Intelligent Diagnosis Systems

#%$'&()+*-,/.$'01$2,3&*145)76$'698 :$!4$'6;( <='6$?>!$'&%@

A

&(*CBDE*F$'0GH6;(JIE0-0C*1KLIM6D?IONOIP4QIP$'&JD)SR&J='T7U

VWIEU$2&Q(XYIE6;(Z=2[\=2X]U7T7(^IM& _`DM*1IE6DPI

G=Pa$b_;(J$'(JI cO67*C>dIM&J4*-(e

A XYI?4Pf7G=?a$hgjiLi;kLk?lkmiLn!ifcpoq_ro A o

s7t3u;t!vwxzyd{}|zy~^xLt`y'€t!€+~‚zƒ„†…ˆ‡2‰+t!Š7tdw{7|dy~^xLty2€7t2€+~!‚dƒ

…;€;€3‹ŒŽ;Ž!3;Z~J|dy~Jxt;y2€7tL€~‚dƒŽ3…ˆ‡2‰7tLŠtw}Ž;t`x2‘3w7‡ƒ3‹~’…d€z“u

”’•–^—™˜dš1› ˜F› œ5šžŸ–¡ 7œ˜'¢Pœ5š1£F—¤œ¦¥§¥©¨ª˜C«M¢M¢?¬š1£1› ­£Ÿ–Mš1¬«M®–®šžœ¯J£ž˜j°±š1¬²/£1–M›7³5¬–M¯´ˆ›’›’š1›7µM¬«M¯P­Mœ5£F—¶¬Q¯œ5¯P­

! " #%$'&(")+*,-./#02134 65(&,7$8954&:54;#0<>=7 ?&@A> 65(+.>B

.>!= 65")C)54D@E&F#0G= &H)9.!G$5(>&7 IF<J> $.>K#69+045L<C<5(DLME&LN6 &OA.>P#0=B

Q

7)#R)C)54D8SUTV54(K54WME&(P)&7 XS"D! 054 $Y<C<5(ZT3$<B

Q

)P#[4<& ! =\<C<5(D'T

#?> #6K$5(!*,Y(&H$-.>>N,]#0$)!& R5((+T45(_^3$G.` K-./ +5)Oa&4NYMb&7c$& $5(!& B

G<5L<C<5(Z8S-T #R)5-5()5($.5(5(+( \$'.G4)_^3$54>&7 R)C)5(+DIAd/7$8\&@54<Y(&H$-e

#0f& <5(-5(#R5(4&K=7g54D#0P)>=7 h&@\)C)5(+i@E&7Y\)!.!;K54&& Q >.!j@kK.!5Y#0=7 &,<G

5-7)N3IYV+.)&D#0($K()Pe5(;#6&D> l$8-7$5(+(G<5($e #\#0<>=7 R #m<@E&(Z $

(PnoK!(f 05Up545A! 0qK+ $L54$-&$e&@/Y<$2^V$e5($- noKMb&"Y$'& Q > 5(!& ;&@r5($-B

noKP8S`@E&"Y=!*, D.>$54>&7 sI

tmu,vswcxVyz|{} 65(+.>.>!= 65D~e=7 &,<GT;d`6V+(5?HC<5(D'T€m&6#0.!B‚A7)#ƒ,C)54Dm„a<B

;.G7)5L@EO|#0$7#0L*,;)+ %4&.!2@EU5(!& \&@A> 65(+.>.>!= 65F)C)5(+D @E&7c#0G= &H)G'T`7#0B

*6G)! =T6 #(.5(P#.>G$+5(!& "M‚~eP _T !#"3~eK4N0! sT$%'&("$)"> Q (=T *#",+XK=7

- ,5(K QQ .>^.G#XT% *#".`KVHT *#"r…†$8 - ˆL >=705+T #"…AK(<.>. - ‡e&4*0!=T/ !#"/,5(B

^N3T0% !#" >f&5(&T0% !#"01 ! )54& sT/ 2,S-Ic{} 65(+.>.>!= 65A<C<5(Z @E&#0=7 &,<Ge*, Q +

K<#m> Z*7(>+5)CD&@A#6&D> 43†.G 65F#0G<<;#0G= &H)G'T$(&7\D =f 05a(& Q .>+ #6G=7B

&H)G'T6$(#6>5`*7.>K5(>&7 ; #;K5(&7(5P5(!& sT,^ $G.*7.!K54>&7 sT,G#0 65(_^3$5(>&7 J&@)&@E5<OA4

#jU#0OA("(& Q .>+D` #j> 65(=7-5(#;$>U$K!5p@k>.>K('To54(&7K Q .>P)&,&75(> =J&@+.>$54($.kTB

$- $. #\.>P$5(4& $JnoK>+ 05+T#0$.#0=7 &,<GTs@kK.!5(Bk#054$5(!& \! ? 6K$.!L&O+

)C)54D'TV&7>.`6.!&-5(!& sTX(&,<$5(! =T<G<G$L<5(K#6>'Tp+5-$I~eP)!5(Y5(Y=(P5L*74>5<Cl&@

(&H$-; #%5(P$8 &.>&7=!9K<#%> h5(D#0<>= h&@<K$8 <C<5(D'T 54C .>."7##04(J54

("545(4 D$.G7(<2^3$5(!& 4& Q .!63s5(L5-7)N&@r(<>=7 > =;J=7>*, ;> K5LME,I=I>T695(54( T

>Z=HT)+5A&@/&

Q

)4*75(!& 'TV+5-$I_S5(&f)&f$54=&7(CRMb&7L$'.G48SUI~e=7 &,<G")C)5(+DA$.G7(<2@EC

5(e& Q )4*,#Y)C654&D Q > =c$K)P# Q CY<&"<VP$2^3$A4& Q .! Mk#0G= &H)Ga$.G7(-S OA>.>

#6*0)> =L<C<5(DX<@E&4ƒ<K$-Y"$.G7()_^3$5(>&7 Y #Y)K=7=<5/$&7((P$5(!*,`(f#0>PI3‰e.>54&K=7

5(GAA@E&6$K<†&7 \> 65(.!.>!= 65a)C)5(+D @E&7L#0=7 &,<GL.>$54>&7 T&,<5A&@/54= -.

4> $!.>PL #\& Q )4*5(!& 9@E4& 5(#0P)>=7 ?&@"<K$8 )C)54DL.!C\5(&m&75(+95U<N5(5

> 6*,&.!*,e5(54( l$.4)2^V$54>& l7†Oa.>.kI

1? Q =! JOA>54c)&f#6^ !5(>&7 s&@87:9;<:=?>A@%9B@X@E(&7 54C1? Q )54D ~e$5(!& (C,I~e=7 &,<G

GA#6^ #D7E3

F:GIH4J'KML'NEHPORQTS QORNKEUVUIO'WPX:K%NAYZX#Y\[]^HEJ'K_['LH4`:Q;KaOAWL^X#YUKLUKaORQ/LbS QO(cdKec4f_Khg L:e_Yi['LHYO([MOAW

H4J'KaUjf:e^SHkO(elU

m(GPLnNLQ;KhWV`doKhg L:e_Yi['LHYO([ML:['XpL:['LdfUEYUqO'W/H4J'KrWsL'NEHkUqY\[tL:[nLuHkHVKe^SHHkO^KhgRSdLoY\[tORQ`:['X:KQvUjHVL:['X

UVO(enKEH4JYi[]^wiLx7:9;<o=(>A@%9B@IO'WCH4J'KaKNEO?[O(eMfy

z(GPL_X:KN'YU4YO?[{ORQO(SY\[YO?[xc'LuU|KX_O([tU%`'NJtL:[nKhg L:e_Yi['LHYO?[

} GPLtU%JO#QvHTU|NAYK[HY~NaX:KEU|NQ€Y\SHhYO([aWORQHjLEg'O?[O(e_YZN‚NAdZLUVUEY~,NLHYO([

{‚ )&(5+T"ƒ7:9;<:=(>A@%9B@x@%„u@4k4… &7 \5(5;G;$ Q .>\&@G#6 0542@EC6> =\54m 5(K(m&@]

4&

Q

.!

Q

CY! > =954L&

Q

)4*,#<C05(&ZIL&7K5(K5A&@5()C)54 Y#0=7 &,<G

M‚ # V&H(<Q .!C 6.G 54>&7 &t†<K<5(_^3$54>&7 &@Y54\47S-I {‚ D 6C .>G$+5(!& ;&@

>

65(+(<5T`>5YY#0<>-Q

.>@E&7j54l)C)5(+ 5(&\ &75j&7 .>C G#0 65(_@EC?54D&,(<

Q

.!\$K)P &@L54

4& Q .!\T Q K5Y.G)&\(&&H)\<K>5U Q .!(+#0!I\,K$-h)C)54D4l(#%5(& Q D$ Q .!D&@

:7:‡9B@%9;=<7I

C6G$+.>.!CR\#0G= &H)j<C<5( G(&*6G#0# \)5Y&@t@%„ …qˆ,‰>:…{@]Mb& Q )4*5(!& Y&YPB

)K(+ 05U $&6#0# > )&7\D$-! BE(7# Q .!:@E&7(mS;7:! K5+I %<C<5(6Dj5-7)N

5(&RG#6 0542@EC [(& Q Q .!Š:‹@'J545f$&7K.G#h0.G! %5(m& Q )4*,#h)C65(&7DI {‚ g&7-#0+j54&

)@E&7( 54GJ@EK $'5(>&7 sT/R#0G= &H)G;)C)54 &

Q

*6>&7K).!C% #Y#0n,K5(ŒA=(>:ŽTV7<Rj&@L54

#0&7D! sI`A $4(4CYN0 &OA.!#0=7ADC

Q

" =7> +(#J! 054&L5(F)C)54

Q

5(L<C<5( DC " #6&Oa#YOA>5(f5(F !.>!5)Cc5(&c$+noK!("5(" $'(4(C;#6&D> ;N0 &OA.!#0=

& h!5-L&OA sT`5(4&K=7h04> $,IDj@E&7(+J4&,$-sT`4@E(4#\5(&\7pŒ =(>:ŽCV7<#64=<o9

=

9;=<T3Ge5<C6G$.>.!CjK<#m> l5(;$'& <5((K$5(!& m&@a5(]#0G= &H)5($J(K.!@E&L6(5F)C)54D

&cN0 &OA.!#0=7B Q )P#g<C<5(ZID.545(]4&,7$8%4.>!L& %54K<&@ …_:Š?9;= ^V

=

9;=<5($- noKPr@E&7LK5(&7D54#jN6 &OA.>#6=c$n,K)>54>&7 sI`‰e45(_^3$G.s{‚ 65(.!.>>=7 $Mk‰L{(S`&1X+-"

Q 4&,#\<$5(4K &@ (&H$-A5(&! 054.>.!>=+ 05a#0= &,)TXP$-mOA>54m!5-A&OA R<5(4 =54" #

OPN6 (<Tr#0 #6> =RM‚& =m&54c5(! =,-Se&7 %5( 54K(f&@A54D#0=7 &,<G95U<NXTr #

5(J5<C0] #\&K 65"&@ #0&Z> DN6 &OA.>#6=J545FG"P*7>.G

Q

.>HIeGeL! a #

$&74`*7(!&KA4&,$-54&Y5(#0)!= &@`! 054.>.!>=7 05r#0= &,)A)C)54DT,f<G<> =

5(><5(4 =54 #R.>>f>5-5(!& 'IG .>C).G<&l)K=7=<5-9! 054(P)5(! =&,4)

Q

>.!>5(!†@E&7

6C Q 4G#j54$- Gn,K/5(5L$'& Q > F#0_1X+( 65A(&H$-@E(K!5)@EK.!.>C,I

;(<59&@A54jJe&4=, 5P#%e@E&.!.>&O"E3c)P$5(!& 2:#6*,.>&7LD)!.!J.>

&@fh#0=7 &,<Gm4& Q .! @E&D5(?.!$54(G$+.F)C)5(+ &@f K54&& Q >.!,I ?K(&,<h&@

5(GL.!J5<Oa&BG@E&.G#3I >U)5Ts!59.>$.42@ECm54f#02134 05F.>f 05U†545=7&m> 65(&D54

@E&4jK.G54>&7 W&@]%#6G=7 &,<G4& Q .!\Iƒ,$'& #XTA54R(mf.>DGYK<# 54&%>.!.>K<5(U5(

)+*,-.#02134 65`(&H$-/5(&c#0G= &H)I,$'5(>&7 ^*L=>*,P`

Q

4>@&*,+(*6>O%&@s54L#6213(+ 05

(&H$-J5(& #0G= &H)I?,P$5(!& a&\5((&K= D> Y045c)C)5(+DT&6#0.!B Q 7)#

)C)54D'TA # $+)+B Q 7)# 4&,$-54&h#0G= &H)Iƒ,$'5(>&7 \(< 05U &*,4*0!O &@

> #0K$54>*,/(&H$-sOA>.!a)$54>&7 A5((&K= e4)+ 05#0P$G<>& 54('T KU.6 5<O&7(NT

# <5-54G<5(G$+.(&H$-> 5(R$& 65(65&@;#0= &,)I ,$'5(>&7 R$&7 $.>K#0jOA!5(

)KD4C; #l#0G4$K4)>&7 D&@/! 054(<5(! =J4)-$-D#0!($54>&7 @E& Q K>.G#6> =Y6C Q (G#D<C<5(D'I

x

„/& )G#6`"$&7 6CL545D 6K0@k7$5(K4sK5(&f& Q !.>'Is{‚ J&U#05(&"(&*6G#0 Q 545($K)5(&7

