• No results found

Implementation of the Two Dimensional Integer Wavelet Transform for Transmission of Images

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2020

Share "Implementation of the Two Dimensional Integer Wavelet Transform for Transmission of Images"

Copied!
102
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

! "#%$'&)(*#%(*+,.-/,.0)12+3154',.6(7781:9;0<#%(*+>=?0)12+>-5&@+,A(CB5(CDEF-HG5(*&)(C,ID?-5+>=.4J15D?#K4L15D

ID?-5+>=.#M0N=.=.0)12+O154P#M-/B5(*=*QSRUTS+>V(CD7,.6(:B2WX0<V>-5+>YZ(:154[9SDE\0<+>=A(CD7QX !&<(Z]-5+>V>(CD_^`Q

$X$X&<0<YC-/,.0)12+X=&<0)a5(,A(*&)(*#M(*V>0<YC0<+(bD.(*c@W>0)D.(O,.6(dV>0<-/B2+12=.,.0<Yb0N+4J15D`#M-/,.0)12+e0<+f,.6(4J15D?#g154

G5(CD.hi&<-/D?B5(j0<#M-/B5(*=!,A1Okl(,AD?-5+>=A4L(CD.D.(*VW>=.0<+B%(Z]0<=A,.0N+B+(C,m815D.a=CQ6(*=A(j-/$X$X&<0<YC-/,.0)12+X=7W>=A(nD?(CB20)12+

154o0<+,A(CD.(*=A,pYZ1@VX0<+B0<+b#%(*V>0<YC-5&'0<#M-/B5(*=q,A1D?(*V>W>YZ(,.6>(SYZ12=A,q86>0N&)(7#%(C(C,.0<+B3,.6(SV>0<-/B2+12=A,.0NYc@W>-5&<0),mh

D.(*c@W>0)D.(*#M(*+,.=CQn6(jr+,A(CB5(CDnEF-*G5(*&)(C,jsD?-5+X=A4J15D`#t0N=!,.6>(u#-wvr15D:YZ12#%$x12+(*+,:0<+y,.6(M2pz|{/}5}5}

kX-5=A(*V~Vh@+X-5#M0<Y3D.(CB20)12+1540<+,A(CD.(*=A,jYZ1@V>0N+Bd=.Y?6(*#M(5Qb76(%8p-*G5(*&<(C,,AD?-5+>=.4J15D?#€6(*&)$X=;,A1YZ12+XYZ(*+

,AD?-/,A(n,.6>(n=.0)B2+>-5&l(*+(CD.B5hO,A1%4L(C8(CDYZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=7,A1M0N+>YZD.(*-5=A(;,.6(nV(CB5D?(C(n154IYZ12#%$XD.(*=.=.0)12+8!6(*+,.6(

V>-/,.-M0N=(*+>YZ1V(*VƒQ„76(:8p-*G5(*&<(C,!,AD?-5+X=A4J15D`#…0<=7-MYZ12#%$'W,.-/,.0)12+>-5&<&<hb0<+,A(*+>=.0)G5(nYZ12#M$l12+>(*+,-5+XVd,.6(

YZ12#%$XW>,.-/,.0)12+>=YC-5+kx(S-5YCYZ(*&<(CD?-/,A(*Vi4L15DD.(*-5&l,.0<#%(:-/$>$X&N0<YC-/,.0)12+>=q&<0)a5(S,A(*&)(*#%(*V>0NYC0<+(SkhO0<#%$X&)(*#M(*+,r

0<+B,.6(b-5&)B515D?0),.6>#†0N+6>-/D?V8p-/D.(5QO0N+>YZ(u,.6(%D.(*YZ12+>=A,AD`W>YZ,.0)12+154p,.6(M#%(*VX0<YC-5&„0<#M-/B5(*==.612W>&<Vkx(

V12+(%8!0),.6&<0),A,.&)(u15Dn+1i&)12=?=;,A1#M-50<+,.-50<+V>0<-/B2+12=.,.0<Y%-5YCYCWD?-5YZh5I8(-/D?(M0<+,A(CD?(*=A,A(*VF0<+-d&)12=.=?&)(*=.=

0<#%$'&)(*#%(*+,.-/,.0)12+154[,.6(:8q-HG5(*&)(C,,AD`-5+>=A4L15D?#dQ

76>0<=S,.6(*=?0<=:0<+G5(*=A,.0)B2-/,A(*VF,.6>(-/$>$>D.12-5Y`6(*=:,A1ikx(MW>=.(*V0<+,.6(6>-/D`V8q-/D?(M0<#%$X&)(*#M(*+,.-‡

,.0)12+y154„,.6(u,m81dV>0<#M(*+>=.0)12+>-5&I0<+,A(CB5(CDS8p-*G5(*&<(C,&<0)4L,.0<+B-5&<B515D?0),.6>#tW>=.0<+>B,.6(3kX0ˆ‰15D.,.6>15B512+>-5&R‹Š@Œ5^

Ž &),A(CDHQP,$>D.15$x12=A(*=p-5+d0<#M$X&)(*#%(*+,.-/,.0)12+O154I-%6>-/D`V8q-/D?(;#M1@V(*&l,.6>-/,7#M(C(C,.=p,.6(n=A,AD?0<+>B5(*+,c@W>-5&<0),mh

D.(*c@W>0)D.(*#M(*+,.=n-5+XVF0<=:=.W>0<,.-/kX&)(u4J15D,AD?-5+>=.#M0N=.=.0)12+154p0<#M-/B5(*=4J15D-/$X$X&<0<YC-/,.0)12+X=:&<0)a5(%,A(*&)(*#%(*VX0<YC0<+(5Q

76(S#M-wvA15DqV(*=?0)B2+0<=?=.W(*=„YZ12+>=?0<V(CD.(*Vb0<+M,.6(SV(*=.0)B2+154o,.6(;{/90N+,A(CB5(CD8p-*G5(*&)(C,p,AD?-5+X=A4J15D`#-/D?Y`6>0ˆ

,A(*YZ,.WD.(%8q(CD.(u,.6(uD.12W>+XV1/‘’(CD.D.15D?=;V>W>(3,A1,.6(%W>=.(3154 Ž ](*V$x120<+,;-/D?0),.6(*#%(C,.0NYj,A1$x(CD.4L15D?#t,.6(

