Managing the design and development of high performance buildings through integrated design

Full text

(1)COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION. o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index?site_name=Research%20Output (Accessed: Date)..

(2) Managing the design and development of high performance buildings through integrated design A Minor Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Degree of MAGISTER INGENERIAE in ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT at the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT of the UNIVERSITY of JOHANNESBURG. By Willem Gerhardus Beetge SUPERVISOR: PROF. J.H.C. PRETORIUS CO-SUPERVISOR: MR. D. de CANHA June 2016.

(3) DECLARATION ON PLAGIARISM I, W.G. Beetge, with student number; 201339888 and South African identification number, 7008045013089, hereby declare that I understand that the University of Johannesburg has a “zero-tolerance” for plagiarism in any form. A guide compiled by the University of Johannesburg, Student guide to avoid plagiarism [112], addresses the aspect of plagiarism. All forms of plagiarism are to be avoided. The following are examples of plagiarism given by the above mentioned student guide: •. Presenting work, research information, ideas, words or results of any kind without providing the necessary citation or acknowledgement to the original author.. •. Using direct words without “quotation marks” and without providing acknowledgement by not citing the page number.. •. Using un-quoted words so closely to those of the original author that it is evident that it was written in close consultation with the source.. •. Combining words and\or phrases from a number of sources and present them in a coherent whole without proper acknowledgement.. •. Using words of another, but citing a more respectable source.. •. Collaborate with other researchers to present research work that was supposed to be done individually.. •. Using my own previously submitted work for assessments, or work of my own in public domain without proper citation.. •. Using words, sentences and\or paragraphs from the internet without providing proper citation.. I understand that the above listed examples are forms of plagiarism and I undertake not to be engaged in any form of plagiarism.. WG Beetge 20 June 2016 I.

(4) DECLARATION ON FIRST SUBMISSION I, W.G. Beetge, with student number; and South African identification number, , hereby submit this minor dissertation for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Magister Ingeneriae in Engineering Management at the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment of the University of Johannesburg. I declare that the current research is a presentation of my own work and has not been submitted before at any other university in fulfilment of any other degree, examination or assessment.. WG Beetge 20 June 2016. II.

(5) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully acknowledge and thank Professor J.H.C Pretorius, my supervisor, and Mr D. de Canha, my co-supervisor, for making themselves available to supervise this research project. Their guidance and support provided to me during the process of preparing this minor dissertation must be acknowledged and appreciated. I further wish to express my appreciation to my wife, Mrs Jeanette Beetge, for her encouragement and support during the time of my studies. I also wish to thank Mrs Beetge for her assistance in reading and commenting on the contents this research document. I also wish to thank Mr. Greg Lavagna for his valuable contribution of editing parts this minor dissertation.. III.

(6) ABSTRACT The world population has doubled during the past 45 years [9]. This has created a huge increase in the demand for natural resources. Extremely high levels of carbon dioxide emissions have been witnessed during the last decade. Natural resources like plantations, construction aggregate, coal, oil, water, and agriculture land have come under extreme pressure due to the high demand for these and other scarce resources. During the last two to three decades there have been increased efforts to reduce greenhouse gasses, to save and to protect water sources, and to use materials and products sparingly. Phrases like green buildings, sustainable construction and high-performance buildings are being used more widely amongst role players in the construction industry. High-performance buildings also referred to as green buildings or sustainable buildings are designed and developed with the aim of reducing the demand on fossil fuel energy and potable water. The indoor environmental quality, another major aspect of highperformance buildings, ensures that building occupants show signs of being healthier and more productive. To ensure the successful implementation of green building design and development, some important aspects like design implementation strategies, integrated design, building life cycle assessment, and passive design have to be considered. Management of the design and development processes also requires some technical knowledge of sustainability. The main barriers that prevent the implementation of the development of high-performance buildings have to be addressed and removed. The urgent need for developing energy-efficient and waterefficient buildings has to be acknowledged and supported by senior management and executive officers of organisations involved in building development. The development of highperformance buildings is most effectively achieved through a process referred to as integrated design. This process requires the early involvement of all relevant role players. The development of high-performance buildings through the process of integrated design is regarded by a number of experts as two inseparable concepts. It is therefore essential that managers and leaders who are involved in the development of high-performance buildings are equipped with knowledge and skills in the principles of sustainability and integrated design.. IV.