)+(*6G$ #m<K&45T.>5AKA(<K5(5"5(c$&7 6C;")5AKm5(+.>& L.>D.>! 54&

#0= &,)RK5(&7& Q >.>DD.2@EK $5(!& 04> $# Q Ch5(!;$K<5(&f-'I &f.!,T 54

$&7 6C\!=659+0$5c5(&l($+>*,fm$.>. @E4& \$K<5(&fc$&.G! > =:545YGJ =7>

#0&, &5c<5-45IDf$&7 6Cm+0$5Ue5(&l.!\5(;K)+ Q CR#0= &,)! =m54f$K<j&@A54

4& Q .!\Im,KV&H)D5(D$.!./GJ )Oa(P# Q CRm6KD ?+045jMk#0+5;5]#0G= &H)>

=R)K$-K5(&f& Q !.>D(& Q .>+D8SUT OA&hN6 &O" 54(&7K= 6(! $D&;N6 &OA.>#0=7m545DK5(&7& Q >.>

=7> P OA!.>. &5A<5-(5_@s!5(+`5(">=7 >54>&7 sT,&54 Q 545(4C,T,& Q &75(D(e@kK.>5<C,IaM‚‡e&75("5(5

OF>= &(&75(A&H() Q .>c$K)P.>>N,A@kK.>5<C<4N0BE.!K=,'T$ Q K(+5(&[email protected]> †<$'5(&+T,5-$I!T054&

N,R5(#0($K()!& h<>.>,I_Shs&\> &7> 65954$'5J<&KU$&@"5((&

Q

.>\Ts546(5

!=65AK)c"N0 &OA.!#0=c5(5L2@ 5( Q 545(4CmG@kK.>5<C5(Y#6.>>=705U†Oa& D5eOa&4Nm!5(+I

)j!=65<N\5(;K<5(&m54(C\54K( ! =D& %GL7#0.>!=65-I;{b@"<;GL> 0@E&7(P#m5(5

5(CYO&7(N3T Q C;)!.!.!>_ 5(>&7 Y<eOa&K.##0= &,)F5("(& Q .>+ `@kK.!5<CY>= >5(!& sTH #

2@r5(C#6& D5T)JO&7K.G#D<K==7)5"5(5e54K)+A>=705a*,]@kK.>5<C Q 545(4C,I

,> $D0KZ %6(54G<GJ6 <>*,D #g&@E5( h4& l5(&\4(&U:ME,I=I>T/#0K:54&%<5(4('T

$&7K.G#W.CW5(\(&.!\&@]5(\6KD W6(5+I {‚ &-#65(& RK)@EK.L> U$54G$HTA)K$-

)C)54 O&K.G#j*,L54&

Q

c$

Q

.!L&@ #0G= &H)! =J@kK.!5-OA!5(D7$$KU$Cf$&fU

Q

.!e54&Y5(5

&@ Y0KZ 6(5aK #0+AG#0 65($.3$&7 #0!5(>&7 IC+X+5AK† &O @E&4jK.G54L;(.!L#0=7 &,<G

4& Q .! @E&]K54&& Q >.!Y.>$'5(($. )C)5(+ @k>.!K(PIDs&mN,\544& Q .! )!.!,TX.>+59K

4)Kfm5(5;O\(l& .!CW$'& $+( #hOA>54W5(m&,4)Q .>\D.2@EK $'5(>&7 9&7j@k!.>K4Y&@54

@E&.!.>&OA> =;$&&7 65-E3

LHkHVKQf

`d\cUJ'KL'X#dY]?JH

YiS KQ {O H ORQ

]([YHYO?[

{‚ g&75(+jOa&-#T54l)C)5(+ Y5(&RG#6 0542@ECR(& Q .>+DJ(G<> =m@E4& m@k>.!K(f&@&7

&c&4Y&@ 5(<$'&& 05UI &7.!,TX7#0.>!=65-LOA>.!.` &75JO&7(N\_@A5( Q K.Q e@k!.‚I

e $,T2@ OJ& Q )+(*,5(5L5(J7#0.>!=65-L#6& D5eOa&(N3TOJf>=65"#0= &,)Y545F5( Q K.Q

4L@kK.!5)CHI/p&;N,54.!L<>.>,T,OL@EK45(+"(<K5(5A5(J(+.>*7 65& Q )+(*7 Q .!

*, 65-/&F)C654&D/4(<5(($5(P#j5(&;5(L@E&7.>.>&OA! =(3

KL'X#dY](JHkUORQuXO([HORQ

[]#Y\['K{UjHVLQvH U'XORKEU%[HUVHVLQH

YiS KQU8O#Q'XO?[HORQ

1?l<&K.#%V&7> 65Y&K5Y545Y54Gc)$_^3$5(>&7 h&@F5((& Q .> 4)KPJ5(5Y5(&7 .>C

$K)&@35( )C654&D3(A54 Q 5(54(!T Q K.Q T7OA>&54&T7 # != !5(>&7 sI &`f.>,T

2@r5(9+ =! c#0&,A &5F)5U(5"Oc7()K5(5e54L@kK.!5e.!>/>54AOA>54D5(

Q

5(5(+(C&7e54

>=7 >54>&7 m& .>C"OJ!= &7(c&5(e&H()Q .>]$K)A.>!N,L5(c>(&A! †<$54>&7 :&@/5(9@EK.!B‚>

!054K(,T,Oa&( Bb&7K5L<4ND.>K=HT5U$I01Rc.)&f(<K5(5"5(OA>UA #D7#0.>!=65-A4

5(P)5(P#JOA>5(&K5a)5U45(> =954A =7> ME‚I,I>T5(+CY4A&Oa(P# Q CJ54 Q 545(4CVSUI``($' 4>&T

.

Q

>5c$&7 054(>*,P#XT)>f.>_^A5(D#6G($'K(<>& 5(59@E&.!.>&O"I&7Y)!.!G$!5‚C,TOf.G<&R4)K

5(5> 5(L#0.!>=705 Q K.Q @k>.kT,2@r5".>.kIT)">*, f5(L& Q )+(*,#<C0f5(&7DT54#0=7 &,<G

)C)54ƒ54 Y7`5("5-7)NJ&@7($4

Q

! =L5(L<C05(&ZX5(&5(@k>.!K(a&@s&7 cMb&r&4Ss&@354

$&7& 65-'I"{} l4)! =TX.!5"KL)54(4e5(5L54G"#0G= &H)e5-7)Nm†&*,4.>CD<>.>2^#$3`(P.>B

O&7(.#Z(& Q .>Da$ D! 0*,&7.>*,"0K #0(#&@r& Q <(*7 Q .>Y<C0f5(&7D`> 6*,&.>*6> =JY.G(=79 6K Q

K& Q †<$54>*, 54& Q K!.G#;J<C<5( 545a(&6#0K$A$+$K-5(F#0G= &H)D$'> 65(.!C,I e&OWOA!.>.

5(;)C)5(+ $&7J54&:N6 &Oƒ&@a5(;(.54>& )!

Q

+5)Oa l5(;&

Q

<(*,P#\)C65(&7DA #[54

$&7 )n,K 65"#0= &,) e&O OA>.!.X54c)C)5(+ ((< 05A54G4.G5(!& <> "&O OA>.>.3>5AK<

5(GA(4)+ 05U5(!& D@E&#0=7 &,<> =j@kK.>5U Y#0_13( 65F4&,7$8Pe5(&D#6G=7 &,<GL$+ Q

#0)5(! =KG)#

Q

7)#j&7 D&O 5(<n,K)54>&7 (7##0(P()P#XI„/& <G#0+"J($' 4>&c> OA$8

6…_>'7#&@54Y#6&D> mL*7>. Q .!,IL,K$-Rj&6#0+.s0.>G$'>5(.!Cj44) 65-A5(Y)54(K$'5(K4Y&@

5(;)C)5(+\T‚I,I>T>5Ue$&7 )54>54K 65$&fV&7 65-" #\5(>"&4=, 55(>&7 WMk€m&5+5(G$7T 2oSUIY‰

#0= &,) 4& Q .!|()OA J54")C)546DX& Q <(*,# Q *0!&r$& 6qG$5UpOA!5(c5("<C<5(6D

6$5(P# Q *0!&+T/ #%5(:5U<N%GJ54&\G#0 65(_@EC\5( M @kK.>5<CVS)C)54 $&7& 65Mk8SF5(5

6.G> D5(J &Z.>CHI{‚ m&7KF#0G= &H)G".!,T6)> $5(]K54&& Q >.!LOA7L#0<>= #D #

$&7 )54(K$54#

Q

C%D=4&Kh&@F =7> +-'T Of*,*7!.G

Q

.>fm&4j&7J.>P(9+7$5J&6#6./&@

5(@EK $5(!& ! =J&@`54cK54&& Q >.!,I &A.>,T,5(K54&& Q >.!LOA7A#0<>= # # Q K!.>5

OA>54% % =7> ;5(5Y$'&K.# Q <5-45(# Q C\54K( ! =m54;>= >5(!& sI&7954 => j54&m<5-(5

KsT@EK+.>Bk>;!054K(;K<5 Q \! †<$54#%> 65(&R5( $& Q K<5(!& $8 Q +; #W54m!= !5(>&7

;K)5

Q

;$U N,#D5(+(

Q

Cl.>.!&OA> =D \.>P$5(4G$.s$K4( 65"5(&jq&O @E(&7 54

Q

545(4CD5(&54

)(N6BE.>K=HIaF)(N6Bb.!K=J(&6#0K$'/J)(N3T,>=7 >54> =5(L>(BG@EK.>65(K4A #j<5-(5(! =

5(j => ,Ts5-$If‡e&Oƒ_@AO;*,Y5(G9f&6#0.`&@A5(K5(&7&

Q

!.>;*7!.G

Q

.>;5(&mK9 #?54

=7> @k!.Ge54&D)5U(5+TXO]$ \P)!.>CD5(U$c5(Y(& Q .> 5(&f>54F @kK.!5<C:!= !5(!& \<C<5(

& @kK.!5<C Q 5(54(CRMk(<K! =j54J(& Q .> G".>&6$.>5+#5(&54J.!$54(G$+.)C)54mSUIAA<#

& %@EK45(+Y> 0@E&7(D5(>&7 WME,I=I>T/$&7 $4 > =m5(j@EK $54>&7 > =\&@L54P#0.!>=65--S-T`&7 l$&K.#

&,4) Q .>C #0G= &H)D5(;$5c$K)HIm995(j4> $'>.! Q +> # …_>A7#| A@'V7 7:9;<:=(>A@%9B@

@%„u@4k4…{@ M‚~eK4N0! sTt%'&(";€m&5+5(G$7Tt 2R"p.`KVHT_ *oSUIaVA@%>:= …_:9;=# h=(:=(ŠE6@%„u@4k4…{@

M &7

Q

K

-#0ˆL.>+T, *oSa$+

Q

K)P#j> ;&6#0.!B

Q

)P##0G= &H)A #j&7 c)K$-f4&,7$8

G!.>.!K)54-54#j! m<$54>& !6I

{‚ \D 6CD-7$5($./4$ (!&,L(P$G<J&6#0+.Ge&@A5(;#0&D> \DC Q YK *7!.G Q .>,I &7

.>,T,O#0&j &5"*, ($)Lf&6#0.X&@/5(94)&7 )c&@r5(6KD Q &6#6Cm5(&Y*7(>&7K

#0)7);$K)! =l=+ 05UIc€m#0G$+.r#0G= &H)GL†54('@E&(Y5<C6G$+.>.!C &759f&6#0.>BQ 7)#XT&c5