YZ12#%$XW>,.-/,.0)12+>=C2,.6>(8q-50),.0N+B:,.0<#%(pkx(C,8q(C(*+M,.6(D?1H8"-5+>VYZ12&<W>#M+3$>D.1YZ(*=.=.0N+B2,.6(7#%(*#M15D.h3-5YCYZ(*=?=

,.0<#%(O-5+>VF,.6>(b0<#%$'&)(*#%(*+,.-/,.0)12+154,.6(O+12+YC-5W>=.-5&q&<0)4L,.0<+Bd=A,AD`W>YZ,.WD.(5Qi76>(MD.12W>+>V~1/‘“(CD.D.15D?=j0<+

Ž ](*Vi$x120<+,YZ12#%$XW>,.-/,.0)12+>=78q(CD.(3D.(*V>W>YZ(*V,.6D.12WB26=.YC-5&<0<+>BX=.0)B2+(Z]@,A(*+>=?0)12+-5+XViD.12W>+XV>0<+BQq76(

$>D.15$x12=A(*V6>-/D?V8p-/D.(#%1V(*&o6X-5=7-6>0<B26d,.6D.12WB26>$XW,D?-/,A(nkx(*YC-5W>=.(j0),7V1@(*=7,.6>(nD.1H8”-5+>ViYZ12&NW>#M+

$>D.1YZ(*=.=.0N+Bj0<+O-u=.0<+B2&<($X-5=.=q86X0<Y?6O-*G5120<VX=p,.6(!8p-50),.0<+>Bj,.0<#M(!kx(C,8q(C(*+,.6(;D.1w8\-5+XVOYZ12&NW>#M+b$>D.1/

YZ(*=.=.0N+BQi76>0<=0<=V12+>(80),.6~=.WkX=A,.-5+,.0<-5&=.-*G0<+B2=j0<+~#%(*#M15D.h1HG5(CDu,.6(O#%15D.(,AD`-5V>0),.0)12+>-5&&)(CG5(*&

kX-5=A(*VfV(*=.0)B2+X=CQO S+~-/D`Y?6>0),A(*YZ,.W>D.(bk'-5=A(*VF12+~,.6(bV>-/,.-V(C$x(*+>V(*+>YZhyB5D?-/$X6~8q-5=3V(CG5(*&)15$x(*V~,.6>-/,

1HG5(CD`YC-5#%(;,.6(V>0)‚bYCW>&),h3$x12=A(*VMk@hu,.6(!+>12+YC-5W>=.-5&'&<0)4L,.0<+B:=A,AD?W>YZ,.W>D.(5Q76(7D.(*=?W>&),.=15k>,.-50N+(*V%4LD.12#

,.6(7,A(*=.,YC-5=A(*=„12+O•;kX0),[B5D?-HhM=.YC-5&)(70<#-/B5(*==.61w8“,.6>-/,„,.6X0<={/9–6>-/D?V>8q-/D.(7#M1@V(*&>h@0)(*&NV>=PG5(CD.huB511V

(2)

&/0 ! ! -120$

3+4

5768 %

9;:=<0>@?BAC??ED 30F AG:B:B>HI:=J(:=<>LKNM=OPH0D"OP:B>RQOPSD0TU: 4 JWV

X

JYME:B<[Z\OWMEJYTCAG]"O_^,:=OP:=>`2]0AGaW>MB?EAG:

4

AC]b"OWMc:=ACOWT8?BOP:=AG?EV-OWSd:=ACJW]IJWV:B<0>

MB>@e%D0ACME> F >]+:=?VJYM\:=<>gfh>@iYMB>@>NJWV

j

OW?c:=>MJWVk^ S@AC>]S>

%0&,lmnN-,oW&/-oY"p"q r5!,&mnN5$5%,&/-$

s

OWTC>@ACiY<

tWuYuWv

&/,* q Lwpx

9SD*Q„E(*=.&<(ChQ'+h@V(CD 9SD*Q„EKQ,y6(C,A,79;-HG@0<=

9SD*Q„E\0<+>=A(CD7Q> !&<(Z]-5+>V>(CD

(3)
(4)

-$&0 w

#M0<,.6>-O212=A(C$X68p-5=:kx15D?+0<+:(CD?-5&N-ƒ+>VX0<-12+‡,.6(Ck>D?WX-/D.h*Š2Œ/Š@Qb6>(3D?(*YZ(*0)G5(*VF6(CD p-5Y?6>(Z

&)15D=[V(CB5D?(C(R!QI(*Y?6l^[0<+u&)(*YZ,AD?12+>0<YC=[-5+>V%I(*&)(*YZ12#M#3W>+>0<YC-/,.0)12+u+B20<+(C(CD?0N+B4LD.12#”,.6( z 12&<&<(CB5(q154

+>B20<+(C(CD?0<+>B!76>0<D?WG/-5+>-5+,.6X-/$XWD?-5#|R

z

Q7Q!^`5TS+>0)G5(CD?=?0),hj154:(CD?-5&N-!0<+%{/}5}5}Q„9;WD?0N+BS6>(CD[WX+>V(CDA

B5D?-5V>WX-/,A(=A,.W>V>0<(*=C@=?6(:815D?a5(*Vd12+i-%$>D?1‡vr(*YZ,,A1V>(CG5(*&)15$i=A154L,8p-/D.(4L15D70<#M-/B5(YZ12#M$>D.(*=.=.0<12+OWX=.0<+B

8p-*G5(*&)(C,.=:0<+,.6(u9S0<B20),.-5&P0<B2+>-5&sD.1@YZ(*=?=.0<+B9;0)G0<=.0<12+i154,.6(3+XV>0<-5+@$'-5YZ( y(*=A(*-/D?Y?6FSD?B2-5+>0*-‡

,.0)12+yRL`QlQyQn^`76>0)D?W>G‡-5+>-5+,.6>-/$XW>D?-5#dQI !4L,A(CDB5D?-5VXW>-/,.0)12+ƒ@=.6(8q15D.a5(*VO0<+ME\0)$>D?1s(*Y`6>+12&)15B20<(*=C

p-5+B2-5&)15D.(p4LD.12# 2WX&)hn{/}5}5}:,A1:9!(*YZ(*#jkx(CD{/}5}7-5=[-n@h@=.,A(*#M=+B20N+(C(CDP0N+,.6(*0<D!15D.,A(*&!(C,8q15D.a=

