0.345 (221. I) 0.697 (181.0)

240 0.128 0.288 0.129 (238.9) 0.381 (155.5) IE IE

L.S.D. at 5% 0.029 0.070 0.029 0.075 0.027 0.088

L.S.D. at 1% 0.039 0.091 0.039 0.100 0.036 0.118

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EFFECT OF VlT AMINS AND SALINITY ON BROAD BEAN

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