(7) CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7. 2. ORGANISATION AND LAYOUT OF RESEARCH PROJECT ..............................................................................1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................................2 THE NEED TO CHANGE ................................................................................................................................3 SCOPE OF THIS RESEARCH PROJECT .........................................................................................................4 OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH PROJECT ..................................................................................................5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...............................................................................................................................5 OUTCOMES OF THIS RESEARCH PROJECT ..................................................................................................6. DEFINING SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS .................................................................................................. 6 2.1 DEFINING SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS ............................................................................................................6 2.1.1 High-performance buildings versus green buildings ...................................................................6 2.1.2 High-performance buildings ............................................................................................................7 2.1.3 Major aspects of high-performance buildings ...............................................................................7 2.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN .....................................................................................8 2.2.1 R. Buckminster Fuller (1895 – 1983) .............................................................................................8 2.2.2 F. Lloyd Wright (1867 – 1958) ........................................................................................................8 2.2.3 I. McHarg (1920 – 2001) ..................................................................................................................8 2.3 GLOBAL POSITION OF GREEN BUILDING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT ......................................................8 2.4 GREEN BUILDING DESIGN FROM AN ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT POINT OF VIEW ..................................9 2.4.1 Management defined .......................................................................................................................9 2.4.2 Planning the process of sustainable development ......................................................................9 2.4.3 Organising the team and process ................................................................................................10 2.4.4 Leading the team ............................................................................................................................10 2.4.5 Controlling process .........................................................................................................................10 2.5 A NEW W AY OF THINKING AND DOING ......................................................................................................10 2.6 ETHICAL ASPECTS .....................................................................................................................................11 2.6.1 Intergenerational equity and distributional equity ......................................................................11 2.6.2 Precautionary principle ..................................................................................................................11 2.6.3 Reversibility principle .....................................................................................................................11 2.6.4 The “polluter pays” principle ..........................................................................................................11 2.7 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................................11. 3. DESIGNING HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS ............................................................................... 12 3.1 ECOLOGICAL DESIGN.................................................................................................................................12 3.1.1 Main objectives of ecological design ...........................................................................................12 3.1.2 Ecological design principles ..........................................................................................................12 3.1.3 Passive solar design principles .................................................................................................... 13 3.2 SYSTEMS THINKING IN THE DESIGN OF HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS ...............................................15 3.2.1 Whole-building design ....................................................................................................................15 3.2.2 Product development processes ..................................................................................................16 3.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS FROM A SOUTH AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE ........................16 3.3.1 SANS 204:2011 and SANS 10400-XA: 201 ...............................................................................16. V.

(8) 3.4 4. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................................17. INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS ........................................................................................................ 18 4.1 INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS ................................................................................................................18 4.1.1 Conventional design process ........................................................................................................18 4.1.2 Integrated design principles ..........................................................................................................18 4.1.3 Integrated design event sequence ...............................................................................................19 4.1.4 Whole-building design ....................................................................................................................20 4.2 CHARRETTES .............................................................................................................................................21 4.2.1 Charrette phases ............................................................................................................................21 4.2.2 Advantages of charrettes ...............................................................................................................21 4.2.3 Requirements for a successful charrette .....................................................................................22 Collaboration .....................................................................................................................................................22 Cross-functionally .............................................................................................................................................22 Compressed work sessions ............................................................................................................................22 Communicate in short feedback loops ..........................................................................................................22 Focus on the whole and study the details .................................................................................................... 22 Feasibility ...........................................................................................................................................................22 Solutions by design ..........................................................................................................................................22 Charrette location .............................................................................................................................................23 4.3 PROJECT DELIVERY PROCESSES ..............................................................................................................23 4.3.1 Project delivery principles ..............................................................................................................23 Team Organization ..........................................................................................................................................23 Contracts: ..........................................................................................................................................................23 Risk/reward: ......................................................................................................................................................24 Decision control: ...............................................................................................................................................25 Collaboration tools: ..........................................................................................................................................25 Process: .............................................................................................................................................................25 Estimating: .........................................................................................................................................................26 4.3.2 Design process phases..................................................................................................................27 Traditional process phases .............................................................................................................................27 Integrated design process phases .................................................................................................................28 Pre-design phase .............................................................................................................................................28 Design, detail design and procurement phases ..........................................................................................29 4.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS..............................................................................29 4.4.1 Driving factors in the implementation of the integrated design process .................................29 Market demands ...............................................................................................................................................29 Technology drivers ...........................................................................................................................................30 Building industry desires .................................................................................................................................30 Sustainability pressure ....................................................................................................................................30 4.4.2 Implementation procedure .............................................................................................................30 4.4.3 Challenges in integrated design implementation .......................................................................31 Technology, materials, products, and transformational challenges..........................................................31 Skills challenges ...............................................................................................................................................32 Professional fees ..............................................................................................................................................32 4.4.4 Requirements to ensure design team success ..........................................................................32. VI.