.>P)5/ &75 65(!(.!C,Is‰ $&f& c-7$5($A> f)K$-;($' 4>&H G`54&94.>Cc& ,h‹

9B@4‰9;Š/N0 &OA.!#0=

Q &7K55(\#0&7D! sI "KD h6(5Uj(l<N,#g54&%<KD(v5j54!YN0 &OA.!#0= Mb=H> #

5((&K=\6(! $Sr> l5(@E&( &@An,K.>>5U54>*,aˆ

9;=(Š9ˆ,V@'IL<J4> $'>.!A$ l5(+

Q

$&6#0_^#> l Œ =(>:ŽCV7<# A@'V7b@%„@4 h…JI/0KA5(J<C<5( &6#0+.G5(J#6G=7 &,<5($4<& ! =

&@ 0KD c045-'I`"Z$$C&@s5(G/(&,7$8;&

Q

*6>&K).>C]#0 # &7 j54@k!5(0@EK.> 4`&@

5(L $&6#6> =]O+.>.75(FnoK.>!5<CY&@5(L6V+(5-4D6#0&D> ;6V+(>+ $,I‡e&75(G$'e545a5(<

4> $!.>P4Y7†U$>*,P# Q C5(J6(5 #m54c$54K.<C<5(6D Q *6>&7JME> D5(A$<

5(JK5(&7& Q >.>oD.!$5(4G$.3)C)5(+mS`† &75e+0.!G$!5(.!CY&6#0.!#XIe $L5(G"4&,7$8lGA&@

$&7 )#0- Q .>f-7$5($.A*7.!K! W#6&D> OA(lm4$)&6#6.9K *7!.G Q .>,Iˆ,

*R" H5(^N3T/ !oSUIˆ &OA.!#0=7J =7> +(! =j4@EU†54&j54J5U)Nl&@a.!G$!5(> =Y #\$&6#02@EC6> =

5(YN0 &OA.!#0=;&@ 5(;#6&D> \6(5L! Rj@E&( 545c$ Q ;K)P# Q Cm54;)C)54\IY,&

#0D$K.>5(!`7()&6$'G54#jOA!5(N6 &OA.>#6=" =! 4> =c(:3`6(5U/(F&@E5(+ K Q .>"5(&](54G$B

K.5(Y54!e4<& ! =4&6$(<K D$'> 65(.!C(P$G<.>C54& Q Y $&6#6#m> f@E&7( K4 Q .! Q C

D7$8! :"#0_13( 65L6(5Ue&@E54 \*,Y#6213(+ 05LO Ce&@ 4&,7$8! =D5(;4c(& Q .>+6"

.G7$8Nc&@ ($'G)!& sTH$& Q > #9OA!5(Y5(†@k7$5/5(5#6G=7 &,<5($†4K.>`&@s5(6K Q (".>$>54#e@E(&

6(5UA5F#02134 05A&7> 65-A> D5(!YM‚ #:4e> l#0_1X+( 65"$& 65(+05U8Sa$ m&@E54 D.>7#:54&

> 65(+( .,> $&7 ))54 $!X> ] J+*,&.>*6> =AN0 &OA.!#0= Q <,I „/&7 ))54 $CD> 65( $`! J.(=7

($+.>F*,&.!*0! =N0 &OA.!#0=

Q

< 4D! / D& D4)-$-4&

Q

.!\I‰ )!.!A.!A&@

l6V+(5A<C<5( @E&F#0G= &H)GAG(< 054#j! m<$54>& x&I

%4&,$- OA$8 5(545Uj5(& $>U$K;* 65Y5(R#6Z$K.>5f5-<N &@Y65(U$54> = #

$&6#0_@EC0! =m54D#0&7D! %N6 &OA.>#0=7&@"546(5c(.!>L&7 Q K>.#0> = m.G(=f(&,<>54&(C &@

(.!"#0G= &H)&7MŠA@'j@"Mkˆ&7.>&6#0 T *oSUIT1 + j4)+ 054# OA!5(Dc#0G= &H)54G$e4& Q .!

5(<C<5( 545(f5-5(&")&7.>*,/>5 Q CFG#0 65(_@EC0! =/& /&7s&4/($+ 4>&,XOA!5(N6 &OA J#6G=7 &,<

@E(&7 !5-j4&,)!5(&7(CW&@;$7)'Ie .!>N,D&6#0.!B

Q

)P# )C)5(+Dj #W6(5D<C<5(ZTA$7)B

Q 7)# )C)54Dj +>5(jf&6#0.L54R#0&Z> N6 &OA.>P#0=\ &7m54R#0G= &H)54G$\(7)& > = &@

5(#0&Z> ;6(5+I/{} )5(P#XT65(LN6 &OA.>P#0=L !.>$_5(.!C944) 65(P# ! 5(F(&,<>54&(Cf&@

$7)'I „/.>P(.!C,T5(aV+)@E&4D $/&@ $<B Q <#Y)C)54Ds$4>5($.!.>CF#0 # & Y54A7#0n,K$C

"O.!.`7e&4=, 55(>&7 ?&@a5(]$&.!.>$54>&7 m&@ $7)F #m54J4&6$#0K(eK)#:@E&7)-$-> =

5($&7.>.!$5(!& m@E&7J$+)P545c&,<5$.!&,)+.>C …_sŠl=!*, R#0= &,)54G$4$ (!&I‰ <>.>

$7)B

Q

<#m#6G=7 &,<G")C)54 G(< 054#j! m<$54>& 6I

;#0D$K.>5(!A4)&6$54#[OA!5(lN0 &OA.!#0=c =7> +(> =j*,,T> \4$ 65AC,-T )5(!jKB

.G5(#\;=(P5#0P.&@A4)P-$-m! V

=(9;=<;)C)54D'IL‰ .!4 > =D)C)54 Ge4) 65(.!.>C&7

5(5"GA$ Q .!&@/!(&*6> =!5-AV+)@E&4D $5FJ=!*, D5-7)NRMb&7"j<5A&@/5U<N-S54(&7K=

6(! $FMe&7 *T'&(",+s =.!C,T, !#"€m$8.G<N0kT( *R"€m>5U$8.>.kT#% o"X,>f& sT(% *#"

e+T '*,S-IY‰ƒOA#0J*74>5<CD&@ .>( ! =f)C)5(+De(Y! R$&f& DK)o3L)C6 Q &7.>$9(542^3$.

> 65(+.>.>!= $c)C)5(+DJM‚K$8

-1 !.>N6> 'T *#"+s =.>+C,TC !#"a€m>5U$8+.>.‚T% :"A,*0B

.>!N

-~e>+5(5(+(G$-sT oSUTA45(2^V$G. K-.A 5<O&4NJ&7;$& $54>& G)5Y 5<O&4NMk)F.>. 65T

*R" F(<&K Ta !#""ˆLK =Tq% *oS-T )5-5()5($.a545(4 $.G7()_^3$5(>&7 )C)5(+DYM‚~eK#

-L(5T '*#" KN6K =H0T/ #"3…A>.!C,T, oSUTX<C0 65-7$5($†5(54( l$.4)2^V$54>& l<C<5(D"M KsT

2R")"&7 (5.!5 - &Z)&7 sT(% R"6€mG$.!5T:% ,S-T,*,&7.>K54>& (CF)C)54D`Mk)e&7.G# Q 4=T(% #"

e&7.>.G #XT% 2#"`ˆL& 50T% 2#"`€m$8.>+OAG$E5,T 2#"r€m>5U$8+.>.‚T% oS-Ts5U$I‰ #05U!.>#l#0G4$K)B

)!& \&@54Y#6213(+ 05F(&,7$8L5(&D7$8> L.!4 > =j Q C,& #m54Y4$&Y&@54G"+I

! 054(P)5(P#m(7#0GL('@E(4#[54&%Me& *7+TI%A&?" "K5-$-> )& TT%'&("P+s =.!C,TI% !#"

€m>5U$8.>.kT0% 7SL@E&])K$-hD#0G4$K4)>&7 sI @ 45($K.G> 65(4)5L@E&]#0G= &H)J.>$54>&

4x9;=(7:‹RŠEs9;‡A".>( ! =<C<5(ZIe .>>N,)C)5(+DA$-@E5(#D5(4&K=7?N6 &OA.>P#0= =7> +(! =T

> #0K$54>*,.!4 > =J<C<5(Z P*,A54F Q !.>>5<Cc5(& '

:ŠE5(F#0&Z> YN6 &OA.>P#0=A@E(&7 B

.! &@ (& Q .>+B‚<&.!*0! = Q *6>&+I&/f.>,T_@3O"*,"9$+)AG)54&4CY&@sK)/(+V&7(54#

4& Q .!D #5(c#0=7 &,<GA(&7V&H)# Q Cf l6V+(5 @E&7A$-D&@r5(&H)c$7)'TO$&7K.G#K<

)> 5<O+ 5(9(& .>D/ #:54$&7((P)& #6> =f#0G= &H)'I{‚ #6K$5(!*,L4&,$-"4

(5($K.(.!Cl)K!5(#@E&#0&7D! A> \OA$8l(! $>.>A(Y-#m5(&;@E&(Z.>v5;MbOa54"(B

#0$5(!& sT,#6G$.#0G= &H)5-$I_SL&7AOA(F045-a("@EO M‚<$F0.>&U54>& f5-$I_S-I/,&

OAG#6.>CK)#m! #0K$54>*,L.!4 > =<C<5(D! $.!K#0J54&,< Q 7)#m&7 R#0$)!& m54(P9MeK> . sT

*,S;M‚)+D)$'5(>&7 ,S-T KU. 5<O&4NYMk)L.>. 65TI% *#"L7(<&K sTP% !oS;M‚<D<$5(!& oSUT

#)5U5()54G$.545(4 $'.G4)_^3$54>&7 mMk~eK#

-L45T(% u*#" KN6K =H0T #"…A>.!C,TR oS

M‚<c)$'5(>&7 oSUI

ˆ,

t@%„u@4k4…{@\Mk~eK(N6> Tt A&?"_.`K,T_ *R"j,5('^NXTn !oSZ4\(&7=-D5(5D&6#0.

5(e6(54G<JMEN0 &OA.!#0=7S` #(7)&7 > =]$ Q !.>>54>`&@rnoK.>_^#Y)$'G.!G<5- OA!5(! @k>4.>C

((&O #0&Z> eMbHI=I!T#0=7 &,<GA&@r45A#0)7)'T$(P#0>5a*7.>K5(!& sT65-$7I2S-I/,K$-D)C)54D

4j5<C6G$+.>.!CD$&7&,)P#m&@A54(+Y(< 054G. &6#6K.>43L Œ =(>:ŽCV7<# A@'e545c$5(K4e54

6(54G)D&@5( )$.!G)5+T 9;='

4=(ŠE6h=<:9;= ;5(5!j$L5(l)$'G.!G<5DJ4<& ! =

4&6$('T6 #Y_Ž8>

Œ 9;= <_…p4…_>

„ 545` K<#Y`F($U5-$-Y7#XI`{‚ Y5(A$&7K-<A&@ e4& Q .!B

)&7.>*6> =F)P()!& sT75(/O&7(N6> ="f&(CA&.G#p54 @k7$5-s(&*6G#0P# Q CL54K<aMb,I=I>T<C0f5(&7D

> R#0G= &H)j5-7)NSY #g! 054(P#0G5(f$& $'.>K<>& Y#0(!*,# Q Ch5(D> 6@E( $4&6$#0K4

M‚~"K(N6> sT A&(",5(^NXT !oSUIA‰ ($-D5(G$A&@ l6V+(5")C)54 GA)&OA l> ^=7K( I

Inference Engine

User

Expert System

Knowledge Base

Working Memory

!=K4 3?6$-D5($ &@c 045;)C)54\I DN0 &OA.!#0= Q 7)R$&7 05U! J5( #0&Z>

N6 &OA.>#0=7m $&6#0#h> <&l(&7(54m@E&( ME,I=I>T4K.>-S-I {‚ %$& )K.!5-54>&7 )4)>&7

OA>54\5(cK)+L5(Y! 0@E4 $ =7> c= -5(e! 0@E4 $K)> =5(J@k7$5-"(&*6G#0# Q CD54

K<; #h5(D4K.>J! %5(:N6 &OA.>P#0= Q 7),IhlO&7(N6> =\+&4Cm&7.G#JK<(BE4&*6G#6#

@k$'5-A #m)+(*,A7eY<5(&49@E&7A> 0@E4 $P &F$&7 $.>K)>&7 A#0UPOA Q <#& l5(L@k$'5-I

„/(!5(G$+.X54&Y5(4&6$4&@/6(5 )C)54 #6)!= DG545-<N&@rN6 &OA.>#0=7L =7> +(! =I

#$&6#0`!5 ! Y5("N6 &OA.>#0=7 )"K<> =c)&7A(+(< 65-54>&7 4$8+,Is/C0$..!