=A(CD.G0<YZ(*=7-5YCYZ12WX+,CQ

6(vA120<+(*V,.6(-5=A,A(CD=$>D.15B5D?-5# 0N+O&)(*YZ,AD?0<YC-5&ƒ+B20<+(C(CD`0<+Bu-/,S-5+i512=.(3@,.-/,A(TS+>0ˆ

G5(CD?=.0<,h%0<+>-5&N&X{/}5}2{n-5+>V,AD?-5+>=A4L(CD.D.(*V%6>(CDB5D?-5V>WX-/,A(=A,.W>V>0<(*=[,A1!15D.,.6

z

-/D?12&<0<+>-n@,.-/,A(ST!+>0<G5(CD?=.0),mh

(5)

o -,q5$,,l

S4J(C(*&&<W>Y.a@hy,A1kx(%12+(M154p,.612=A(4J(C8 $x(C15$X&<(%861i6>-HG5(b6>-5VF-Y?6>-5+>YZ(b,A1i,.WD?+F,.6(*0)DVD?(*-5#†,A1

D.(*-5&<0<,h5Q[„G5(*+3,.612WB26jo6>-*G5(p$XW>,s0<+&<15,I154(Z‘x15D.,[,A1S-5Y`6>0)(CG5(p#hjVD.(*-5#M=C/,.6(CD?(-/D.(p=A(CG5(CD?-5&@$x(C15$X&)(

0<+#hi&<0<4J(n8!61b6>-HG5(36>(*&)$x(*Vi#%(3,.6D.12WB2680),.6i,.6>(*0)D8q15D?V>=S-5+>VyV(C(*V>=7154(*+>YZ12WD?-/B5(*#%(*+,:-5+>V

=.W$X$l15D?,CQ

[0)D?=A,Cl78q12W>&<Vy&<0)a5(,A1,.6>-5+>a#h-5VG@0N=A15D*x9!DHQSE\0<+>=.(CDSQl S&)(Z]-5+>V(CD*l4J15D;B20)G0<+BO#%(

-dD.(*=.(*-/D?Y?6~,A15$X0<Y%0<+,.6( Ž (*&<V0<+86>0NY?6:6>-*G5(b-5&)8q-Hh@=j6>-5VF-B5D.(*-/,30<+,A(CD.(*=A,CQM;-/$>$>D.(*YC0N-/,A(M6>0<=

YZ12+>=A,.-5+,nB2W>0NV>-5+>YZ(%-5+>VF=.W>$>$x15D.,S0N+y#jh=A,.W>V>0)(*=:-5+XV#hyD.(*=A(*-/D?Y`6ƒQM9;WD?0<+>Bb,.6(MYZ12W>D?=A(%154q,.6>0<=

8q15D.a'[:6>-HG5(bkx(*+( Ž ,A,A(*V~B5D.(*-/,.&)h4LD.12#€6X0<=:(Z]$l(CD`0)(*+>YZ(-5+>V~a@+>1H8&)(*V>B5(5Qd;-5# B5D?-/,A(C4UW>&„,A19SD*Q

E(*=.&)(ChdQ'+hV(CD-5+XVi9SD*QE Q y6(C,A,9;-HG@0<=4J15D!-/B5D.(C(*0<+BM,A1kl(:12+#hYZ12#M#M0),A,A(C(5Q

j8q12W>&<V &N0)a5(d,A1~,.6>-5+>af,.6(&)(*YZ,AD?0NYC-5&7-5+>V

z

12#M$XW,A(CD+B20<+(C(CD?0N+By9S(C$X-/D?,.#%(*+,O-/,

!15D.,.6

z

-/D.12&N0<+>-F@,.-/,A(TS+>0)G5(CD?=?0),h’4J15DB20)G@0N+B#%(

Ž

+>-5+>YC0N-5&-5=.=.0<=A,.-5+XYZ(d4J15D=.,.W>V>0)(*=u,.6D?12WB26“-,A(*-5Y?6X0<+B-5=.=?0<=A,.-5+,.=.6>0)$d4L15D %=A(*#M(*=A,A(CD?=CQ

8q12W>&<V&<0)a5(;,A1%,.6>-5+>ab#jh$X-/D.(*+,.=CX212=A(C$X6d-5+>VzSD`-5YZhb86>1u6X-*G5(n-5&)8p-*h=(*+>YZ12WD`-/B5(*V

#%(b,A1=A(C,u6>0)B26(CDB512-5&<=u0<+F&<0)4L(-5+>V~,A18q15D.a4L15Dj,.6(*#iQdS8q12W>&<Vf&<0)a5(M,A1y,.6>-5+a#jhFW>+>YC&)(5[9SD

512=.(C$X6O@(Ck'-5=A,.0<-5+M4L15Dq(*+>YZ12WD?-/B20<+>Bj#%(!,A1j$XW>D?=.W(7#jhMVD.(*-5#M=(CG5(*+O0)4x,.6(ChM=A(C(*#%(*VO-j&N0),A,.&)(7-/4U-/D*Q

:8q12W>&<V’&<0)a5(M,A1,.6>-5+aF6X0<#d[6>0<=n8!0)4J(Os(CD?(*=.--5+XV~,.6(*0<DjY?6X0<&<VD.(*+f&<0*-/kl(C,.6f-5+>V n-/,.6D.h+F4L15D

$>D.1wG@0NV>0<+Bi#%(O,.6(*0)D3=.W$>$x15D.,CP&)1HG5(d-5+>Vf-YZ12#M4J15D.,.-/k'&)(5[8q-/D?#g=A,.-HhF,.6>-/,3n+(CG5(CD34J(*&),j4L-/D`-*8p-*h

4LD.12# #jhO612#M(5Q

q-5# ,.6>-5+a@4LWX&x,A1#hd0<+X+W>#M(CD?-/kX&)(S4JD`0)(*+>V>=p-/, z @,.-/,A(5l0<+ z

-5&<0<4J15D?+X0<-j-5+XVi0<+r+>V>0<--5&<&s154P8!61$>D?1HG0<V(*Vi#%(80),.6#M15D?-5&s=.W>$>$x15D.,7-5+>Vi(*+XYZ12WD?-/B5(*#%(*+,!8!6(*+(CG5(CDSq4L(*&),74LD?W>=.,AD?-/,A(*VƒQ