(9) 4.4.5 Integrated design; added value for stakeholders .......................................................................34 4.5 SETTING UP THE TEAM ..............................................................................................................................34 4.5.1 Team setting up strategy ...............................................................................................................34 IPD team formation ..........................................................................................................................................34 Accountability of team members ....................................................................................................................34 Team location ...................................................................................................................................................34 Team leadership ...............................................................................................................................................35 Team incentives ...............................................................................................................................................35 Decision making structure...............................................................................................................................35 Communication system ...................................................................................................................................35 Building Information Modelling .......................................................................................................................35 Compensation ...................................................................................................................................................35 Team member dispute resolution ..................................................................................................................35 Roles and responsibilities ...............................................................................................................................35 Project performance, risk, and accountability ..............................................................................................36 4.5.2 Project goals and goal measurement strategy ...........................................................................36 4.5.3 Legal aspects ..................................................................................................................................37 4.6 PROJECT EXECUTION UNDER INTEGRATED DESIGN AND DELIVERY PRINCIPLES ...................................38 4.7 PD PHASE DESCRIPTION AND OUTCOMES ...............................................................................................38 4.7.1 Integrated building design life cycle phases ...............................................................................38 4.7.2 Integrated design phase outcomes ..............................................................................................39 Pre-design .........................................................................................................................................................39 Schematic design .............................................................................................................................................39 Design development (detail design) ..............................................................................................................39 Construction documentation ...........................................................................................................................40 Agency review ..................................................................................................................................................40 Procurement and construction .......................................................................................................................40 Construction close out .....................................................................................................................................40 Operation ...........................................................................................................................................................40 End of life...........................................................................................................................................................40 4.8 PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES OF TEAM MEMBERS .....................................................................................41 4.8.1 Pre-design........................................................................................................................................41 4.8.2 Schematic design ...........................................................................................................................41 4.8.3 Design development (detail design).............................................................................................42 4.8.4 Construction documentation .........................................................................................................42 4.8.5 Agency review .................................................................................................................................42 4.8.6 Procurement ....................................................................................................................................43 4.8.7 Construction and construction administration ............................................................................43 4.8.8 Construction closeout .....................................................................................................................43 4.9 INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY TOOLS .................................................................................................44 4.9.1 Tools developed from “Lean” principles ......................................................................................44 4.9.2 Integrated design tools...................................................................................................................44 4.10 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................................45 5. SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS, BARRIERS AND BENEFITS ................................................................ 45 5.1. W HY ARE SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS NOT DEVELOPED MORE W IDELY?................................................... 45. VII.

(10) 5.1.1 Three main barriers ........................................................................................................................46 5.1.2 Integrated design: a fourth major barrier .....................................................................................46 5.2 BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS .................................................................................................... 46 5.2.1 Economic benefits ..........................................................................................................................47 5.2.2 Risk management benefits ............................................................................................................47 5.2.3 Improved health benefits ...............................................................................................................48 5.2.4 Improved public relations and marketing ....................................................................................48 5.2.5 Employee recruitment and retention benefits .............................................................................48 5.2.6 Political benefits ..............................................................................................................................48 5.3 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................................48 6. DESIGNING OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS; MANAGING TECHNICAL ASPECTS ..................... 49 6.1 DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND USAGE .................................................................................................49 6.1.1 Sustainable land usage principles ................................................................................................49 6.1.2 Major land usage considerations ..................................................................................................50 Reduction of prime agricultural land ..............................................................................................................50 Flood line restrictions .......................................................................................................................................50 Endangered and threatened animals and plant species ............................................................................50 Soil erosion and sediment control..................................................................................................................50 6.2 ECO-FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING ...................................................................................................................51 6.2.1 Eco-roof systems ............................................................................................................................51 6.2.2 Vertical gardens ..............................................................................................................................51 6.2.3 Low-Impact Development ..............................................................................................................51 6.2.4 Heat island reduction .....................................................................................................................52 6.3 CARBON FOOTPRINT REDUCTION .............................................................................................................52 6.4 DESIGN FOR REDUCED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS .............................................................................54 6.4.1 Carbon dioxide emissions from concrete production and transportation ...............................54 6.4.2 Practices to reduce concrete construction carbon dioxide emissions ....................................54 Steel fibre-reinforcement .................................................................................................................................54 6.4.3 Fly-ash and blast-furnace slag ......................................................................................................55 6.4.4 Recycled aggregates and recycled concrete..............................................................................55 Design practices ...............................................................................................................................................55 6.4.5 Recommended practices to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from other building materials 55 6.5 SUSTAINMENT OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM..................................................................................................55 6.5.1 Design focus areas .........................................................................................................................56 6.5.2 Hydrologic strategy for sustainable buildings .............................................................................56 6.5.3 Storm water management .............................................................................................................57 6.6 GREEN BUILDING PRODUCTS ....................................................................................................................57 6.6.1 Ecological rucksack ........................................................................................................................57 6.6.2 Embodied energy ............................................................................................................................58 6.7 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ...........................................................................................................59 6.7.1 Noise transmission .........................................................................................................................60 6.7.2 Lighting quality ................................................................................................................................60 6.7.3 Thermal conditions .........................................................................................................................60 6.7.4 Building ventilation ..........................................................................................................................60. VIII.