&@"N6 &OA.>P#0=44) 65-5(!& ($-"K)#R> %6(5c<C<5(D(:3Y(K.>'T`)+D 65($J 5(B

O&7(NT@E-'T.!&=$†+5-$I &/.>,T(K.!`7()+(5/5(AN6 &OA ;(.5(!& Q 5<O+ _ˆ

4…_9B@'V@

# Š>:=(ŠE‹@%9;>:= @'I{‚ m&7KLK5(&7& Q >.>c#0=7 &,<Gef.>,T6O]$&K.#Z@E&7(;K.G5(5(]#0&Z>

N6 &OA.>#0=7c Q &K5" &7 B @EK $5(!& ! =

KL'X#dY]?JH U"> D54(D/&@/54L@E&.!.>&OA> =Y4K.>PE3

`dKpF

KL'X#dY]?JH U‚XO([H ORQ

WsL:`dH‰f

`d\cUPORQ'L:['X

LuHkHVKQf

`dKtm

WsL `dH‰f

`d\cUqORQ uL:['X

LHkHjK Qf

[]RYi['KnXORKEUM[OHUjHVLQH

WsL:`dH‰f

LHkHVKQf

`dKtz

WsL `dH‰f

`d\cUqORQ uL:['X

LHkHjK Qf

[]RYi['KMUjHVLQHkU

WsL:`dH‰f

`d\cU

~eK4> =$&7 )K.>5-5(!& YOA>54; Y6(5 )C)5(+ 54AK<` 65(U @k7$5-(=H-#6> =cL$K((+ 05

4& Q .! ! 054&Y5(FO&4N0! =Yf&(CHIsc)C)54 Z5-$-`54)"@k$5UOA>5(D54N0 &OA.!#0=

$&7 05U> #m> R5(;N6 &OA.>#0=7

Q

<j54&m! 0@EL +O @k$'5-I;P); O @k$5UJ(Y5( ?+ 054(#

> 65(&f5(cO&4N0! =+&4C #[54Y4&6$(F$& 65(! 0KP†54>.>.5(;)C)5(+ $'&.!5(P5(Y5U)N

4) 65(P#Z54&j!5A&"(K †! 054&;#07#: #3I &"> )5- $> D&7KK5(&f&

Q

!.>Lf.>,T,_@`54

K<L(+V&7(5ULj4&

Q

.! OA>5(lG"#6.>>=705U†OA>.>c5(c =7> ])5-(5U †<K)5e^ ,TV54 l5(<

5<O&Y& Q )4*75(!& Q P$& (5"&@/54> !5(.XOa&4N0! =jf&4CY&@r5(c6V+(5")C)54 @E&7

5(5F$& <K.>5U54>& l<(<>& I

> 0@E+( $'L =7> !!$ 5(J6(5%D 4<& ! =;(&6$P(Ia{‚5AO&7(N @E4& 54L@k$5U

> Y54"O&4N0! =L+&4C #YK<`5("#0&7D! YN0 &OA.!#0=7"$& 65-> #J! Y5("N6 &OA.>#0=7 Q <

5(&;#6(!*,YMb&7A> 0@E'S/ O @k$5UI/{‚5"$-!*,`5( Q CZ)-$-> =Y54(&7K=l5(N6 &OA.>#6= Q <

5(&Y^ #D(K.!OA&H)J()/D5U$8f5(L@k$'5-"$& 65-> #! :54O&7(N6> =;&7(C,I{b@

)K$-mD5-$-%G9@E&7K #XT/>5])>f.>CR7##Y5(l$&7 $.>K)>&7 %&@5(Z5-$-! =m4K.>54&\5(DOa&(N6> =

f&(CHI†(&6$4$& 65(! 0KPK 054>.5(c> 0@E+( $'9f$8 ) GAK Q .>J54&D5-$-m 0C

(K.> OA!5(;5(@k7$5-`! j54AO&7(N6> =f&(CHIs{‚ Y-7$5($,T! 0@E(+ $(&6$4/$ Q †@EK45(+

$&7.>$54#J@E&"Y 0K Q /&@r(7)&7 I &7A> <5- $,T0OA

DjK.!5(!.>A4K.>Z5-$-;5(c#5-> ;5(eOa&(N6DjK.!5(!.>A4K.>Z5-$-;5(c#5-> =9f&4C,T$- )fpP*,A54& Q L4&*0#0#9@E& $& 6qG$5/4)&7.>K54>& I` C6$.

$&7 0qG$'5A(<&.>K5(>&7 D$- )Dr(

Q

<#:&7 \<VP$2^3$'>5<CY&@/54(K.!LMbf&()$_^3$L(K.!T

‚I,I>T5(&,);5(5(n,K!(Jf&(Y()54&D&.#XTs&*,+L&4J=7 U./& P8S"s4$ $'C:&@A54

@k$'5-LD5U$8#

Q

Cl5(Y4K.>cM‚#0+5(4> P#

Q

Cm54Y5(!J&@a5(!L 65(4Cm> 65(&f5(YOa&(N6> =

f&(CSs5U$I

{<#0.!.>C,T35(;> 0@E+( $'Y(&6$P#0K(;K<# Q C\5(<C<5( jK<5 Q Q &54 @%>:‹#=?7j #ƒŠ>:…

ˆ,k-IA,&K #0 4A #f$&.>54 4 (#0P)>U Q .!†@E&7(D.4&(54>/&@ (7)& > =;<C<5(D'I

> .!. 54Y4$ (>&He> lOAG$-m549@k7$5-"& \OA$8l5(Cl( )P#\(Y54(KHI9„/&f.>54 4

<K(Pp545`54/> 0@E+( $' (&6$#6K(aG

Q

.!5(&F#04>*,/.>.65(4KA$&7 $.!K)!& s5(5p@E&7.>.!&OR@E(&

Y)+5&@@k$'5-A #Z4K.>PeM )"! Q 4=T$% *#"3…†K4).!. - ‡e&7(*6>=T !oSUI†H&54>P`)&7K #0 P(

#&7$&f.>54 4`&@r> 0@E4 $FA5(& Q J4$42^3$'#j@E&AZ$>+ $C,I

d`045)C)5(+DX$ Q a#0)54> =7KG<# Q 7)#L&7 J5(`> 0@E+( $'`<5(-5(=7C;M@E&4OA-#0Bk$8> > =

@E(&7 @k$'5-X5(&"$'& $.!K)!& 'T Q $-N6OAU#0Bk$8> ! =@E(&7 6C0&54<X5(&A4)'T8+5-$I_S-T4& Q .!B

)&7.>*6> =Z)5(U54=ChM Q &75(54&BEKRL&7&,)P#?5(&D5(&7Bk#0&OA XS-TsN6 &OA.>#0=7Y((< 05U54>& Mb4K.>B

Q

7)#XT`@E-B

Q

<#XTr$<B

Q

)P#g5U$I2SUT > 6@E( $j54$- Gn,KYMk#0#0K$'5(>*,HTp & BE& &5(&7 G$7T

4& Q Q >.!G)54G$T0@EK?55C,T5-$7I2S-T #m5(>A4& Q .!Bk)&7.>*6> =Y-7#0>=7 M‚ .!C<G43e7e> l5(]$<

&@9#0G= &H)Gf)C)5(+DT`*,U)K;)C6 65(<G43m7 ! g54\$+)l&@c#6)!= <C<5(Z8S-T`+5-$I !

#05U!.>#D5((P5(f 05A Q C,&7 #m5(;($&7VY&@a5(†IcY> 65(+(<5(#(P#0"G"(@E4(#

5(&lM‚~"K(N6> sT A&(".`K,T/ *#"s,54^N3T !oS/@E&F#05U>.I

‰LJ %>.!.>K<5(U5(!& sT.>5Kc4)K;5(59^=K4x2\$& )5(!5(K54L5(Z$&.>54YN0 &OA.!#0=

Q 7)A@E&&7KaK54&& Q >.!A.!LMEO"4)Kfe545/5()"(K.!`O4"$& )5(4K$54#j<&+&O

5((&K=\Y4&6$(A&@rN6 &OA.>#0=7 =! 4> =6S-I

‡e&OT,)K&,)FeK<(&45-`"(&

Q

.> OA+(! J5(

K%LAX#dY](JHkUXO([H 8O#QIA6(5

)C)54 ##54G @k7$554&Y>5UO&4N0! =Jf&4CY #5( f.>&,&N @E&"J4K.>F> 54N0 &OA.!#0=

Q 7)\5(5D5-$-5(j#5-6I {}5Y^ #j(K.! \ # 7##j54\$'& $.!K)!& sTa +.>CWsL:`dH‰f

`d\cUMO#Q 'L:['X

LHkHVKQfY54&:54YO&7(N6> =f&7(C,IFY> 0@E+( $'J =7> ;$'C$.!A5(4&K=7?54

N6 &OA.>#0=7

Q

<R=,> .>&,&N6> =?@E&f[Z5-$-%@E&;5( OA.>Ch7##0# #5U?> h54mOa&(N6> =

f&(CHIs{‚5 ^ #(K.!M20T Q K5A(K.>M2(n,K>4 &54A4)".)&Y54& Q (54G‚^#XT .!C

[]RYi['KxXORKEUx[O HtUVHjL QH'I " $,T5(f045;)C)54 n,K4>5(fK);

Q

&K5;5(l<5-54KY&@

5(\ =! ,I|‡e&O )K&H)%54\K)+(<& #OA!5( 5(m@k7$55(5D5(

[]#Y\['KXORK4U6[OH

UjHVLQvHTs54D> 0@E4 $Y+ =! K<J5(9 +O > 0@E&7(D5(>&7 %5(&lD5U$8R(K.>x26T`5(4 Q CR##0! =

5($&7 $.!K)!& 6WsL `dH‰f

LuHkHVKQfY54&m54jOa&4N0! =D&7(C,I K45(+J5(545Ue5(&DD5-$-\5(

OA.!Ch##0#W> 6@E&(Z5(!& hOA>54h(K.! ! W54DN0 &OA.!#0= Q <:@k>.‚I e $D54m! 0@E(+ $

4&6$#0K4;)54&OA>5(\54;$&7 $.>K)>&7 \5(55(YK<Le6V+(>+ $> =j4& Q .!D Q $K);&@

WsL:`dH‰f

LHkHjK Qf,I {b@54mK)#W(P)& #6#WOA>54

[]RYi['K6UjHVLQvH Uc> <5(7#XTA(K.!6*?Oa&K.#

*,D5U$8#XT,.>7#0> =Y5(&;;$& $'.>K<>& D&@WsL:`dH‰f

`d\cUIaG(< 054G.>.>C;&O m6(5

)C)54 @EK $'5(>&7 If‡e&54G$Y545c> R5(;4$#0! =D#0($K()!& RO;*,<G#0+B‚<5(#\G4)KP

.>!N,L$'& 0q$5A(P)&.!K5(!& sI

KjN6 &OA.>P#0= Q 7)\#6&, &5f)K&7(5D#0=7 &,< ! 0*,&7.>*6> =ljK.>5(!.>J@kK.>5<Ch$'&&B

65-'I,K&H)Y5(J Q &*,c#0=7 &,<5(G$c($+ 4>&;#l$$P(5(&Y@EK45(A! 0@E&4D54>&7 (=HU#0B

> =5(cOA>UI &L! )5U $',TX<K&,<jOaYN0 &O ! \##0>54>& \545F5(

YiS KQUORQ7IL

$- =7s5( #0G= &H)Gr$&.>54.>C,T'<> $/Oa&(N6> =eOA!V+-s*,&K$-L@E&/A.>5(6C

Q

5(54(C,Ir0K

> R5(GJ$+);@k>.!K(Y&@"7#0.>!=65-J #? => j;K)5 Q f#0K54&bWsL:`dHsf

]([YHhYO([

WsL:`dH‰f

`d\cU-545( hpWsL:`dHsf

LHkHVKQf,I e&O*,+TX>4(<$5(!*,&@A54f)n,K $'Y> \OA$8\54

)C654&D Q $&7FP*7>.G Q .>HT05(G#6G=7 &,<G"$ &5 Q c#04>*,#J@E(&7 &KAN6 &OA.>P#0= Q )HI

/9$'&&7 J4& Q .!ƒ! j+045/)C)54 #0<>= f #j$("jK)5 Q "5-N, ;5(&DN, )K4

5(5"5((K.>/> D5(N6 &OA.>#6= Q <Y7#0n,K54.>Cf$&*,54c#0&Z> D&@`! 054(<5I

IF Headlights don’t work

THEN faulty Bulbs or/and Battery

2.

