Research Article
a
July
2018
Computer Science and Software Engineering
ISSN: 2277-128X (Volume-8, Issue-7)
A Review on Various Approaches of Energy Optimization
and Data Transmission in WSN
Lakhwinder Kaur
Research Scholar at Computer Science Department, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, India
Gagandeep Kaur
Asst. Prof at Computer Science Department, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, India
Abstract: WSN is the field of computer network that deals with capturing information from non approachable area in which human interaction is not possible. In the process of WSN sensor nodes have been deployed over the region so that information can be collected and used for decision making process. Total battery life that has been provided to the sensor nodes has been exhausted that respond to dead state of sensor nodes. In this paper a review has been done from various energy aware routing protocols that can be used for energy efficient communication in wireless sensor network. Various routing protocols that had been worked for data collection on the basis of energy consumption have been discussed in this paper so that efficient communication can be done. In this paper a review study of various approaches have been done so that efficient approach can be extracted for communication in WSN.
Keywords: WSN, LEACH, HEED, TEEN, M-LEACH, C-LEACH.
I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 WSN:
Wireless sensor networking is a rising technology that has primarily distorted the way, people observes their atmosphere. As an outcome, WSNs is a rapidly growing research area and is being used in very large number of applications. The exploitation of large scales of wireless sensor network becomes possible by the advances in progress of highly integrated and energy efficient electronic devices Wireless sensor network can be utilized in military surveillance, traffic monitoring, environmental monitoring, robotics, human centric, medical applications etc. In wireless sensor network the large numbers of sensors are organized in an area to accumulate information from the surroundings area.
1.2 WSN Can Be Divided In Two Classes
1.2.1 Structured WSN: structure WSN is a type of WSN that has been simulated on simulation toll before deployment and various evaluations and parameters has been analyzed for better performance of the network. All the drawbacks of WSN can be analyzed and can be modified requirement so that network can be outperforming.
1.2.2 Unstructured WSN: in this type of network nodes has been deployed at random position in particular are of sensing. This type of network has been deployed in such regions where human attraction is not possible like border areas, Antarctica like places, deep sea areas and war zones. Sensor nodes are cheap and intelligent in such a way that these can easily communicate with other sensor node by transmitting radio signals and these are able to form an ad-hoc network so that communication between nodes can be easily done.
1.3 Energy Consumption in Transmission
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sophisticated techniques can be used like preventing the duplication of packets in the network by using specialized routing protocols. A frequently used approach is to control the node activity, switching the operation mode between active, idle and sleep modes. The processor consumes the most amount of energy in the active mode. In this mode the device can receive and send data and control packets and can perform data processing. In sleep mode, a device consumes the least amount of energy as the transmitter is turned off, the frequency of the main processor may be reduced and it is not possible to realize any processing operation. A considerable amount of time is required t o enter and exit this mode. An intermediate state for a node between active and sleep is the idle state. In this mode a device consumes less energy than in the active mode as no data processing can take place. The device can quickly enter and exit this mode.
1.4 Routing Protocols
Routing protocols provide different mechanisms to develop and maintain the routing tables of the nodes of the network and find a path between all nodes of the network. Routing protocols must be adaptable to any type of topology to allow reaching any remote host in any network. Initially a metric used for measurement must be defined in the routing protocol in order to find the best route. A routing protocol must be designed looking for very specific main objectives. Among the functions that it should have, here we highlight the following:
Maintain a reasonably small routing table.
Choose the best route to a given destination. This would imply be the fastest, most reliable, highest capacity or the least cost route.
Maintain a regular basis to update the routing table when nodes change their position appear in the network.
Have a small number of messages in order to waste low bandwidth and save energy.
Require little time to converge in order to provide the most updated network.
1.4.1 Energy Aware routing protocol (EAR): Energy aware routing protocol is a reactive protocol that aims to increase the lifetime of the network. This protocol seeks to maintain a set of paths instead of maintaining or enforcing one optimal path at higher rates. The behavior of this protocol is similar to directed diffusion protocols. These routes are selected and maintained by a probability factor. The value of this probability depends on the lowest level of energy achieved in each path. Because the system has several ways to establish a route the energy of a path cannot be determined easily. This protocol assumes that each node is addressable through a class based addressing scheme which includes location and the type of nodes.