(11) 6.7.5 Airborne bacteria and fungi ...........................................................................................................61 6.7.6 Low emitting pollutants ..................................................................................................................61 6.8 DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................................61 6.8.1 Reverse logistics and deconstruction ..........................................................................................61 6.8.2 Main drivers for implementation of reverse logistics and deconstruction ...............................62 Economic drivers ..............................................................................................................................................62 Environmental drivers ......................................................................................................................................62 Social drivers ....................................................................................................................................................62 6.8.3 Reverse logistics and deconstruction implementation barriers................................................63 Internal barriers ................................................................................................................................................63 External barriers ...............................................................................................................................................63 6.8.4 Strategic implementation plan ......................................................................................................64 Minimising RL cost ...........................................................................................................................................64 Improving the quality of recovered products ................................................................................................64 Price optimisation .............................................................................................................................................64 Designing an effective RL system structure .................................................................................................64 6.8.5 Availability of information ...............................................................................................................65 6.8.6 Design for deconstruction ..............................................................................................................65 6.8.7 Principles for the design for deconstruction ................................................................................65 6.9 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................................66 7. GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS ................................................................................................ 67 7.1 LEED RATING SYSTEM .............................................................................................................................67 7.2 GREEN STAR SA RATING SYSTEM............................................................................................................68 7.2.1 Green Star rating tools ...................................................................................................................69 7.3 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................................70. 8. SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION ......................................................................................................... 70 8.1 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS ..................................................................................................70 8.1.1 Site protection .................................................................................................................................70 8.1.2 Managing indoor air quality during construction ........................................................................71 8.1.3 Materials management ..................................................................................................................71 8.1.4 Building commissioning .................................................................................................................71 8.2 BUILDING COMMISSIONING STRATEGY...................................................................................................... 71 8.2.1 Building commissioning implementation .....................................................................................72 8.2.2 Building commissioning process ..................................................................................................72 8.2.3 Building commissioning report ......................................................................................................73 8.3 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................................74. 9. HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING ECONOMICS ................................................................................ 74 9.1 DEVELOPMENT OF A BUSINESS CASE FOR GREEN BUILDINGS ................................................................74 9.1.1 Life cycle analysis ...........................................................................................................................75 9.1.2 Two storey building base case ..................................................................................................... 75 Investment cost and annual savings .............................................................................................................75 Percentage energy savings ............................................................................................................................76 9.1.3 Productivity benefits .......................................................................................................................76. IX.

(12) 9.1.4 Savings due to reduced emissions ..............................................................................................77 9.1.5 Savings due to a reduction in solid waste ...................................................................................77 9.1.6 Savings due to building commissioning ......................................................................................78 9.1.7 Reduced maintenance cost ...........................................................................................................79 9.1.8 Life cycle cost analysis ..................................................................................................................79 9.1.9 Sustainable design savings ...........................................................................................................79 9.1.10 Improvements in the construction process .................................................................................80 9.2 MANAGING FIRST COST .............................................................................................................................80 9.3 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF GREEN BUILDINGS ............................................................................................80 9.3.1 Total Net Present Values ...............................................................................................................80 9.3.2 Other benefits ..................................................................................................................................81 9.3.1 Case studies ....................................................................................................................................81 9.4 GREEN BUILDING COST PREMIUMS ..........................................................................................................83 9.4.1 Team experience ............................................................................................................................83 9.4.2 Level of building certification .........................................................................................................83 9.4.3 Team structure ................................................................................................................................84 9.4.4 Design process and scope ............................................................................................................84 9.4.5 Documentation ................................................................................................................................84 9.4.6 Design fees ......................................................................................................................................84 9.5 MANAGING THE COST PREMIUMS OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS ..............................................................84 9.6 ECONOMICS OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDING IN SOUTH AFRICA.........................................................85 9.7 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................................86 10. LITERATURE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 87. 10.1 PRIMARY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS .87 10.1.1 Carbon fuel energy reduction........................................................................................................87 10.1.2 Integrated design ............................................................................................................................87 10.1.3 Integrated design tools...................................................................................................................87 10.2 DESIGN TEAM STRUCTURE........................................................................................................................88 10.2.1 Conventional design team structure ............................................................................................88 10.2.2 Integrated design team structure..................................................................................................89 FIGURE 10.2.2: INTEGRATED DESIGN TEAM STRUCTURE, (W BEETGE, APRIL 2016). .........................................90 10.3 INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS FLOW CHART .........................................................................................90 10.4 INTEGRATED DESIGN TOOLS .....................................................................................................................94 10.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .........................................................................................................................95 10.6 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND BUILDING ECONOMICS ..................................................................................96 10.6.1 Investment costs and annual expenditure ..................................................................................96 10.6.2 Net present value calculations ......................................................................................................97 10.7 MAJOR BARRIERS ......................................................................................................................................98 10.8 HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDING INDUSTRY IN SOUTH AFRICA..................................................................99 10.9 ANSWERING RESEARCH QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................100 11 11.1 11.2 12. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ................................ 103 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH .....................................................................................103 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................103 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................. 106. X.

(13) LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.3.1. World population: 1950-2050……………………………......................................3. Figure 1.3.2. World population: 0-2000…………………………………………………………….4. Figure 4.1.3. Integrated Design Process………………………………………………………….20. Figure 4.6. Macleamy Curve……………………………………………………………………..38. Figure 6.3. World Energy Consumption…………………………………………………..…....53. Figure 10.2.1. Conventional design team structure……………………………………………….89. Figure 10.2.2. Integrated design team structure…………………………………………………..90. Figure 10.3.1. Integrated design flow chart………………………………………………………..91. Figure 10.3.2. Role player involvement ……………………………………………………………93. Figure 11.3. Segmented pyramid: Design and development of high-performance. buildings …………………………………………………………………………………………….…105. XI.