IF faulty Bulbs or/and Battery

AND Engine does not start

THEN faulty Battery

3.

IF faulty Bulbs or/and Battery

AND Engine starts

4.

IF Engine does not start

5.

AND Headlights work

THEN faulty Ignition

1.

6.

THEN faulty Wiper Motor

IF Wipers don’t work

AND Engine does not start

7.

IF Wipers don’t work

8.

IF Wipers don’t work

THEN faulty Wiper Motor

AND Headlights work

AND Engine starts

THEN faulty Bulbs

THEN faulty Battery or/and Ignition

IF faulty Battery or/and Ignition

THEN faulty Battery

!=K4P2#3rAN6 &OA.>#0=7 Q <A&@ ;6(5r)C)54 @E&7`5( K54&& Q >.!A#0=7 &,<G`(& Q .>+\I

~e&7D! WN6 &OA.>#0=7mj$&6#6#W> 5(D@E&( &@

4K.>PI {‚ 0@E(+ $Y(R#0UPOA Q C

D5-$-> =l5(l{ 45j&@5(:4K.>PJOA>5(h54mN6 &OA %@k$5U ! g54DO&7(N6> =R&7(C #

##0> =54"$& $.>K<>&7 Q 7$8Nc5(&L54AO&7(N6> =Lf&4C,IsP)"$&7 $.>K)>&7 4(P) 65 (54G.

> 6@E( $I(&6$'#0K4LG/(5(#jK 054>. &J@EK45(a(K.! Z5-$-;5(L! 0@E4 $> 54

O&7(N6> =Yf&4C,I

4&*6G#6> =5(#0&Z> YN6 &OA.>P#0=L;K<5 Q Q .!e54&Y(5($K.5("5(>/6(54G)HI {‚ &7KAK5(&7B

&

Q

>.!/#0G= &H) .!,T54/6V+(5jK<5

Q

A

Q

.>a5(&"K5r#0&OA Y5(/4.G5(>&7 )>

Q

5<O

5("#02134 05 K54&& Q >.!A$&7& 65-r #Y5(+>/#0+V+ #0 $'>'I H$& #XT,5(AN6 &OA.>#6=A B

=! Oa&(N6> =:OA!5(%54;045-)&K.# Q D Q .!j54&mK #0-<5- #?5(6V+(5DLN0 &OA.!#0=

O+.>. &K=R5(&D$-&,&,<;=&,&6#%((< 05U54>& ($-54&

Q

YK<#m> \54YN6 &OA.>#0=7

Q

<

#[;K)5F#054(f> %4&4G54j! 0@E4 $$- G< 5(&DO&7(NlOA>5(\54Y(+(< 65-B

5(!& h$-&H) sI {} R&KY.!,T

‹ V@JOa(f$8&,)+ hJ54(+(< 65-54>&7 %4$8+,ID!-#XT

5(#0P)>=7 \&@ 5(;N0 &OA.!#0=7

Q

<D #\5(Y> 0@E4 $Yf$8 )lT5(f$& 6qG$5F(<&.>K5(>&7

)54-5(=7>`K<#XT6 #Y5(e&7-#0/! YOAG$-J@k$5U` 054`Oa&(N6> =9f&4C$ j! 054-7$5 ! @k>4.>C

$&7.>+\OACJZN6> =D5(:5U<N%&@54)54> =R #h#0 Q K==! = h6V+(5;)C)54 054(f.>C

{‚ l$& 65(U)5"5(&;6(5"<C<5(D/OA4954(7)&7 > =f(&6$P(A&@r5(]#0&D> +045AG"$B

5(K(#XT3&6#0.!B Q 7)#\<C<5(Ze5(5(+5"5(&&6#6. 54J@EK # 65-. &7-5(> =:(> $>.!A&@

5(#0&7D! sID‰e.!5(&7K=hl$&f.>54J&6#6./&@"5(#0&7D! ?LK *7>. Q .!j&7JK 6OA>+.G#0C\54&

$&7 )54(K$5a> Z 6CJU$54G$.X#6G=7 &,<5($L($+ 4>&,LME,I=I>Tf#0G$+.#0=7 &,<G8SUT054Ga4&,7$8

GJ *,(54.!(LK<@EK.A> #0&D> JOA(54DK #0+(.>C6> =m6C<G$.4> $'>.!J(D.G(=+.>C

N6 &OA Mb,I=I!Tp! %(542^3$.a)C)54D-S-I &79! )5U $',T`K5(&7&

Q

!.>(f#0)!= P#% #RD 6KB

@k$'5(K4# Q <#\& )&K #[+ =! 4> =;(! $!.>AOA$8\! m5(K( (Y=7(&7K #0#\> \0C)$I

A$ Q K<#:54& Q K!.G#DY#05U>.!#&6#0.3&@r5(cK5(&7& Q !.>,I

‰ &6#0.!B Q 7)# )C)5(+ @E&;#0=7 &,<> =hK5(&7& Q >.>Z$&&7 659@k!.>K4J$+ Q Q K!.>5

Q C[@E&7(;K.G5(> =:4K.>P95(&R$+54K(D5(D$K(.kT @EK $5(!& .N6 &OA.>#6=&@L54GY#0&7D! sT kI,I!T

(K.>Y5(5(+.G54m54R$&fV&7 65-Y&@c5(\K5(&f& Q !.>m54&%5(m& Q )4* Q .>m@EK $5(!& ;5(5

5(CD 2@E<5I &7A.!,T6#0&Z> fN0 &OA.!#0=! :&7KFK54&&

Q

>.!#0G= &H)†5U)ND!=65

Q ?44) 65(P#WD$K(.(K.!j&@]5(m@E&7(63 YW

LHkHVKQf

]([YHYO?[

HVLQH

[]#Y\['KUI/G/(K.!A$5(K4 54O&4N0! =Y4> $!.>"&@ Y)5U45(> =Y =! #:4.G5(

>554&m5(

Q

545(4C% #?!= !5(>&7 %$'&& 05UL&@F5(fK54&&

Q

>.!,Im„/& 65(U<5J5(G94K.>;OA>54

5(m#6G=7 &,<5($Z4K.>PJ&@F5(D6(5;<C<5( )&OA > %^=K( 20I ,> $5()D(K.>&6#0.

5( @EK $5(!& ! =m&@A5(DK54&& Q >.! Q C A@@%‹R…_9;=<j(&4.>C\Oa&(N6> =\$&7& 65-'Ts2@"<&

<$5A&@54K5(&7& Q !.>F#0&, &75@EK $54>&7 (&7(.!C,To@E&7> )5- $,T62@54L =7> #0&, &75

)5U45T5( l5(c(& Q Q .> Š:‹@';@ c$ Q J7)!.>CDG#0+ 0542^#Y@E(& 54J4K.>'I"{} D54G"$<J!5

G/L@kK.!5)C Q 5(54(CY&7a@kK.>5<CY>=7 >54>& I`…A<& D> 65( $ )C)54DMk…e€?S.G<&JN6 &OA

54(K54DD! 054 $L<C<5(Z†MkA€?S $

Q

K)P#Z54&Y>.>; ,5`&6#6.>B

Q

<##0=7 &,<G

)C)54D'I

…e€? )C)54DL5<C0G$.>.>Cl$&7 05U! hm#5- Q <:&@"(K.!L5(5J4(P) 655(;N0 &OA R@k$5U

#[54YO&7(N6> =(> $>.!A&@a5(;#6&D> sIJ,&79@k7$5-LDC

Q

;N0 &OA \54&

Q

Y54(KYOA>.>

&54Uf>=65 Q f4)Kf#[54& Q ;5(4K,I;A<#m& 5(<J@k$5U #%7(<K54>& Ts5(Y4K.>P

DC Q \K<#W5(&h#6-O > 0@E4 $PI "&Oa*,+T _@c$45-! 7()K5(!& ;OAG$-WOa(lD#0

(.>!54K( D&7K5A5(&

Q

L@k.);Mb! .>!=65&@@EK45(A+*0#0 $7S-T54c#5U

Q

7)J;K<5

Q

K3#5(#

$+$&U#0> =7.>C,Ir‡e&5/&7 .>CYOA!.>.54A5(4K5(;&@54L7(<K54>& $- =,T Q K5 ! 0@E4 $s5(5Oa(

#0UPOA Q <#W& 5(&H) (<K54>&7 ;K<5;.G<& Q l(54-$'5(#%&f(*6G<#XI …e€? )C)54D

(+5(-7$5c4)K5(>&7 L #?(+*0)Y> 6@E( $ Q <#[&7 %5($K((+ 05LN6 &OA.>P#0=Y&@A5(<5-54

&@54"O&4.G#XT65(+( Q CJD> 65-> ! =L5(L<&K #6 (&@5(F> 0@E4 $P > ;5(F#5- Q )HI…"€?

)C)54Dc$&;> D 6C%#6213(+ 05c*(!5(!YM & Q K

-#0DˆL.!TP% *#"a)"> Q +(=Tl *,S-T

#0)5(! =KG)#

Q

<#J& ;&Oh5(+C9<@E&4ƒ5(A5-<NJ&@sN,> =A54"#5U

Q

7)F$& 65(U#0$5(!& B

@E(+,T/ #%54DN0! #9&@L! 0@E4 $L54Ch<K&45Ih{‚ %OA5J@E&.>.!&O"T/OOA!.>.A#6($4Q &7

(&H$-J5(&"&6#0+.>BQ <#L#0= &,) K<> =" Y4)Kf5(!& BQ <#954(K54D! 054 $`<C<5(

M‚‰/A€?SUI

„/& <G#0+e549@E&7.>.>&OA! =Y.!,I,KV&H);€m+IA‰ Q + m> 6*6>5(P#j5(&f€\IAaD Q >45(B

#C\(5<C,IY‡e&75cZU)&7 %5(&D=&l5<CD #0#XT‰ .>&,&7N4&K #[@E&c (&7(5(HT C,5

P13&7-#

Q

.>,T6=_@E5I ""#0$#0 54&9=75/a

Q

D!.>$_5/4)Kf5(!& 545 WO&K.G#j.!>N,Aq&OU #Z $"O&7K.G# .>L54&;4$5(

=72@E5+IDGc)&K #Jn,K!5(;(7)&

Q

.!,T`<> $f :O&7D T #?Oa& \ &(Z.>.!Cm.!>N,

q&O+-ID{b@"&Oa*,T3D)K##0 .!C\(K 9> 65(&R„"Tm$.!&,)Y@E(! #\&@FLT #g$'&"5(&mN6 &O

5(5F G".!.>4=G$"5(&jq&Oa-'TJ;K)5a5(&45(U$5AG"(<K54>&7 m(+=,U#0> = .!>N6> =q&OAB

UT5(( Q CD.G)&;(+5(-7$5(! =Y5(Y$&7 $.>K)>&7 D#m4$-#XT6 f.>C;5(& Q KCl Q &7Kn,K5"&@

q&O+-`7 L=72@E5IrGr#0& HToADN,XKj ! #954&L=5/+/e $A!`&@3(4> =HI/

GF \> )5- $c&@ 4)K5(>&7 B Q <#[4<& ! =545$+ Q Y)@E&7(# Q Cl R‰ A€?I 1R

OA>.!.s#0P($4

Q

& c)K$8l‰/A€?Y@E&(;K.5(!&

Q

)P#:& 6)">

Q

(=lM )"!