;812WX&<VF&<0)a5(%,A1(Z]@$XD.(*=.=n-=A$x(*YC0<-5&[,.6>-5+a=n,A1,.6(#%(*#jkx(CD?=:154ry 9n B5D.12W$~8616>-HG5(

B20)G5(*+i#M(nG‡-5&NW>-/kX&)(:=.WB5B5(*=.,.0)12+>=7-5+>V=.W$>$x15D.,V>WD`0<+B3,.6>0<=p8q15D.a'Q

b8q12W>&<V–&N0)a5(,A1“,.6>-5+a\#jh\6@W>=Ak'-5+>V zS(C15D.B5(f4J15D6X0<=d&)1HG5(5n0N#M#%(*+>=A(F=?W$>$x15D.,d-5+>V

W>+>V>(CD?=A,.-5+>V>0N+BQf S&),.612WB26e8q(d8q(CD.(i=A(C$X-/D?-/,A(*V“khe#M0<&)(*=%VXWD?0<+By#h -5=A,A(CD==.,.W>V>0)(*=C6(i0<=

YC&)12=A(,A1#h6(*-/D.,!-5+>Vd8q(n80<&<&l=A1@12+dkx(:,A15B5(C,.6(CD;-/B2-50<+ƒQ

p,7,.6>0<=7$l120N+,CpD.(*#%(*#jkx(CD-5+i12&NVd$x1(*# -/kx12W,(CG5(CD.h512+(j0N+d,.6>0<=p8q15D?&<Vdkx(*0<+>B38q(*-/D.h

,AD?-HG5(*&)(CD?=„,.6>D.12WB26M&<0<4J(p,A1jVX0ˆ‘l(CD?(*+,„V(*=.,.0<+>-/,.0)12+>=-5+XVM61H8"8(#M(C(C,(*-5Y?615,.6(CD12+M,.6(7D.12-5V>=-5+>V

-/,S,.6(j0<+X+>=7V>WD`0<+B%12WD„vr12WD`+(Ch5Q7p,.6>-5+azS1V4J15DSk>D?0<+>B20<+Bu,A1O#jhd$X-/,.6y=A1b#-5+hd$x(C15$X&)(861

(6)

! "#$

&%(')+*! ,

- ./ 01324#561 /

-/Q 15,.0)G‡-/,.0<12+ QnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

/Q/Q pz {/}5}5}O@,.-5+XV>-/D?V QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ {

/Q/Q{ y(CB20)12+i154P+,A(CD.(*=A,

z

1@VX0<+B%0<+i2qz {/}5}5}QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ

/Q{ y7S z 1V>0<+Bu0<+i(*V>0<YC-5&ƒr#M-/B5( z 12#%$>D.(*=.=?0)12+gQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Š

/Q SkvA(*YZ,.0)G5(n154[,.6(n6(*=.0<=qQnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ C}

7 8 '9":*9;%<1' / 0=?>@/BA3CEDGFH7III -9J

{@Q r+,AD.1V>W>YZ,.0<12+QnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

{@Q{ EF-*G5(*&<(C,SID?-5+>=A4L15D?# QnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

{@Q{@Q

z

12+,.0<+12WX=EF-*G5(*&)(C,;ID?-5+>=A4L15D?# QnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ LK

{@Q{@Q{ 9;0<=.YZD?(C,A(nEF-*G5(*&)(C,;ID?-5+>=A4L15D?# QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ M

{@Q{@Q

z

12+G512&<W,.0<12+ p-5=A(*V QQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ M

{@Q{@QNK OI0)4J,.0N+B q-5=.(*V Q:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ M

{@Q y7(CG5(CD`=.0)kX&)(:r+,A(CB5(CDEF-*G5(*&<(C,!,AD?-5+X=A4J15D`#M=€Q:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ {/}

{@QNK r+,A(CB5(CDSEF-*G5(*&)(C, [0<&),A(CD7„]-5#%$'&)(*= Q:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ {5{

J P

Q"#9RS&TU 5?V0!56 19;=; VXWY5Z190

8

'9":*QU%(1'

/

=1>

7\[

@Q r+,AD.1V>W>YZ,.0<12+QnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ {1K

@Q{ Oo(CG5(*&)‰kX-5=A(*V !D?Y`6>0),A(*YZ,.WD.(QnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ {6M

@Q Os0N+(Z‰kX-5=A(*Vi !D?Y`6>0),A(*YZ,.WD.(gQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ {5•

@QNK p&)1Y.a‰kX-5=A(*V !D?Y`6>0),A(*YZ,.WD.( QQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

[

T]*1 V+>^WH!0

/

&%ER_`WY$>@

/

0

/

'*

8

'Q"a!*9%< '

/

b?>

Jc[

KQ r+,AD.1V>W>YZ,.0<12+QnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 1K

KQ{ y7(*c@W>0)D?(*#%(*+,!$l(*YC0

Ž

YC-/,.0)12+>= Q:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 6M

KQ r#%$X&)(*#%(*+,.-/,.0)12+d154[,.6(EOI0)4L,.0<+B@,AD?W>YZ,.W>D.( QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

(7)

KQM 0<$l(*&N0<+(*VM !D?Y?6X0),A(*YZ,.WD.(:W>=.0N+Bj-M@,.-/,A(@$X-5YZ(n1@V>(*&'4L15Dp,.6( p0)15D.,.615B512+>-5&R‹Š@Œ5^

[0<&),A(CD QnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 5•

KQ -/,.&<-/kr+,A(CB5(CD;i1V(*&ƒ4L15D C9 EF-HG5(*&)(C,;sD?-5+X=A4J15D`# QnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 5Š

KQŒ {/9 @(C$'-/D?-/kX&)(:9;0<=.YZD.(C,A(EF-*G5(*&)(C,;sD`-5+4J15D`# QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ K6K

KQ• 1@V(*&okX-5=A(*Vd12+,.6(n9S(C$l(*+XV(*+>YZ(jzSD?-/$'6d154[,.6(EOs0)4L,.0<+B@,AD`W>YZ,.WD.(FQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ KQM

KQŠ 9S(C$x(*+>V(*+>YZ(3z;D?-/$X6kX-5=A(*V+,A(CB5(CDS1V(*&~QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ M