(14) LIST OF TABLES Table 6.6.1. Ecological Rucksack………………………………………………………………….58. Table 6.6.2. Embodied energy levels……………………………………………………………..59. Table 9.1.2.1. Initial added investment costs……………………………………………………….76. Table 9.1.2.2. Energy savings………………………………………………………………………..76. Table 9.1.3. Productivity benefits………………………………………………………………….77. Table 9.1.4. Savings due to reduced emissions…………………………………………………77. Table 9.1.5. Tipping rates for solid waste…………………………………………………………78. Table 9.3.2. Percentage benefit measured against conventional buildings…………………..81. Table 9.3.3. Harvard University refurbished building case studies…………………………....82. Table 9.4.2. Overall cost premium……………..………………………………………………….83. Table 9.4.2.1. Cost premium per rating system……………………………………………….……84. Table 9.6. Cost premium data for green building projects registered at the GBCS………..85. Table 10.4. Integrated design tools…………………………………………………..….….…....94. Table 10.6.1.1 Savings of high-performance building….………………………...……....……......96 Table 10.6.1.2 Annual costs.…………………………………………………………………...……..97. XII.

(15) ABBREVIATIONS and ACRONYMS American Association of Cost Engineering. AACE. American Institute of Architects. AIA. American Society of Civil Engineers. ASCE. Building Information Modelling. BIM. Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method. BREEAM. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. CSIR. Environmental Building News. EBN. Engineering Council of South Africa. ECSA. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA. Energy Policy Act. EPAct. Green Building Council of South Africa. GBCSA. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. HVAC. Indoor Environmental Quality. IEQ. Integrated Design Process. IDP. Integrated Project Delivery. IPD. International Council for Building (Conseil International du Bâtiment). CIB. International Council of Systems Engineering. INCOSE. Inventory of Carbon and Energy. ICE. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. LEED. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design- New Construction. LEED-NC. International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment. iiSBE. Lean Project Delivery. LPD. Life-Cycle Cost. LCC. Low-Impact Development. LID. National Charrette Institute. NCI. National Institute of Building Sciences. NIBS. Request For Information. RFI. Request For Proposal. RFP. Responsible Property Investing. RPI. Reverse Logistics. RL. XIII.

(16) Single Purpose Entity. SPE. South African Bureau of Standard. SABS. South African Institution of Civil Engineering. SAICE. South African National Standard. SANS. Supply Chain Management. SCM. Target Design Value. TDV. Total Net Present Values. TNPV. United States of America. USA. US Green Building Council. USGBC. Volatile Organic Compounds. VOC. Whole Building Design Guide. WBDG. DEFINITIONS Building envelope: this is the outer shell of a building. The National Institute of Building Sciences in the USA [116] defined five major envelope systems: 1) below ground; 2) walls; 3) fenestration; 4) roofing and 5) arteria. Brown fields: refer to section 6.1.2 of the current research. Designing for energy efficiency: designing for energy efficiency entails the selection of systems, materials, and concepts that will reduce the building energy demand [31]. Eco-roofs or Green roof: “A green roof, also known as an eco-roof, living roof, vegetated roof, is one that is either partially or completely covered in vegetation on top of the human-made roofing structure.” [118]. Energy efficiency: the art of minimising energy consumption while still achieving the required level of energy output. Energy efficiency entails consideration of the complete life cycle (design, construction, operation and end-of-life) phases of a building [31]. External loading: building temperature developed by the sun, air, and moisture [121]. Green building: the US Green Building Council [114] defined a green building as a building designed holistically, that optimises, over its full life cycle, several central aspects like “energy XIV.

(17) usage, water usage, indoor environmental quality, material selection and building’s effects on its site”. Green fields: refer to section 6.1.2 of the current research. Grey water: Grey water (spelled alternately as greywater) is the recycling of ‘waste’ water that is generated in homes and commercial buildings through the use of water for laundry, dishes, or for bathing.” [120]. High-performance building: is defined by the National Institute of Building Sciences in the USA as “… a building that integrates and optimises all major high-performance building attributes, including energy efficiency, durability, life cycle performance, and occupant productivity.” [113]. Integrated design: the Whole Building Design Guide [115] describes the process of integrated design as the continuing participation, throughout the entire life cycle of the building, of all team members. This include architects, design specialists, cost consultants, community members and contracting professionals. Internal loading: building heat developed by people, equipment, and lighting occupying the building [121]. Life cycle cost analysis: according to the Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG), a programme by the National Institute of Building Science, life cycle cost analysis is a method for assessing the total cost of facility ownership. It takes into account all costs of acquiring, owning, and disposing of a building or building system.” [117]. Reverse Logistics: the Reverse Logistics Association [119] referred to reverse logistics as “… all activities associated with a product/service after the point of sale...” Sustainable development: this is about developing in such a way as to meet the growing demand for energy, food, water, industrial products, and management of waste while conserving and protecting natural resources and the environment for future generations [12]. In a report, Our Common Future, by the World Commission on Environment and Development [7], sustainable development is defined as “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." System: refer to section 3.2.1 of the current research.. XV.