Q

4=T/ *oSUTX #:K<

>5A54&Y>.!.>K<5(-5(5(9(&6$4&@/f&6#0.>B Q 7)#D#0= &,)IaK5^U)5T<&F(< 054G.s#05U!.GI

,K&H)OLP*,J#5-Q

) &@4K.>a#04$(

Q

> =c&K #0&Z> IK(54+T)K&,)54

#5- Q )Y45(!5(>&7 #> 65(&]j<5 &@rŠ>:…_…_>:=bŒ =(>:ŽTvV7<#JMG@k$5UA #D(K.!8Sa #Dj<5

&@ A@@%‹R…qˆ,s9;>:= @'TJ<&OA %> \^=7K(x*6ID4@E&4 ICR ˆ,:=(s9;>:=:@E&]

)+ 054 $nˆ:OaY \ …_9;=(9;…_3)K Q <5h&@ <K$8\545 .>&7 =DOA>54WL)K D$! 65e54&

65->.`54;$& $.>K<>&7 6ˆIj€\5(+D54G$.>.>CHT3IDM‚‡e&75(Y5(5Tp4#64=R‰:9@

„T<>.!CD e5(5x„JGL54(K;> R*,4Cm4$ (!&?ME&cO&4.G#\&6#0.ESA> ROA$8YL5((K,I2S

+X&,&,<.>C;<N6> =T6 ;0.G 5(!& J@E&7/) 65( $IˆGr)>f.>CL! >f.H)5/&@s7(<K54>&

5(5".!.>&OƒˆY5(& Q c#04>*,#YK<> =c5(L@k$'5- #(K.! ! /IHK&,<YJ OW@k7$5 Q $&7

*7>. Q .!,I9H> $c5(;#5- Q <$'& 65-! L7()K5(!& 'Ts)&7&@ OAG$-mDCD$'& 65(-7#0G$'5e54

O @k$'5T5(&H)c4)Kf5(!& LMk #> 6@E( $ Q )P#Z&7 D5(lS OA!.>.3*,L5(& Q 9#0 65(_^#

#?(54-7$5(#3I

.>C\54 $ R5(j +Oƒ@k$5

Q

f(P@E+.>CR##0#?54&m5(#5-Q

<,Ims&\#6&

5(GTOj^-)5^ #%.>.a5(;6.G 54>& @E&?Mb54D$&7.!j+ 05"&@ 8SF> !fI?„a.!./5(<

6.G 54>&7 "

”$#$%$%$%$#

'&IL‡e+05AOa9^ #\ …_9;=(9;…_<5)( <K$-m5(5"(+*,.-/06T@E&7L*,4C

1-‚I\6KT2( GL5(f> !D.<5J&@F4)K5(>&7 9545;$'& 65(-7#0G$'5954 +O @k$'5I?H> $

5()c4)Kf5(!& *,L54& Q (+5(-7$5(P#XT0Oa94&*,( @E(&73I $L54<J7(<K54>&

4j45(U$54#:@E(&7 54#5- Q <,T Oa;$ ##?5(Y O @k7$5954&4 OA!5(&7K5> 65((&6#6K$> =

6CD$&7 054-7#0G$54>&7 I

,K$-R)C)54 $ Q Y<>.!Cm7#5(#:@E&7J#6G=7 &,<GJM& Q K

-#0;ˆL.!T% *oS-I]

#5- Q )T3> m54G"$7),TG"$&fV&H)#D&@ <55 &@/@k7$5-L#6($4Q ! =Y5( Q *6>&F&@/54

)C)54

Q

! =L#6G=7 &,<#J> c5(4DV&@>5U $'&& 05UT7 #cL)+52 &@37(<K54>&

Q

&7K5`54

4&@EK $'5(>&7 > =Y&@r5($'&& 05UI &7A.!,T&7K"K54&& Q >.!L#6G=7 &,<GA(& Q .>+\T

OA>54R)K Z$! 05F$K(. N6 &OA.>P#0=fMb&6#0+. N6 &OA.>#6=SA4=,-#0! =D5(;K5(&7& Q >.>HTVDC Q

6(P()P#:7†54c#5U Q 7)])&OA m! ^=K4n*0I

~L5U Q 7) 65(4>PTR26T(*J # &Y$&7(4)& #j5(&](<K54>&7 4=,-#0! =J54L$'&& 05UT

OA!.>D 65((!_!0T R # [$54K(l5( Q *0!&U."&6#0.A&@5( #0&Z> I &f.>,T

65(4C ! )>f.>C (Cj5(52@c54

Q

5(54(ChG

ˆ # 5(l>= >5(!& G.G)&

ˆ 5( W54

=7> "OA>.!.<5-(5II)"!*, Y5(`> !5(G.)5U54,T,5(F)C)54 K54&D5($.!.>C>

HVLQvH U

[]#Y\['K76

ORQEU

KL'X#dY](JHkU #

ORQ4U

Y\SKQvU "<> $f5(Cm@E&7.>.!&Oƒ@E4& 54D7()K5(!& c #%54

@k$'5-Tr # (<(5U954 5(& Q 54(K,Ts=7>*, R5(f)+59&@F4)K5(>&7 ID{‚ %7##0>54>&7 sT 7$8

&@ 5(P)f(<(54>&7 9L.)&m. Q .!#mOA>54?547(<K54>& 545c<K&45Y>5I &f.>,T

HVLQHkU

[]RYi['K Oa&K.# Q Y.G Q .>#mOA!5(hMVT$&6SL<> $'Y4)Kf5(!& _Y # &l(;)K D$! 65e54&

F:G

LuHkHVKQf

m(G

`dicU

z(G

Y\SKQ {OHkORQ

} G

]?[YHYO([

LAN4H U L:['X `dKEU

G

LuHkHVKQf

]([YHhYO([ HVLQvH U

[]#Y\['K

(G

LuHkHVKQf

`d\cU

ORQ4U

KL'X#dY](JHkU

G

LuHkHVKQf

Y\S KQ {OHkORQ

O#QEU

Y\S KQU

!=K4 *R3\‰ #5- Q <\&@c ‰/A€?%<C<5( @E&7j54lK54&& Q >.!m#6G=7 &,<Gj+.>HI

$&7 05U> ) 65(+ $Y5(5D4\N0 &OA 54&

Q

\54(K # (K.>Y5(5D&6#0.A54R#0&Z> I

$&7 05U> Y(<K54>&7 J #%> 0@E4 $PZ#0 Q )P# &7 h5(D7(<K54>& IR! 0@E(+ $

4Y5<C0$.!.>C. Q .!#:OA!5(\5(;(<K54>&7 e5(5c)KV&7(55(>"*7.>#0>5<C,IF0K95j.5(+

&! 05Y_@F)&f&@F5(l7()K5(!& Y(D(+5(-7$5(P#XT`5(l#0+V+ # 65Y> 6@E( $$ .G)&

Q

G#6 0542^P# #D(54-7$5(#3I

‡e&O <K&,<YY45($K.GK<A4& Q .! $&7`5(&;.>!=65I HK&,<J>5a> 6*,&.!*,`5( &7 B

@EK $'5(>&7 > =:&@A54j#0.!>=705U9 #\5(; =7> ,TsOA!.>Y54jOA!-4jN6 &OA R5(&mOa&4NXI;{‚

&KL<C<5( 5(P)c$&4(<& #m54&Y5(c)+ 054 $43

O#QEU

KL'X#dY]?JHkU 76 HVLQHkU

[]#Y\['K #

ORQEU

YiS KQU-I H> $

ORQEU

YiS KQUX`.!(7#0CY7()+(5(P#J> Y5(")C)5(+\T!5/$K) &(& Q B

.>+\I e&O*,+T> f&-#654&;##

ORQEU

K%LAX#dY](JHkU #

HVLQHkU

[]RYi['K54&Y5(#5- Q <,T

O;*,;5(&m^ #R5(;6.G 54>& @E&

ORQEU

K%LAX#dY](JHkU #

HjL QHkU

[]#Y\['KF #R(54-$'5

:f> !.)5c&@"7(<K54>& 95(&D Q .!j54j O < 054 $P54& Q Z##0P#?OA>54&K5! 054(&B

#0K$'> =D 0Cl$&7 054-7#0G$54>&7 IF{} l&KF.!,T5(c& .!CD0.G 5(!& m@E&7

ORQEU

K%LAX#dY](JHkU

G

”

LHkHVKQf 6

`d\cU j #?54j&7 .>Cl6.G 54>& \@E& HVLQvH U

[]#Y\['KAG

LuHkHVKQf 76

]?[YHYO([ ,IM1RY$ &5F(&*,L54;4)Kf5(!&

LHkHjK Qf /@E(& 54

6.G 54>&7 J<> $f#0&7> =R<&\O&K.G#%$K)f5(f4)45(>&7

O#QEU

Y\S KQU 5(& Q $'&Y@k.),I

e $OY$-&,&H) (

]?[YHYO([ 76

`d\cU Ye54Jf> !.s)+5e&@a4)K5(>&7 e54&

(+5(-7$5"> m&7-#0+e54&D)KV&7(5L54Y$'K(4 05A! K5F($' 4>&IeGL$&7(4)& #e5(&f#0=7 &,<G

&@PWsL:`dH‰f

]([YHYO?[

WsL:`dHsf

`d\cUID‰Lc$

Q

&

Q

<(*,P#XTs5(9G %65((+.>CZ$$K-54

#0= &,)I

‰e.>54&K=mf&6#0.>B Q 7)#D)C)54D*,5(J Q >.!>5<C;5(&;(&6#0K$;$$'K-5(c#0G= &H)TX54C

*,R)+*,-.#0-O Q 7$8N:OAG$- DN,l5( ! .>$ Q .!\> D 6Ch(.>BEO&7(.G# $&7 05405UI

! +# @E&" l$$K-54&6#0.&@r5(J#6&D> DCY &75 Q 9&H() Q .>F5(&;(5(}@EC! D 6C

$7)'I/{} f##0>54>& To54F$&K5-5(>&7 Y&@r.>.3#0G= &H)`@E&a f& Q <(*,#J@kK.>5/G`N6 &OA j54& Q

#0= &,)/.!G$5(!& 'I ".!5(4 54>*,/G5(&K) %>'Š‹@%9;=<_…pVŠ ?:=(9B@%…{@s@E&/$&7K54> =C†<K<5

@E+O &@5(e4&

Q

Q

.>c#0=7 &,<eM &7

Q

K

-#6LˆL.>+T, *,S-Ia‰e &54/&,4)

Q

>.>!5<CYG 54&JK<

N6 &OA ?&.!C0 &.>BE5(!c.!=&4>54D†@E&7J$'&K5(> =5(Y^U)5\#6G=7 &,<jMG@E&]Z=7>*, S

M‚€m& 554G$T% 2oS-ID‰".>5(+( 5(>*,+.>C,T&7 jf>=65LK<6C Q (G#\4&,$-%OA$8\4^ P(54G.

&F> $&7.!5(&6#0+.>B Q <#m#0=7 &,<5(G$YN6 &OA.>#0=7J! 054&K4G<5(G$c#0G= &H)e(K.!e54(&7K=

> #0K$54>*,L.!4 > =lM‚<Y<$54>& +Bj Q .>&OLS-I"{‚ \ 0CD*,+ 05+T‰/A€? †<K<5e&7 Y&@ )*,U.

&6#0+.>B Q <#D4&,7$8P†54&;#0G= &H)G'I

6

{‚ $+)+B Q 7)#;(7)& > =;M)„aA…LSr)C)54DM<6$8 N

-‰ Q +.G)&7 sT, :"Xo$8 N3T( 2oS/N6 &OA.>B

#0=7YG)54&4#[! \5(J@E&7( &@MŠA@'V@'TpOA(;D$7);GL#0'^ #\7JxNEO([HVKhguHE`'LdY%KX SYZKN%KtOAW

[O PdKX]:K6Q;KS Q;KEU|K[HYi[] L:[ KgRSK Q€YZK ['NKpH4J'LH{HVKL'NJ'K4UtL6dZK4UjUjO?[ WV`:['X:L:enK[HVLd,H O L'NJYKY\[] HEJ'K

]OoLdU_O'WlHEJ'KxQ;KLUVO(['KQ"M‚ˆL&.!&6#0 +TI%*,S-IR6KTrm$7)D$ Q 5(&K=705c&@FYl)!5(K5(>&7

5(5JO 04> $#m> R5(j7)5] #%(P)K.!5(#m! h)&7Y(.!*7 65c$54>& ID$+)PJ4

)54&4#W> 9

„T! #06#h(&(G5(.!Ch5(&?@k7$>.!>5-5(DZ$>+ 05c(54(>+*.A&@c5(\$7)'I

)">*, m$'K(4 05F04> $Y&])>54K54>&7 sT 545(54(Q K5(&@"54j! K5]4jK<#?54&m> #0

> 65(&f5(]$<Y.>Q -4Cl #\(54(!*,5( Q P)5D5U$8> =;$7)DME&<5L&@ $7)-S"$+$&U#0> =D54&

)&7f)K!5-Q

.>CR#0^ # …_‰Š?9;= <Š

9

9;>:=0I

f$<GL5( h$-&,< [@E4& &7 =m54&,<

(+5((!*,#J54& Q 54)&7.>K54>&7 m #5($-&$$ >5U)._@ Q L)@E&7(#;> DJ 6K Q +`&@rOAC

Mb54

Q

)5"D5U$8 Tof&,)5A=7 U.sD5-$-sT0+5-$SUI,> $'L5(c O )!5(K5(>&7 mDCY &75eZ5-$-54

&.#j& 9+7$5(.!C,T,5(<&.!K5(!& D&134#

Q

Cj54)+.>$54#;$<9ZPC

Q

Lf&6#02^P#j5(&^5A5(F O

)!5(K5(!& sTY(&6$'(AN0 &OA l7t:7:Eˆ,s‰9;>:=6I

‰L R.!,T3$& <G#0+L5(Y@E&.!.>&OA> =D)!.>_^#@E&(;K.5(!& l&@A&7KYK5(&7& Q >.>]#0>B

=7 &,<GJ4& Q .! J\„aA… 5U<N?OA+(7$8 $7)Jm#6G=7 &,<5($:<>54K54>& 04> $#

(.>!I &! )5U $',T$7)^L> ;^=K4M&Y> #0$54 D4.>>+ +04> $'eOA+(Y#0=7 &,<G

&@‚WsL `dH‰f

]?[YHYO([ROAY&134#gOA W54m => Z@k>.!#%5(&h<5-45 #g &%> 0@E&7(D5(!& hOA7

*7>.