KQC}–{/9 @(C$'-/D?-/kX&)(:ID?-5+>=A4L15D?#…W>=.0N+B%9S-/,.-b9S(C$l(*+XV(*+>YZhdi1V(*&KQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ M

'c 2R_'c _!V'Q"#a#1'* 32:*<= 7 W .L8 %

M@Q r+,AD.1V>W>YZ,.0<12+QnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ M6M

M@Q{ S-/D?V8p-/D.(#%1V(*&x4L15D!{/9 15D.8p-/D?VdEF-HG5(*&)(C,;sD?-5+X=A4J15D`# QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ M6M

M@Q{@Q z 12&NW>#M+d„D?1@YZ(*=.=?0<+B~QQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ M

M@Q{@Q{ y1H8 D.1YZ(*=.=.0<+ByQnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ /}

M@Q{@Q 9E\K#%1@VXW>&)(Q:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ /}

M@Q S-/D?V8p-/D.(j1@V(*&o4J15D7,.6>(j{/9”+G5(CD?=A(EF-*G5(*&)(C,;sD`-5+>=A4L15D?#|QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

M@Q@Q y1H8 D.1YZ(*=.=.0<+ByQnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 5•

M@Q@Q{

z

12&NW>#M+d„D?1@YZ(*=.=?0<+B~QQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ/{

M@Q@Q r9E\ #%1V>W>&<( QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ/{

P 9 *0 I

@Q r+,AD.1V>W>YZ,.0<12+QnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •/}

@Q{ I(*=A,#y7(*=?W>&),.=%QnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •/}

G / 59*0 / U' / 2# P !!'c151V

ŒQ r+,AD.1V>W>YZ,.0<12+QnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •2Œ

ŒQ{ {/9!‰mE\K D?Y`6>0),A(*YZ,.WD?(9S(*=.0)B2+i-5+>Vi#%$'&)(*#%(*+,.-/,.0)12+ Q:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •2Œ

ŒQ >W,.W>D.(2y7(*=.(*-/D?Y?6 QnQnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •5•

(8)

@

/Q p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154pz {/}5}5}+>YZ1@V>(CD|Q:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ {

/Q{ „D?(Z‰$>D.1YZ(*=.=.0<+BM=?WkX=A,.-/B5(*=QnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

/Q C9!9E\ ,AD?W>YZ,.WD.(bQnQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ K

/QNK [0<&),A(CD7k'-5+aO=.,AD?W>YZ,.WD.(nWX=A(*Vd0<+,.6(n8p-*G5(*&<(C,!V(*YZ12#%$x12=.0<,.0)12+154-5+i0<#M-/B5( QnQ:QnQ M

/QM TS+>0)4L15D?#…cWX-5+,.0C(CD!80),.6dV(*-5V C12+( QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

/Q y7S#M-5=AaOB5(*+(CD?-/,.0)12+fQ:QnQnQQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •

/QŒ @(C,7$'-/D.,.0),.0)12+>0N+Bj154[,.6(:8p-*G5(*&<(C,!,AD?-5+X=A4J15D`#%(*VdV>-/,.- QnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ C}

/Q• ]-5#%$X&<(:,A1=.61w8 kX0),$X&N-5+(;B5(*+(CD?-/,.0)12+4JD.12# =.WkX=A(C, Q:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

{@Q p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154P4L15D.8p-/D?Vd0<+,A(CB5(CD,A10N+,A(CB5(CD!,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?# QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ {

@Q p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 1544Os(CG5(*&ƒk@hUOs(CG5(*&s-/D?Y`6>0),A(*YZ,.WD.( Q:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ {6M

@Q{ p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 1544OI0)4L,.0<+B3kX-5=A(*VYOs(CG5(*&ok@hUOs(CG5(*&s !D?Y?6>0<,A(*YZ,.WD.( QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ {2Œ

@Q p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 1544OI0<+(;kX-5=A(*V-/D?Y?6>0<,A(*YZ,.WD.( QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ {5Š

@QNK p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154[!h@k>D?0<V=Ah=A,A(*# -/D?Y`6>0),A(*YZ,.WD?( Q:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ /}

@QM @$X&N0),=A,.-/B5(0<+d,.6>(:kX&)1Y.aOkX-5=A(*Vi-/D?Y`6>0),A(*YZ,.WD?(–QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 5{

@Q (CD.B5(j=A,.-/B5(30<+,.6(:kX&<1@Y?abkX-5=.(*Vi-/D?Y?6X0),A(*YZ,.WD.(tQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 5{

KQ @,.-/,A(%@$X-5YZ(1@V(*& :4J15D 15D.8p-/D?ViEF-HG5(*&)(C,SID?-5+>=.4J15D?# QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 5•

KQ{ @,.-/,A(%@$X-5YZ(1@V(*&I{u4J15D 15D.8p-/D?ViEF-HG5(*&)(C,SID?-5+>=.4J15D?# QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 5Š

KQ p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154[D.(*V>0<YZ, z (*&N&uQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ K2}

KQNK p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154[T!$ƒV>-/,A( z (*&<&nQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ K2}

KQM p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154[D.(*V>0<YZ,

z

(*&N&ƒ-/4J,A(CDSYCW,=A(C,7D?(C,.0<#M0<+B QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ K

KQ p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154[T!$ƒV>-/,A( z (*&<&ƒ-/4L,A(CD!YCW>,7=A(C,7D.(C,.0<#0<+B QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ K

KQŒ p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154P$XD.(*V>0<YZ,YZ(*&<&o0N+,.6(n0<+,A(CB5(CD!#%1V(*&x1547R‹Š@Œ5^ Ž &<,A(CD Q:QQnQnQ:QnQ K{

KQ• p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154[W>$xVX-/,A(;YZ(*&N&o0<+,.6(n0<+,A(CB5(CD!#M1@V(*&x1547R‹Š@Œ5^ Ž &),A(CD Q:QQnQnQ:QnQ K

KQŠ @,.-/,A(%@$X-5YZ(1@V(*&o154Pr+G5(CD?=A(nEF-HG5(*&)(C,SID?-5+>=.4J15D?# QnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ K

KQC}\9;-/,.-9S(C$x(*+>V(*+>YZhOB5D?-/$X6i154R‹Š@Œ5^ Ž &),A(CD7&<0<4J,.0<+>B3=A,AD`W>YZ,.WD.( QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ K