(18) Thermal resistance (R): this defines and measures the thermal resistance of a material. A higher R-value represents a higher material resistance against the flow of heat [31]. Thermal capacity (C): thermal capacity defines the ability of a material to store energy in the form of heat. A higher C-value indicates a higher capacity to store heat energy [31]. Vertical gardens: refer to section 6.2.2 of the current research.. KEYWORDS Building system, charrette, commissioning, constructability, deconstruction, development, design, ecological, economics, energy efficient, goal assessment, green building, highperformance building, integrated design, integration, leadership, life cycle, life cycle assessment, low impact design, management, natural resources, net present value, passive design, potable water, recycle, risk, role players, sub-system, sustainable development, sustainability, system, whole-building.. XVI.

(19) W. G. Beetge. 201339888. April 2016. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Organisation and Layout of Research Project CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION, provides basic information regarding the global population and the scope and objectives of the current research project. A list of research questions is given and the research outcomes are discussed. CHAPER 2: DEFINING SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS, defines the concept of sustainability and high-performance buildings. A historical overview of green building design and implementation is given, the global position with regards to green buildings, and ethical aspects are discussed. In the next chapter, CHAPTER 3: DESIGNING HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS, ecological aspects and whole-building design principles are discussed. The importance of systems-thinking is highlighted. Sustainable building design requirements from a South African point of view are addressed. CHAPTER 4: INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS, addresses the concept of integrated design, design charrettes and design implementation strategies. The major barriers and benefits in the development of high-performance buildings are discussed in CHAPTER 5: HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS, BARRIERS AND BENEFITS. Three major barriers that prevent the development of high-performance buildings are defined. Economic benefits and a number of other benefits are discussed in this chapter. The purpose of CHAPTER 6: DESIGNINGING OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS; MANAGING TECHNICAL ASPECTS, is to provide managers with technical background that will enable them to manage the design of high-performance buildings effectively. The next chapter, CHAPTER 7: GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS, addresses green building rating systems. The LEED rating system, developed by the US Green Building Council and the South African Green Star rating systems are discussed. CHAPTER 8: SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION addresses construction sustainability and building commissioning aspects. One of the important drivers in the implementation of high-performance buildings is building economics. This is discussed in CHAPTER 9: HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING ECONOMICS. 1.

(20) W. G. Beetge. 201339888. April 2016. In the next chapter, CHAPTER 10: LITERATURE STUDY ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION some important aspects, addressed in the literature study (chapters 1 to 9), are elaborated on. The research projects ends with a final conclusion; CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSION.. 1.2 Research Methodology The body of the current research (chapters 1 to 9) is based on a literature study. Several text books, academic papers, and articles were consulted in preparing this dissertation. A number of web pages, of non-profit organizations, were also consulted. The majority of available information relates to American studies and cases. The literature research of the current dissertation focuses on management aspects applicable to the design and development of high-performance buildings. Technical and environmental aspects that have to be considered and economic evaluation of high-performance buildings are also researched. Although American conditions (which include the costs of energy, transportation systems, weather conditions and building construction technology) are different from conditions in South Africa, technical aspects and managerial concepts applicable to the process of designing and developing high-performance buildings are still valid. The last two chapters (chapters 10 and 11) discuss and analyse the literature study. Derived from different sources, the author developed a basic flow chart for the design and development of high-performance buildings. The flow chart is based on the flow chart for the design of complex systems. The flow chart presented by the author has not been validated in practice. Role player involvement and tools for the integrated design process are clarified and further explained. The differences between the design and development of conventional buildings and high-performance buildings are further considered. The author elaborates on a study presented by the U.S. Department of Energy, comparing various cost aspects of a conventional building and a high-performance building. Based on a number of assumptions and the information presented in the above referred study, highperformance building economics are evaluated by means of net present value calculations. Although South African conditions are different form conditions in the USA, the calculation provides some valuable information. Compared to the leading first world countries, the green building industry in South Africa is in infant shoes. Further research in terms of the economic evaluation of high-performance building projects in South Africa has to be done. From a South African and global perspective a number of major barriers that prevent the adoption of true integrated design, are highlighted and discussed. Finally the author presents four interconnected principles that are required for successfully managing the process of 2.