1.4.2 Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy – LEACH: In a various leveled bunching calculation for sensor arranges called Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). It is a bunching based convention that incorporates the arrangement of conveyed gatherings. It arbitrarily chooses a couple of hubs as bunch heads (CHs) and pivots this part to equitably circulate the vitality stack among the hubs of the system. In LEACH bunch head hubs pack the information landing from the hubs in their separate gatherings and send rundown parcels to the base station. This decreases the measure of data transmitted to the base station. Information gathering is concentrated and is done occasionally. Along these lines this convention is fitting when steady checking of the WSN is required. The operations of LEACH are isolated into two stages - the setup stage and the consistent state stage.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Ganhão, F. Et al. (2010) this research considers the utilization of low intricacy assorted qualities consolidating cross breed ARQ plot on a TDMA framework. Its low multifaceted nature makes it especially intriguing for battery controlled hubs of a remote sensor arrange .TDMA is generally utilized for WSN applications that require high throughput or obliged parcel defer. This paper investigates the vitality per valuable parcel, bundle postpones and great put exhibitions of the TDMA framework. Logical models are utilized to characterize an obliged vitality streamlining issue where the base transmission power is ascertained taking into account great put and postpone limitations. Expository results are approved through reenactments.
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have proposed another method to decide the quantity of bunches and to pick the best hub as the group head in the remote sensor arrange in view of the vitality level of the remote sensor hubs. We have contrasted this strategy and the inherent group tree system for setting up the system and connecting the hubs to each other in the most recent sensor standard ZigBee. In view of the reenactment comes about the proposed grouping strategy has expanded the life time of the remote sensor organize by half in normal contrasting and the first life time of the bunch tree arrange.
Darif, A. et al. (2013) in wireless sensor network applications vitality utilization is a noteworthy issue to which scientists are persistently confronted because of the immediate reliance of the system life time to it. In this paper we focus on the components impacting continuous execution, for example, inertness time and parcels conveyance proportion which are considered with various situation. We show the status of WSN in view of ZigBee and IR UWB innovations and particulars of every one. A reproduction of sink based system design with different hubs has been performed to demonstrate the great effect when utilizing IR UWB innovation to diminish the vitality utilization and to lessen the inertness time. We utilized MiXiM stage under OMN et++ test system to dissect and think about the exhibitions of the IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.4a measures with the considered elements.
Jackulin, T. et al. (2012) this paper proposes another grouping implanted framework with less asset use. Bunching is another way to deal with proficiently uses the vitality of sensor hubs. This approach decreases the system movement and also assets use. We proposed another vitality effective and dependable grouping calculation called Actor Directed Clustering Protocol (ADCP) that builds the life time of system and our recreation comes about proficiently convey information to an on-screen character hub with least defer that aides for making a fast move and control the assault in its underlying stage. Performer coordinated grouping convention calculation is utilized for decision and keeping up system activity. Grouping procedure is altered for WSN. Low power proportion can be accomplished through this system. Reproduction comes about demonstrate that vitality sparing at processor level is up to 40 % percent.
Bojan, S. et al. (2013) in this research we portray a technique for minimization of vitality utilization amid bundle sending system in remote sensor arranges utilizing hereditary calculation. The proposed arrangement relies on upon watchful perception of the improvement of space and finishes customization of hereditary calculation to suit the particular kind of vitality capacities. Thusly least vitality can be found more than 99.9% accuracy with extra minimization of blunder or memory space or CPU utilization.