Q

.!(=H-#6> =Y54c)5-5(KA&@ 5(7#0.>!=65-A #:OA!V+-I

>=7K( & )&O"D5(R$7)R.>Q -(CW&7(=H v5# mh<> =7.>BE.>*,+.L<5((K$5(K4,Te4@E4(#W54&

ra…ph…_>

„6>

<::=(9%s9;>:=:> h„aA… .!>54-5(K4,I )"!*, ?54G&7(CD&4=, 55(!& sT`54

D5-$-> =\(&6$#6K(R<(.>.!C%! 5(R$7)Y> 54m.!Q U4CW #W(+5((!*,5( Q <5

D5-$-> =Z$<mME&Y$+)P8S-ImH> $f)+(G./D5U$8! =D$ Q 54>]$& )K! =@E&c.G4=f$<

.>Q -(!T&54r($- Q <#J& Y! #06> =A&`7)BE5- Q .> Q )P#Y(<&6$G5(!*,(P$.!.6(a&@E54

K<#?> -7$5($,ID‰e.!5(4 54>*,.!C,TV-.>.!./(54(>+*./K)! =\(&7(54:-#6OA4D$ h.)&

Q K)#D5(&J@k7$>.!>5-5(L D$! 65 45(4>*7.X&@ $<I„a7)J.!Q U4>a$ l.)& Q Q K>.!5 Q CK)> =

$.!K)54(! =ef5(&6# 5(&=4&K;5(&7=54I@%9;…_9

$7)AMbOA("<>!.G4>5<C"G`#0'^ #Y7$$&U#0> =

5(&])&7L<K>5U Q .!,T,&,(<Q .!CD#0&7D! #0+V+ #0 65/5(4G$S3(P)K.!5(> =J> f ?9€

Š?9;Š,…ph…_>

„

>

<o:=(9%‰9;>:=6I !=K4n!j<&O"L &H()Q .>c>+-U$8G$.X&4=, 55(!& m&@/5(J$+)c.>Q -(Cj@E&7

5(JK5(&7& Q >.>c#0=7 &,<Gef.>,I/,K$-D&7(CY&4=, 55(!& L$+ \<K Q <5- 65(.!.>CD<V+#

No

Engine

Headlights

Wipers

Engine

Headlights

Wipers

No

No

Engine

Headlights

Case 3

Wipers

No

Yes

-

-faulty

Ignition

faulty

Battery

faulty

Wiper Motor

Case 1

Case 2

!=K4 &(3 ‰ <>.!l$<\.>Q -4C%@E&54\K5(&7& Q !.> #0G= &H)G4& Q .!\I j.>Q -(C

$&7 05U> e5(4;$7)L$'&(4)&7 #0> =:54&D<5#0G= &H)'IY{‚ R##6>5(!& \54&:K)> = KEU #

O

5(&f#0 &5(YOa&4N0! = #: & BEO&7(N6> =D$'&& 05UT5(c<C<5( .)&K) 54&j! #0G$+5(54

K N6 &OA \<5-5(KA&@ $&fV&7 65-A #m<C05(&ZI

‰e &75(>fV&7(5U 65`#0P)>=7 Y#0P$G<>& c> 6*,&.!*,V54A$-&$/&@ 9;=(7:9;ŠEj@'Ir‰e J! #0FGL).!&5`&7

^.#9&@L$7)A545` K<# Q Cc5(aD5U$8> ="(&6$'#0K4A> Y#65(4> >

=A54"#0=7(a&@sZ5-$-Q 5<O+ Y5("> K5a)>54K54>&7 #J<5(&7(#;$<,I &/.>,T5(F$7)`> ;&KK5(&7& Q >.>

.>L*,L54(+Y).!&5Ue$&7(4)& #0> =;5(&;5(Y)5U54Ke&@ 5( =7> HT#6.>>=705UT #:54

OA>UI {‚ #6G$*,D5(& Q l$4@EK.!.>Ch$-&,< 3lm.4=Y54m 6K Q +J&@> #0$K)#3T

5(J.G(=7AGA5(c 0K Q a&@a<.>&5U†54& Q ]$&(P#XT #D $'J<.>&O+e54(54(>+*.‚Ia{b@`54

> #0G$PL4 @EOa"5( % $P(((C,T3($'G)!& \&@"(54(>+*.`#65(4>&7-54I;{‚ \&KJK5(&7&

Q

>.>

.>OY*,]$8&H)

[]#Y\['KT

K%LAX#dY](JHkUT #

YiS KQUF5(& Q Y> #0$

K<#j@E&"D5U$8! =I

\D5-$-> =hME(54(!*7.bS(&6$#6K(\ 4&

Q

Q

.>C 5(l&,<5$'(>54G$."$&fV&7 65j&@]

„aA… )C)54 )! $;>5.>&H)5 65(!(.!Cm#65(4> †OA5J54f)C)5(+ #0&,9OA!5(%!5-)54&4#

N6 &OA.>#0=7,I d 6(5YN6 &OA.>P#0=l Q &7K55(\#0&7D! %GY&@E54 hK)#h5(& $& )5(4K$5,4‹

9B@4s9;Š

D5-$-> =Y4K.>Pe5(5L.!\5(;<C<5( 45(K4 R) )

Q

.>JZ5-$- @E&7L5(5c#0&Z> I &&K

#0= &,) (& Q .>\T`OaD>=705cK)l\K4G)54G$j545;K N6 &OA $& #0>54>& :M9S4&6#0K$

OPNDD5U$8fOA>5( fK4Ue&7t[O*7.>K'TV#0 65($.3*.>KPeD5U$8Z)5(4& =7.>C,T3 #m&&,<>54Y*.>KP

.>!N,qf%KEU #6[O;#0&Y &75eZ$-f5".!.‚IrG+K()5($eGa#0&7 )54-5(#j!

5-Q

.>^LOA+(L54

*7.!K&@ 0TT # 2;)5U #@E&A &;D5-$-sT,ONXT #m<5((&7 =;D5U$8P 4)$'5(>*,+.>C,I

" 054(!p! Y5("5- Q .>A! #0$545(L#0+=(+A&@sZ5-$- Q 5<Oa Y<.>&5/! Y5("> K5/)!5(KB

54>&7 m #j54$&7((P)& #6> =;<.>&5A*7.>K"> DY<5(&7(#$+)HI &7f.>,TH)K&H)5(F> K5

$7)Y79 ?+ 054(C f%KEUF$&4(<& #0! =m54&5(;).>&75

[]#Y\['K; #\O;(Y5(4C0! =54&m#65(4>

>5ULD5U$8lOA>5( m$+);> R5(j.!Q U(Cl5(5c % 65(4C[Ol> \5($&7(4)& #0> =

[]RYi['K

).!&5+To54F#0=4"&@sZ5-$-Q

5<O+ Y5("5<O&c$< @E&/5(

[]#Y\['KL).!&5/G`5( 0I/"5(&75-.

#0=7(Y&@AD5-$- Q 5<O \5<Oa&D$<$ Q #6^ #Rl)>f.>_@%‹R… &@ 5(+>#0+=(+L&@

D5-$-j@E&A54> #0!*0#0K.s).!&5UI

p&;$'.G42@EC;5( @EK45(+T<K&,<J54L O <>54K54>& DOaL&

Q

<(*,FGAA<&OA D> j^=7K( 6I

(Engine, Wipers)

(No, -)

(-, No)

(No)

(Headlights)

Case 2

(-)

Headlights

Wipers

-Case 1

Case 3

No

Engine

Engine

Headlights

Wipers

Headlights

Wipers

No

No

-faulty

Battery

Engine

-No

faulty

Wiper Motor

faulty

Ignition

Yes

!=K4M!#3e!--$-G$+.6&7(CJ&7(=H v554>& D&@5($+)F.>Q -4C,I`‰ )>f>.G(!5)C,BQ 7)#Y$.!K)B

5(+(> =Y5($- noK".>P#/5(&fJ5((+L&4=, 55(>&7 sIa(&,&5"&@r5(954(FV+)@E&4DY<>!.G(>5<C

$.!K)54(! =J&@/5(c$7)OA!5(l.>>N,F)5U54†&@

[]#Y\['KJ #

YiS KQU^.G#OA>.>F5(.>'@E5A)K

Q

5(4

)@E&7(D)K Q B‚$.!K)54(! = Q 7)#Y& Y54")5U54A&@s54

K%LAX#dY](JHkUI/ (P)K.!5- ! ;e5<O&BE.>+*,.

!--$-0C,I

A<#%& W54D(<K.>5c&@54DD5U$8> =D4&6$('TA$7) 2mGY#0+5(4> P#[54& Q D5( Q <5

D5-$-jOA!5(DY#0+=(+L&@rD5U$8 !0IA„/& )n,K 65(.!C,T6Y#0G= &H)G&@0WsL:`dH‰f

LHkHjK QfLG(&&H)#

@E&"5(9! K5"<>54K54>& D&@`^=K( j<> $'$<_2J7#m;#0G= &H)†&@0WsL:`dH‰f

LHkHVKQf,I

‰LA>5A5(K( A&K5"5(GG" l> $'&(4$5"#0=7 &,<G")> $c]@kK.>5<C Q 5(54(CD#6&,e &75e6.>

5($&7(4$5L@EK $54>&7 > =D&@"5(;OA>UI e&O+*,T5(954 Q P)5J54GJ„aA… <C<5( $

#0&D7L>5"L *,+e6(! $P#:f)>54K54>&7 R$&4(<V&7 #0! =D5(&DD#0= &,)e&@WsL:`dH‰f

`dicU+I

‰e.!.>&OA> =\54\<C<5( 54&h#5K<> =\@E# Q $-N%@E(& 54\<C<5( #0<>=7 ;&f%#0&Z>

6(5/=!*, !5 54F Q !.>>5<Cc5(&&6#0_@ECJ>5U)._@ #j $A4&6#0K$ Q +5(5(+#6G=7 &,< &*,/54>,I

&a.!,T,)K&,)54

Q

&*,<C<5( &

Q

5U! @E#

Q

$-NJ@E(& 5(L#0P)>=7 a5(&Y5(L13$5

5(5"5(c(&7V&H)#\#6G=7 &,<GAOA7†! $&4($'5" #D5(5e54J4>=65"#0= &,)e> D54G")!5(K5(>&7

)&K.# *, Q + WsL:`dH‰f

`d\cU

WsL `dH‰f

]([YHhYO([,T65("<C<5( $ ;7#5 Q CJ! $&7(&U5(! =

5(G O N0 &OA.!#0=7e! >5U$7)L.!

Q

U(CY54&K=D5(##0!5(!& &@5($+))&OA ! j^=K( HI

Y +05L54>c(&K #XTs5(9„aA…ƒ<C<5( OA>.!. Q ; Q .>Y5(&l#0=7 &,<j4& Q .!DA$&7 $4 > =

WsL:`dHsf

`d\cUIA,K$-lY)C)5(+ (< 65(G.>.!Cj.!4

Q

Cf(&54&7(5P5(!& sI{‚5")&K.#

Q

c &54#

5(5"#0C6 fG$A##0>54>& D&@r$<5(&c5(L.!