(21) W. G. Beetge. 201339888. April 2016. designing and developing high-performance buildings. Further research and testing of this proposal is recommended.. 1.3 The Need to Change The global population is currently estimated at approximately 7,3 billion people [1]. The daily global population growth is estimated at more than 220 000 people [1]. It is estimated that the global population reached the 1 billion mark during the early 1800s and by 1927 it reached the 2 billion mark. It took roughly 127 years to double from 1 billion to 2 billion people. Only 45 years later it has doubled from 2 billion to 4 billion people and another billion has been added to the global population by the year 1987. Figure 1.3.1 [2], below shows the increase in world population since 1959 and predicted that the global population will reach 9 billion people by 2050.. Figure 1.3.1: World population: 1950-2050, (Source: US Census Bureau, International Database, [Online]) [2]. From Figure 1.3.2 below, it can clearly be seen how the global population has accelerated since the early 1800s [3].. 3.

(22) W. G. Beetge. 201339888. April 2016. Figure 1.3.2: World population: 0-2000, (Source: World population based on data from Atlas of World History, McEvedy and Jones, Penguin Reference Books, [Online].) [3]. The increase in global population and high consumption of richer countries creates a large burden on natural resources like water, energy, food and other resources. Climate changes and high food and energy prices create uncertainty for governments and other organisations around the world. These conditions require a different approach in the consumption of resources and this has led to an increased demand for buildings that are more resource efficient. The building industry is in need of [4]: •. Buildings that use less carbon energy and less water during their entire life cycles.. •. Buildings located in such a way to reduce transportation energy requirements.. •. Buildings with reduced carbon footprints over their entire life cycles.. 1.4 Scope of this Research Project This research project focuses on the management of the design and development of highperformance commercial buildings. Sustainable design and development of residential buildings, industrial buildings, and other civil and mechanical structures are excluded from this research. Extensive research of integrated design contract forms, as well as the current status of the high-performance building industry in South African, is also excluded from this research. The scope of the current research includes the following discussions: •. Management principles applicable to the design of high-performance buildings.. •. High-performance building design through Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). 4.

(23) W. G. Beetge •. 201339888. April 2016. Primary differences between integrated design and conventional building design processes.. •. From a managerial perspective, technical considerations applicable to the design of sustainable buildings.. •. Green building rating systems.. •. Considerations of high-performance building economics.. Principles and procedures from a managerial point of view are discussed, targeting industry role players like project managers, architects, design specialist, construction firm managers, and building developers.. 1.5 Objective of this Research Project The major objectives of this research project are to: •. Answer a number of research questions that are related to managing the design and construction of high-performance buildings.. •. Provide a design process flow chart for the design and development of highperformance buildings.. •. Identify aspects that require further research to ensure high-performance buildings are developed successfully.. Research questions are listed in the following section.. 1.6 Research Questions The following research questions are addressed as part of this research project. •. Why is it necessary to design and develop high-performance buildings?. •. What are the key aspects involved in the design and development of highperformance buildings?. •. How should the design of high-performance buildings be approached?. •. What is the importance of integrated design in the development of high-performance buildings?. •. What are the steps of an integrated design process and what is required for the successful implementation of an integrated design process?. •. What are the main forces driving the development of high-performance buildings?. •. What forces are hindering the development of high-performance buildings?. •. Is there a business case for the development of high-performance buildings?. •. What is the relevance of this research paper to the South African high-performance building industry? 5.

(24) W. G. Beetge. 201339888. April 2016. The question whether building industry role players and stakeholders in South Africa are equipped with the required knowledge and experience to design and develop highperformance buildings, remains to be answered as part of a future research project.. 1.7 Outcomes of this Research Project The outcomes of this research project are: •. To provide answers to the above listed research questions.. •. To provide industry leaders and role players with a process flow diagram for the integrated design of high-performance buildings.. •. To provide project managers and other managers with a basic understanding of the integrated design process and the main technical aspects of “green” building design.. •. To identify aspects that are part of the design and development process of highperformance buildings that requires further research.. 2 DEFINING SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS 2.1 Defining Sustainable Buildings 2.1.1 High-performance buildings versus green buildings Sustainability is defined by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) as [5] “A set of environmental, economic and social conditions in which all of society has the capacity and opportunity to maintain and improve its quality of life indefinitely without degrading the quantity, quality or availability of natural, economic, and social resources.” In his book, Sustainable Construction [6], Charles J. Kibert wrote, “The outcome of applying sustainable construction approaches to create a responsible built environment is most commonly referred to as high-performance green buildings, or simply, green buildings.” Kibert wrote that the term high-performance buildings has recently become a synonym for green buildings. The office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the USA Department of Energy describes the design of high-performance buildings as a process of using “whole building” principles to achieve a system design that is more energy efficient, more cost effective and with a much better overall environmental performance than buildings that are designed conventionally [6]. The Brundtland Report [7] defined sustainable development as “… meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs.” Considering the defined concepts of sustainable buildings, green buildings, and highperformance buildings, it is clear that these words are used interchangeably. It is also stated 6.