Tanevski, M. et. al. (2013) this paper shows that it is conceivable to augment battery life time of a remote sensor hub for certain range of utilizations. The effectiveness of the DC to DC change and also super capacitor charge and release productivity have been dissected and measured. The impact of battery release current and spillage current is likewise introduced. Moreover in this paper we plot the details of a module required between the battery and the sensor hub that will be controlled by the hub's MCU and will keep the hub working at negligible operational voltage while in the meantime amplify the vitality conveyed from the battery to hub. This paper additionally goes for setting establishments for future advancement of a vitality improvement module for ultra low power remote sensor hubs.
Anupkumar M Bongale et al(2016) “EiP-LEACH: Energy influenced Probability based LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network” Design and development of energy efficient routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the active research fields. Cluster based routing protocols have proven to be energy efficient and LEACH is one of most popular cluster based routing protocol for WSN. But, LEACH suffers from several drawbacks such as possibility of choosing a low energy node as Cluster Head (CH), non-uniform distribution of CHs, etc. In this paper EiP-LEACH (Energy influenced Probability based LEACH) protocol is proposed which is an enhanced version of LEACH protocol that is influenced by the energy parameter for CH selection. EiP-LEACH helps in deciding the better CH nodes and thereby contributes towards network life prolongation. EiP-LEACH is compared with basic LEACH in terms of number of alive nodes, average energy depletion, First Node Dead (FND) and Last Node Dead (LND) and found that EiP-LEACH is far better.
III. APPROACHES USED
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy – LEACH: In WSN routing protocols have been designed for reduction in energy consumption. LEACH that is Low Energy adaptive clustering hierarchy approach has been used for clustering in WSN. In this process of clustering various groups of the nodes have been formed on the basis of distributed clustering. In this process various nodes have been divided into different groups and a node has been selected as a cluster head so that cluster head is responsible for data transmission and data collection from sensor nodes. Cluster head responsibilities have been rotated over the groups so that energy load has been distributed and all the nodes have same probability to be act as cluster head. In the processing of LEACH protocol cluster receives all the information and compress data at its own level.
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communication has been done for information transmitting from sensor nodes to cluster head and multi-hop communication is allowed for transmission of information from cluster head to base station. Two different parameters have been used for selection of cluster head that are residual energy and cost incurred for intra cluster communication process. Residual energy of all nodes has been used for selection of cluster head for different clusters.
M-Leach: M-LEACH gives maximum network life time amongst all protocols. This due to limiting number of transmissions (concept of soft threshold) along with efficient cluster head replacement mechanism that preserve energy globally and multi power level for inter and intra cluster communication. In M-LEACH, number of transmissions are confirmed only when a pre-described change in sensed data is achieved. This limits number of transmissions to preserve residual energy of a sensor node (numbers of transmissions are inversely proportional to energy of sensor node.
C-Leach:a centralized version of LEACH, also divides each round into two phases, setup phase and transmission phase. During the setup phase of LEACH-C, every node of WSN sends their information, including the location and energy level, to BS. Then BS calculates the average energy value of all the nodes. Only the nodes with more energy thanthe average value have chance to be cluster heads. The BS uses annealing algorithm to establish clusters. The cluster groupings are selected to minimize the energy consumption needed for ordinary nodes to transmit data to their respective cluster heads.
TEEN: A reactive network protocol called TEEN is Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network.In Reactive Networks, sensor nodes continuously sense the environment and transmitthe value as soon as the sensed parameter exceeds a user specified threshold value. This enables time critical data1 to reach the user almost instantaneously, making such a network most suitable for time critical applications. TEEN (Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network) protocol has been developed specifically for such networks. However, if the thresholds are not reached, the user cannot determine the state of the network, making it inadequate for applications that require periodic data from the network.
IV. CONCLUSION
WSN has been used in various fields of communication for data collection and sensing information from environment. In this process sensor nodes have been deployed over the network so that information can be collected from the environment. In this paper various routing protocols has been discussed that has been used on the basis of clustering and chaining so that effective clustering can be done. On the basis of these routing protocols energy consumption can be reduced. In this paper LEACH, TEEN, HEED, C-LEACH and EIP-LEACH protocols have been discussed. On the basis of review of these approaches we can conclude that EIP-LEACH outperform as compare to other routing protocols.
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