KQ [y7(C$x(C,.0),.0<G5(n$X-/,A,A(CD?+i0N+FR‹Š@Œ5^

Ž

&),A(CD!&<0)4L,.0<+Bu=A,AD?W>YZ,.WD?( QnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ KŒ

KQ*{ 0<$l(*&N0<+(*VR‹Š@Œ5^ Ž &),A(CD!&<0)4L,.0<+Bu-/D?Y?6>0<,A(*YZ,.WD.( QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ K•

KQ 9;-/,.-9S(C$x(*+>V(*+>YZhOB5D?-/$X6i154R‹Š@Œ5^70<+G5(CD?=A(:8p-*G5(*&)(C, Ž &),A(CD&<0<4J,.0<+>B3=A,AD`W>YZ,.WD.( Q:QnQ M/}

KQLK y7(C$x(C,.0),.0<G5(n$X-/,A,A(CD?+i0N+FR‹Š@Œ5^0<+G5(CD?=A(n8p-*G5(*&<(C,

Ž

(9)

KQM 0<$l(*&N0<+(*VR‹Š@Œ5^ Ž &),A(CD!&<0)4L,.0<+Bu-/D?Y?6>0<,A(*YZ,.WD.(n4L15D0<+G5(CD?=A(:8p-*G5(*&)(C,S,AD?-5+>=.4J15D?#€QnQ:QnQ M5{

M@Q p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154

z

12&<W>#M+„D?1@YZ(*=.=?0<+Bu$X-/D.,7154PmE\ 6X-/D?V8p-/D.(n#%1V(*&\QnQ:QnQ M

M@Q{ „ W>=.(*V",A1’B5(*+(CD?-/,A(D.(*-5V -5+>V 87D?0),A((*+>-/kX&)(y=.0)B2+>-5&N=M4L15DO,.6>(0<+,A(CD?#%(*V>0N-/,A(

#%(*#%15D?hOk'-5+ab0<+i,.6({/9! IE\ 6>-/D`V8q-/D?(SQQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ M5•

M@Q p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154 y1H8 D.1YZ(*=.=.0<+B%$'-/D.,154 IE\ 6>-/D?V8p-/D.(n#%1V(*& QQnQnQ:QnQ M5Š

M@QNK [0)D?=A,70)$x(*&<0<+(S=A,.-/B5(j0N+,.6(9E\ #%1V>W>&<(yQQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 5{

M@QM @(*YZ12+>V0)$x(*&<0N+(!=A,.-/B5(30<+,.6(n9E\K#%1@VXW>&)(SQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

M@Q 76>0<D?V0)$x(*&<0<+>(S=A,.-/B5(j0<+,.6(9E\ #M1@V>WX&)( QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 1K

M@QŒ 12WD?,.60<$l(*&N0<+(!=.,.-/B5(j0<+,.6(j9E #%1V>W>&)(bQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 6M

M@Q• [0)4L,.6i0)$x(*&<0N+(!=A,.-/B5(30<+,.6(97E #%1@VXW>&)(QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

M@QŠ 0ˆ],.6d0<$l(*&N0<+(;=A,.-/B5(0<+d,.6>(n9E #%1V>W>&)( QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ

M@QC} @(CG5(*+,.60)$x(*&<0<+(;=A,.-/B5(0<+i,.6(n9E\ #%1V>W>&)( QnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 2Œ

M@Q “;W,A$'W,7=A,.-/B5(j0N+,.6(n9E\ #%1V>W>&)( QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ 2Œ

M@Q*{ p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154 y1H8 D.1YZ(*=.=.0<+B%$'-/D.,154[.mE\–6>-/D?V>8q-/D.(n#M1@V(*&gQQnQnQ:QnQ 5•

M@Q „ W>=.(*V",A1’B5(*+(CD?-/,A(D.(*-5V -5+>V 87D?0),A((*+>-/kX&)(y=.0)B2+>-5&N=M4L15DO,.6>(0<+,A(CD?#%(*V>0N-/,A(

#%(*#%15D?hOk'-5+ab0<+i,.6({/9!‰.mE\ 6X-/D?V8p-/D.( QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ‡}

M@QLK p&)1Y.adV>0<-/B5D?-5# 154

z

12&<W>#M+„D?1@YZ(*=.=?0<+Bu$X-/D.,7154{/9!‰.E 6>-/D?V8p-/D.(n#%1V(*&gQnQ Œ

M@QM [0)D?=A,70)$x(*&<0<+(S=A,.-/B5(j0N+,.6(nr9E #%1V>W>&)( QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ K

M@Q–@(*YZ12+>V0)$x(*&<0N+(!=A,.-/B5(30<+,.6(:r9E\ #%1V>W>&)( QnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ?M

M@QHŒ 76>0<D?V0)$x(*&<0<+>(S=A,.-/B5(j0<+,.6(nr9E\ #%1V>W>&)(~QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ

M@Q*• 12WD?,.60<$l(*&N0<+(!=.,.-/B5(j0<+,.6(9E\ #M1@V>WX&)( QnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ5Œ

M@Q*Š [0)4L,.6i0)$x(*&<0N+(!=A,.-/B5(30<+,.6(nr9E\ #%1V>W>&<( QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ/•

M@Q{/} 0ˆ],.6d0<$l(*&N0<+(;=A,.-/B5(0<+d,.6>(:9E\ #M1@V>WX&)( QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ/•

M@Q{ “@(CG5(*+,.60)$x(*&<0<+(;=A,.-/B5(0<+i,.6(:97E #%1@VXW>&)(uQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ/Š

M@Q{5{–;W,A$'W,7=A,.-/B5(j0N+,.6(:97E #%1@VXW>&)( QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ Œ/Š

@Q SD?0<B20<+>-5&*{5•w] *{5•bYZ12W$X&<(5Q,.0ˆ‘ Q:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •

@Q{ {/9!‰mE\KV(*YZ12#%$x12=.0),.0)12+154[YZ12W$X&<(5Q,.0ˆ‘ QnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •5{

@Q y7(*YZ12+X=A,AD?W>YZ,A(*V0<#M-/B5(n154YZ12W$X&<(5Q,.0ˆ‘ QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •

@QNK SD?0<B20<+>-5&*{5• *{5•b&)(*+>-QB20<4 QQ:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •

@QM {/9!‰mE\KV(*YZ12#%$x12=.0),.0)12+154[&)(*+>-QB20<4 QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •1K

@Q y7(*YZ12+X=A,AD?W>YZ,A(*V0<#M-/B5(n154&)(*+>-QB20<4FQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •1K

@QŒ SD?0<B20<+>-5&*{5• *{5•(*&<-50<+>(5Q,.0ˆ‘ Q:QnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •6M

@Q• {/9!‰mE\KV(*YZ12#%$x12=.0),.0)12+154P(*&<-50<+>(5Q,.0ˆ‘ QnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ •6M

(10)

@ (

{@Q 8q1O@(C,.=154 OI0<+(*-/D76X-5=A( p0)15D.,.615B512+X-5&ƒEF-*G5(*&)(C, [0<&),A(CD z 1(C‚YC0<(*+,.=€QnQnQ:QnQ {5{

KQ SD?V>(CD7154P0N+$XW,V>-/,.-%(*&<(*#%(*+,.=0<+C9!9E K154[+WX#kx(CD?= :,A1 QnQ:QQnQnQ:QnQ KŠ

@Q -‡]0<#3W># „D.D.15Db4J15D0<#M-/B5(*=bV(*YZ12#%$x12=A(*V -5+>V“D?(*YZ12+>=A,AD?W>YZ,A(*V W>=.0<+>BF,.6(i$>D?1/

(11)

"!

76(d&<-/,A,A(CDM$'-/D.,u154!,.6({/}/,.6"YZ(*+,.WD?hfk>D?12WB26,%-/kx12W,%-D.(CG512&<W>,.0)12+ 0<+’,.6(d8p-*he,.6(

8q15D?&<ViYZ12#M#3W>+>0NYC-/,A(*VƒQqI(*&)(*#%(*VX0<YC0<+(:W>=A(*=,.6(n,A(*Y`6>+12&)15B20<YC-5&P-5VG/-5+>YZ(*=0N+d,A(*&)(*YZ12#M#3W>+>0<YC-/,.0<12+>=

,A1u,.6(;-5VG‡-5+,.-/B5(;154s6(*-5&),.6O$>D?154J(*=.=?0)12+>-5&<=CQP,q-5&<=.136(*&<$X=„,A13$>D.1wG@0<V>(kx(C,A,A(CD6(*-5&),.6YC-/D.(;=A(CD.G0<YZ(*=

,A1,.6(uYZ12+>=.W>#%(CD`=CQSI(*&)(*#%(*VX0<YC0<+(nD?(*cW>0<D.(*=,.6>(j,AD?-5+X=A4J(CD;154VX0<-/B2+12=A,.0<Yj0<+4L15D?#M-/,.0)12+y=.W>Y`6-5= !

D?-Hh@=C'YZ12#%$XW,A(*VD?-5VX0)15B5D?-/$X6hb(C,.YW>=.0<+B3,.6(:(Z]0<=A,.0<+>Bu+>(C,8q15D.a@0N+BM0<+4LD?-5=A,AD?WXYZ,.WD.(5Q„G5(*+d,.6>12WB26

V>0)D?(*YZ,;-HG‡-50N&<-/kX0<&<0<,h154p#%(*V>0NYC-5&0<#M-/B5(*=n0<+V>0<B20),.0C(*V4L15D?#†0<=:+15,n-d$XD.15kX&)(*#dx,.6(M&N-/D.B5(M-5#%12W>+,

154V>-/,.-f$>D.(*=.(*+,-5+>V ,.6(y=.,AD?0<+B5(*+,bc@W>-5&<0),mh D.(*c@W>0)D.(*#%(*+,.=b$l12=.(-’#M-wvr15Dkx15,A,.&)(Z+(*Y?a"0<+ ,.6(

80<V>(*=A$>D.(*-5V%W>=.(154l,A(*&<(*#%(*V>0<YC0<+>(5QP!(*+>YZ(5,.6X0<=„+(*YZ(*=.=?0),.-/,A(*=„D.(*=.(*-/D?Y?6,A1jV(CG5(*&)15$b+(C8"-5&)B515D?0<,.6>#M=

15D7,A10N#%$>D.1wG5(n,.6(:(Z]0<=A,.0<+BM-5&<B515D?0),.6>#M=p,A1b#%(C(C,7,.6(*=A(D.(*cWX0)D.(*#%(*+,.=CQ

@(CG5(CD?-5&P#%(C,.61V>=!,A1-5Y`6>0)(CG5(%&)12=.=.hi-5+>V&<12=.=.&)(*=.=S0<#M-/B5(uYZ12#%$>D?(*=.=.0)12+>=!6>-*G5(ukx(C(*+$>D.1/

$x12=A(*VƒQOo12=.=.hO,A(*Y`6>+>0<c@W(*=7-/D?(j+15,S-5YCYZ(C$>,.-/kX&)(30<+d,A(*&)(*#%(*VX0<YC0<+(n-5=,.6(Chi#M0)B26,&)(*-5V,A1(CD.D.15D`=70<+

V>0<-/B2+>12=.0<=CQEOs12=.=.&)(*=.=S,A(*Y`6>+>0<c@W(*=;6(*&)$0<+-5YCYCWD?-/,A(MV>0N-/B2+12=.0<=SkXW,SD.(*=.WX&),!0<+6>0<B26(CDSYZ12=.,.=nV>W(3,A1

,.6(*0)D!+(C(*Vd4L15D!6>0)B26>(CDkX0),D?-/,A(*=CQq(*+XYZ(5'-5+d15$>,.0N#jW># =A12&<W,.0)12+d=?612W>&<V$>D?1HG0<V(:&)12=.=.&<(*=.=7c@W>-5&<0),mh

0<+~,.6(bV>0N-/B2+12=A,.0<YC-5&<&<h0N#%$x15D.,.-5+,D.(CB20)12+>=j86>0<&<(%(*+>YZ1@VX0<+Bi15,.6(CDu$x15D.,.0)12+X=:1547,.6(O0<#M-/B5(bWX=.0<+B

&)12=.=.hOYZ12#%$XD.(*=.=.0)12+oQ

E(M#jWX=A,;a@+1w8 ,.6(u4UW>+>V>-5#%(*+,.-5&<=;154q0<#M-/B5(MYZ1V>0<+BO,A1i=A,.W>Vh,.6(uD.(CB20)12+154p0<+,A(CD.(*=A,