Q

U4C,T0!=65` 65->.3J(<5(4K$5(K(> =J&@r5(L.>

Q

-(C

> \„aA… <C<5(Z OA>54D>UU$8$.!.>CY&7(=, 5+#&7(C,I

„aA…%)C)54D#0_1X+)>=7 2^V$ 65(.!C†@E4& N0 &OA.!#0=+B Q 7)#L6(5<C<5(ZV #954`&6#6.>B

Q 7)#R)C)54D"#0G4$K(<#\> \5(j4*6>&KL)$'5(>&7 I]#6G=7 &,<5($JN0 &OA.!#0=;G" >54

C, &

a.!K&@ C, 2

! #0;> & 2

> K5"$<

Q .! 3 ‰ 5<C0G$.($&7(> = @EK $5(!& :@E&7LD5-$-> =]$<I"‰ *.>Kc&@2;> #0$54A<5((&7 =

D5-$- Q 5<O+ j54$&7(4)& #0> =;*7.!K &@`54L! #0G$'T,OA!.>_"> #0$54JOaN;D5-$-sI

€mG<D5U$8#Ln,K 65(!5(>Pp*, L($&7(a&@ 0IrG Z5-$-! =@EK $54>&7 JGr.!>#5(&LP$-J> #0

&@ 5(c)54&4#D$<e #5(! K5F)!5(K5(>&7 sI

Engine

Headlights

Wipers

No

???

No

Yes

Input Situation

!=K4 R3A‰ O > K5L<>54K54>& D@E&"5(cK5(&7& Q !.>#6G=7 &,<Ge(& Q .>\I/G"#0G= &H)5($

($' 4>&c$&7((P)& # 5(&54"$<e&@s &7 BG@EK $54>& > =7#0.>!=65-/ #jL &7 B‚<5-(5(! =Y =7>

OA!.>54OA>UJO&7(N3I%\„aA… )C)5(+ G0$'5(#?54&\(&6#6K$l\#0G= &H)]@E&7Y5(

)!5(K5(!& sI

-5(+T54mN6 &OA.>#6=m !.!G$!5(._C\((< 054#

Q

Ch54m4&,)!5(&7(Ch&@]$7)'I .`4&

Q

.!B

)$'2^3$eN6 &OA.>P#0=L K<#5(&;#0P)>=7 K(G<5($ 54&J=KG#05(LD5U$8> =4&6$#0K4YMbHI=I!T054&

=+ -5(;5(;4$&4> =@EK $5(!& \@E&D5U$8> =f$<Ts5U$I2SUIj„aA…ƒ<C<5(Ze*,Y5(f Q >.>!5<C

Mb54&K=m.!>!5(#S 54&7#5e54&$- =OA!5(! m;#0&7D! m<> $')K$-\$- =A<>.>C;(<K.>5

> Rf$8 =;> \54;)54&4#\$<Ic‡e&75(Y5(5OA>54\>UU$8$.!.>C&7(=H v5#\$7)Y.>Q -(!T

$- =75(&f$7)A>=705/4noK>(F(&7(=, 5P5(!& l&@r5( 65(!(L.!Q U(CHI

#0UO

Q

$-N`&@/„aA… )C)5(+D > $.>K#6e54e>=f$&7K5U5(!& .3$&,<5A4)&6$54#jOA>54

5(AD5U$8! =A4&6$#0K4" #J54")54&U=F$&H)5/7()&6$'G54#YOA>5(Y54&7(=H v554>& ;&@354"$<

.>Q -(C,I 4&,7$8c5(&*,&#0> =")K$-Y$&H)5U GX54&LK)a> #6K$5(!*,`.>P( > ="$- G)fsM‚<

)P$5(!& Q .>&OLSa5(&;65(-7$5A=+ -. 4K.>P†545F$&*,A&H)5A&@ 5(]$<†! D5(c(&,<>54&(CHI

`$ ;<>=7 2^3$+ 65(.>C4#0K$a5("<5a&@35(A#5- Q )"&@p$< 54&e&! 05`OA(A!5 +# 54&

)54&4L& .!C5(LN0 &OA f$'5(!& `54&Y5(L=7 U.3(K.!Ie&O*,+T,5(.!G$ Q

>.!>5<CJ&@r)K$-5(P$8 Gn,KAGe*,4CD#0 #0 65L& R5(Y 5(K(Y&@a54Y5-7)NR#0&7D! \ #[54Y((< 05U54>&

&@54$7)'I/‰e.>54( 5(!*,.>CHT#0P#0G$5(#;U.>.!.U#0OA(,THI=I!T, KU.X 5<O&4N;4)&6$5(!*,

f&(!`M)„/

-e& *7+T$%!R"X„/

&

2 !

*

Q .! 2#3h~e=7(Pj&@]D5U$8h@E&54?! K5Z$<\OA>5( P$- &@Y54R)54&4# $+)P$ Q

#054(f> #

Q

C%K)> =%5( ($&7(! =[@EK $5(!& )&OA >

5-Q

.> I \#6=4m&@JZ5-$-%

h)K &@c5(R($&7(& Q 5-! # Q CWD5-$-> =\$- &@]5(\! #0G$' ! 5(l> K5D # 54

$&7((P)& #6> =f)54&(P#m$7),I

Case 4

Engine

Headlights No

No

Wipers

faulty Bulbs and

faulty Ignition

Yes

!=K4 o3Y‰L#5-5(>&7 %> h„aA… )C)54D'I e4 +O $<jJ##0#?54&m5($7);.>Q -(C,I

{‚ \5(L45(G$'K.G9! )5U $',Ts O #0G= &H)Gc$54=&7(C\! 054(&6#0K$#XIY{b@a5($7);.>

Q

-(C

O+(Y&4=, 5P#m> R>+-U$8G$.p@k7)!& sTs5(;##0!5(!& \&@ 5(e O $<Y>=705"(PnoK!(]

(+&(=H v554>&7 m&@r5(9.! Q U4C,I

)!>.4>5<C0B Q 7)#Y(54(!*7.X&@/$+)PI

c)C)54Da#0G4$K(<#D)&Y@kA4noK>(F5(c#0<>=7 A5(&;> $&4V&7-5(5(c#0&7D! DN0 &OA.!#0=

$'(4(C"@E&r#0G= &H)G>54X! 5(aN0 &OA.!#0= Q 7)a&> 5(/D5-$-> = ! 0@E4 $(&6$'('I

{‚ #0K$'5(>*,.!4 > =f)C)54DA&13;OACm54&D$>U$K;*, 6554Y#6Z$K.>5+TV+0 <>*,,T #m5(!

$&7 )Kf> =5U<N\&@"65(U$54> =D<K$-?N6 &OA.>#6=,I_1 R4&*6G#6#mOA>54?f.>Mb&7(B

$.(<2^P#Y(f.>-SX&@35("#0&7D! sT5(<")C)54Ds*,5("

Q

!.>>5<C5(&F.>( ; ;4&6>Z5(

&6#0+.s&@A54J5U<N\#0&7D! sIL{‚ \&KK54&& Q >.!c#0G= &H)GL5U)ND@E&L+.>HT \> #0K$54>*,

)C)54 OA!.>.

Q

Y(&*6G#0#DOA>54\.!†&@a&

Q

<(*,#\<C0f5(&7DA #\5(>F$&4(<& #0! =

#0= &,)PZ&H()Q .>Ch@E(&7 h$&.!.>$'5(>&7 h&@Y)5l#0=7 &,<V+)@E&4# Q C #0&7D! W6(5U

Mb.!>N,54R$7)Y> %$<m.!Q U(CS-Ie&Oa*,T`K .>!N,[„aA… <C<5(DJOAG$- )!.!C%<5(&4

5(m.>'T`> #0K$5(!*,m<C<5(ZJK)l5(l.!J5(&R> 0@E+j4.G5(>&7 )> Q 5<O h54

&(Z.>.!C,T3 %f.> & L &-#6(#\>;M &

#

& S"OA( & G R> <5- $,Ts(+(B

)+ 054#jK<> =;<& 9;= @4s:=(ŠEM:=<:‹R<#A.!>N,A*,$54&U &@ 545(4Q K54L*7.!KT)54(> =,&*,AL^6#

.! Q +5Ts5-$7I

& Ge54;$.G7(<2^3$5(!& \&@ 5(Y! )5U $' & #[e& j&@AD<5L&@ &,(<Q .!

$.(< &@54\$'.G4)_^3$54>&7 W4& Q .! M

& YS-I „/.(<;(l &4D.!.>C #04$(Q P# !

Š>:=?ŠE‰ˆ,M:=<:‹R<#-I ‰…_sŠ?9;=<xˆ

V7:9;ŠkƒM &

#

SF(&*6G#0mP e@E&c5(<5(! =m54

Q -<>;&@ j=7>*, D! )5U $ &! \$'.G4

MbOA(

YSUId`.>P&@a$&7 $5

.G =K=PJ> $.!K#0Y4K.>YME&@"5(<&(5cK)P#?> R6V+(5c)C)54D8SUTs(#6G$5(Y.>&7=$]@E&7(;K.G,T

K5(&Z5-lMb5(57$$5F&L4j†<$5F)54(> =,8S 5-$IF{‚ \5(]#0&D> l&@ #0G= &H)TsO;$ \5(! N

&@> <5- $;;)&f:+ $&6#0! =?&@&

Q

)4*,#W<C05(&ZJ #W$.(<;Y(4)+ 054> =\54

&,4) Q .>Y#6G=7 &,<Iac(& Q .> &@r> #0K$5(!*,L.>( ! =YG54&j.!4 lj<K D$'> 65(.!C;$$K-54

#04$(!5(!& &@Ve$&7 $5 &7`$.4

@E(&7 L)K D$! 65(.>CA44) 65-5(!*,/)5&@.!

M‚ #?&,4)Q .>Ch$'&K 65(4Bb+.>P8Sa&@

ImG9P()+ 054G.!.>Cl(#0K$954&\l)-$-%(& Q .>+63

.>CHTo545"&@ G#0 65(_@EC0! =YY$'.G4e#6($4>54>&7

545F)K D$! 65(.>C;$'.>&,<.>Cf(&6>D5(

I a(!&K$4>54(Mb&_@'V

Š 9;A@'j@-S">=705 Q ;K)P#m5(&=7KG#0Y54GF)-$-\5(4&K=7?54

$&7 $5c<$Z$&4(<V&7 #0! =m54&;ID{‚ #0K$'5(>*,Y.!4 > =m<C<5(ZL#0213! ?54(D"&@"5(>

$-&$L&@ > <5- $L.G =K=HTX$&7 $5A.G =K=,T3 #l)-$- Q G7LM‚f& =Y&75("5(> =H8S-I

\<5&@.!9(&*0#0# Q Ch5(mK<jOAG$-W Q .>PJ5(\! #0K$54>*,D<C<5( 54&

#054(f> ;R$.G7(<2^3$5(!& h(K.!GY$+.>.!#?54

:9;=(9;=< @'|bI {‚ g&7K;K5(&f& Q !.>D#0=7 &,<G

4&

Q

.! 5(;$'& 0ClDCm*,;l)5&@†)K$-R5(-> ! =D.!

Q

<#?& <5J6(5

#0= &,)L&@AK)L4&45(#m4& Q .!D'I‰ (f.>c5(-> ! =D<5LGF)&OA R> \5- Q .>^*6IjMk‡e&54

5(5D5(Gj&7 .>C & R&@]5(RD 6Ch&,(<

Q

.!?44) 65-5(!& j545l$&7K.G#

Q

$8&,)+ @E&7

$'&6#0> =;5(954-> ! =;(.>PI2S

[]RYi['K

KL'X#dY](JHkU

Y\SKQvU

YZL]?[OUEYU

KEU

O KEU WsL:`dH‰f

`d\cU

O

O

O WsL:`dH‰f

LHkHjK Qf

KEU

O

O WsL:`dH‰f

Y\S KQ {OHkORQ

O KEU

O WsL:`dH‰f

]([YHhYO([

KEU KEU

O WsL:`dH‰f

Y\S KQ {OHkORQ

O KEU KEU WsL:`dH‰f

]([YHhYO([

Q

.!a*R3/d f.>"#0=7 &,< @E&a5(FK54&&

Q

>.!"#0G= &H)(&

Q

.> OAG$-$&7 )54>54K5(`54

5(U! > =c<5 @E&/! #0K$54>*,/.>P( > =c)C)54D'I ^-<5 54(+"$&.!K s((< 05r)C654&D'T

#m5(c.G<5L$'&.>K D> #0$54A5(]#0G= &H)G"&13(P#XIL6KT7$8l(&O &@/54J5U Q .!J(+(B

)+ 05U&7 f#0G= &H)5($j<>54K54>& R6(! $#D4.>! #?<K$$4}@EK.!.>C #0G= &H)#XIf{‚ \5(<

.>'T KEUA! #0$54aŽ>

Π9;=<c #

O;> #6G$5(M=(>:= kŽ>

Π9;=<Y$&7& 65-'I