(25) W. G. Beetge. 201339888. April 2016. by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [8] that these concepts are synonyms. 2.1.2 High-performance buildings In a report by G. Kats, L. Alevantis, A. Berman, et al., The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings, [9] the economics of high-performance buildings were studied. The report was developed in 2003 for the Sustainable Building Task Force, which consists of more than 40 government agencies in the state of California. It was stated in the report that sustainable buildings are sensitive to the environment, energy consumption, impact on people, cost, and aspects like global warming and water resources. Generally, high-performance buildings are buildings that save 25-50% of fossil fuel energy used by buildings that are designed and constructed in the conventional manner. Energy savings for all LEED registered buildings, on average, amount to 24% [10]. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [8] stated that “Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life cycle... This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.” According to the LEED Green Associate Study Guide, published by the Green Building Education Services, high-performance buildings are designed and constructed to have the minimum level of impact on resources and the environment, to reduce the life cycle cost, and to increase the health and production of its occupants [11]. When sustainability is considered, the traditional “bottom line” concept that refers to profitability has to be re-looked at. In the case of green buildings a triple bottom line concept exists which includes: economics, environment aspects, and social responsibility. The triple bottom line is sometimes also referred to as the three P’s: profit, planet, and people [11]. 2.1.3 Major aspects of high-performance buildings According to a report done by the US Green Building Council [12] the main aspects of highperformance buildings include: •. Minimising energy and material consumption throughout the entire life cycle of the building.. •. Minimising all forms of environmental pollution throughout the entire life cycle of the building.. •. Protecting the natural environment.. •. Providing healthy and comfortable building indoor conditions. 7.

(26) W. G. Beetge •. 201339888. April 2016. Aligning quality, functionality, cost, and building system performance with sustainability.. 2.2 Historical Overview of Sustainable Design The phenomenon of designing and constructing green buildings and other green facilities is relatively new. But the concept of developing green buildings was born during the 19th century. Several key individuals laid the foundation for green design and development. In the American context, the following individuals made significant contributions to the green development movement [13]: 2.2.1 R. Buckminster Fuller (1895 – 1983) Buckminster Fuller designed a number of high performance structures. His creation of the Dymaxion House in Wichita, Kansas, during the 1950s is said to be the strongest, lightest and most cost-effective structure ever designed and constructed [13]. Dymaxion House featured a wind turbine for generating electrical power and a grey water system. Buckminster Fuller has been called an inventor, engineer, and architect. He focused on conservation of materials, utilising the most appropriate materials, and the usage of renewable energy. He was also one of the leaders involved in designing buildings for deconstruction at the end of life phase of the building. He originated the term “Spaceship Earth” whereby he illustrated the human dependency on our planet and its ecosystem. He has done extensive research on using renewable energy as a primary source of energy. By some industry experts he is referred to as the “father of environmental design”. 2.2.2 F. Lloyd Wright (1867 – 1958) Lloyd Wright is frequently referred to as “America’s first green architect” [13]. He took care of his design work by integrating materials and the building layout and functionality with its surrounding natural environment to form an “organic whole”. He introduced the term “organic architecture” to reflect his approach in designing coherent green buildings. 2.2.3 I. McHarg (1920 – 2001) McHarg argued that the specialization of disciplines make ecological design, at all levels, difficult to achieve. He advocated that all aspects of the environment; humans, plants, animals, and the ecosystem be integrated into the design of a facility. An important remark by McHarg was that everyone involved in the planning and development of infrastructure and facilities must be educated in ecological design.. 2.3 Global Position of Green Building Design and Development During the last two decades, the concept of sustainable development and construction has shown remarkable growth. Almost 60 countries worldwide have established green building councils. These councils are promoting the sustainable development and construction of 8.

(27) W. G. Beetge. 201339888. April 2016. buildings. They have also developed their own assessment systems for rating the sustainability of buildings. These countries include the United States of America, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, Taiwan, South Africa, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. In the United States of America, the US Green Building Council have over 32 000 building projects registered as green buildings [14]. McGraw-Hill Construction, a USA construction company, reported a green building market growth from $10 billion in 2005 to $42 billion in 2011, despite a world economic recession from 2008 to 2010 [15].. 2.4 Green Building Design from an Engineering Management Point of View 2.4.1 Management defined The fundamental elements of management, as defined by several text books, are indicated below [16]: •. Planning - this entails defining the vision, mission, and goals of an organisation or project. The process identifies ways of achieving these goals and planning for the required resources.. •. Organising - the available resources have to be organised and deployed to achieve the goals in the most effective way. An organisational organogram have to be developed showing resource roles and responsibilities.. •. Leading - human resources have to be directed and motivated to ensure the organisation’s actions are aligned in achieving the predetermined goals.. •. Controlling - managers have to monitor the organisational processes and actions to ensure it is moving towards achieving the goals. Performance measurements and providing feedback to top management, team members, and employees, are important aspects of controlling.. Effective management is required to ensure that the efforts of all role players involved in the design and construction of high-performance buildings are integrated, controlled, and focused. The following five sections discuss the application of the management principles in the development of high-performance buildings. 2.4.2 Planning the process of sustainable development For the successful implementation of the design and the development process of highperformance buildings, all stakeholders have to take part in a coordinated, focused, and integrated design and construction process. The implementation of these programs has to be initiated by senior executives and senior management that are involved in the 9.

No results found