(12)

YZ12#%$>D?(*=.=.0)12+ƒQ„qzK{/}5}5}u0<=,.6(:&<-/,A(*=A,p0<#M-/B5(:YZ12#%$>D?(*=.=.0)12+O=A,.-5+>V>-/D`VbV(CG5(*&<15$l(*Vbk@hM,.6(:2pz

YZ12#M#M0<,A,A(C(5Q76>0<=Y?6>-/$X,A(CDqkx(CB20<+X=„k@hM(Z]-5#0<+>0<+B,.6(SVX0ˆ‘l(CD?(*+,q=A,.-/B5(*=0<+M,.6>(;qzK{/}5}5}uYZ1V(*Y/

-5+>Vy,.6(*+W>=A(*=;,.6>(*=A(%YZ12+>YZ(C$>,.=;,A1d(*=A,.-/kX&N0<=.6y-bB5(*+>(CD?-5&[4JD`-5#%(C815D?ai4J15D:,.6>(u=.,.W>Vhi154„,.6>(3D?(CB20)12+

1540<+,A(CD.(*=A,7YZ1V>0<+B%-5&)B515D?0<,.6># W>=A(*Vd-5=,.6(nkX-5=?0<=p154I,.6X0<=,.6(*=.0N=CQ

6n "q0&/q

2qz {/}5}5}F1/‘x(CD?=M=.(CG5(CD?-5&+(C8…4L(*-/,.WD.(*=-5+>V“0<#%$XD.1HG5(*#%(*+,.=%1wG5(CD,.6(d12&<V>(CD2pz

=A,.-5+>VX-/D?VƒQ q(*=.0NV(*=o=.W$X$l15D?,.0<+Bkx15,.6n&<12=.=.&)(*=.=ƒ-5+XVn&)12=.=Ah;YZ12#%$>D?(*=.=.0)12+ƒ‡2pz {/}5}5}!1/‘l(CD?=s=.W$x(CD?0)15D

$x(CD.4L15D?#M-5+>YZ(u(CG5(*+F-/,n&)1w8 kX0),SD?-/,A(*=CQu,n6>-5=;B51@1@V(CD.D?15D:D.(*=.0<&<0<(*+>YZ(j$XD.15$x(CD.,.0)(*=Cx,.6@W>=n#M-/a0<+B0),

W>=A(C4UW>&@0<+j+,A(CD?+(C,-5+>Vu#%15kX0N&)(-/$>$'&<0<YC-/,.0)12+>=*QP;+(q154X,.6(pa5(Chj4J(*-/,.WD?(*==.W$>$x15D.,A(*Vjkh32pz {/}5}5}

0<=,.6>(D.(CB20)12+1540<+,A(CD?(*=A,!YZ1V>0<+BM=?Y?6(*#%(j86>0<Y`6i-5&<&)1w8=7,.6>(nD.(CB20)12+>=154„0<+,A(CD.(*=A,0<+i,.6(j0<#-/B5(n,A1

kx(:D.(*YZ12+>=A,AD`W>YZ,A(*Vi-/,,.6>(:D.(*YZ(*0)G5(CD!=?0<V(;80),.6d&)12=?=.&)(*=.=c@W>-5&<0),mh5Q

2qz {/}5}5}30<=-n8p-*G5(*&)(C,q,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#kX-5=A(*VYZ1V(*Y!-5+>VM,.6(!G‡-/D`0)12W>=„=A,.-/B5(*=p0<+G512&)G5(*VO-/D.(

=.61w8+i0<+,.6>(:kX&)1Y.aV>0<-/B5D?-5#…B20<G5(*+i0<+ Ž B2W>D.( /Q/Q

Pre−processing

Uniform

Quantizer with

Dead zone

Embedded

Original

Image data

Compressed

Image data

Bit Stream

Organization

Discrete

Wavelet Transform

Block Coding

Rate Control

[0)B2WD.(/Q q&<1@Y?aVX0<-/B5D?-5#…1542qz {/}5}5}b+>YZ1V(CD

C

1 +135Z900

/

76(„D.(C$XD.1@YZ(*=?=.0<+By=A,.-/B5(d0<+’,.6(pz {/}5}5} z 1@V>(*YbYZ12+>=?0<=A,31547,.6D.(C(d=.Wk'=A,.-/B5(*=%-5=

=.61w8+i0<+,.6>(:kX&)1Y.aV>0<-/B5D?-5#…154

Ž

B2W>D.( /Q{@Q

(13)

Tiling

Level Offset

Irreversible

Color Transform

[0)B2WD.(/Q{ q„D.(Z‰$XD.1@YZ(*=?=.0<+B%=.Wk'=A,.-/B5(*=

1HG5(CD`&<-/$>$X0<+>B%,.0<&)(*=p154=.#M-5&<&<(CDq(*c@W>-5&o=?0C(*=CQ

0<+>YZ(u2qz|{/}5}5}iW>=A(*=;6>0<B26$X-5=?= Ž &),A(CD?0<+Bl,.6(%0<+$'W,!V>-/,.-=.6>12W>&<V6X-*G5(M-Vh+>-5#M0<Y

D?-5+B5(u-/D.12W>+XV C(CD.1Q:76@W>=7,.6>(3W>+X=.0)B2+(*Vi0N#M-/B5(jG/-5&<W(*=S6>-HG5(3,A1Okx(1/‘ƒ=A(C,;khi-OV>YG‡-5&<W>(,A1B5(C,

=.0)B2+>(*Vy0N+,A(CB5(CD?=:YZ(*+,A(CD.(*V-/D.12WX+>V C(CD.1Q 15Dn(Z]-5#%$X&<(5x0N+y-d•w‰kX0<,!B5D?-Hhy=?YC-5&)(%0<#M-/B5(5ƒ,.6(u$X0ˆ](*&<=

6>-HG5(SG/-5&<W(*=q0<+,.6(D?-5+>B5(S}

{6M6MORU}:{

H^`Qr+,.6>(!$>D?(Z‰$>D.1YZ(*=.=.0<+Bj=A,.-/B5(5>-5&<&>,.6>(!G/-5&<W(*=q-/D.(

1/‘ƒ=A(C,7k@h

*{5•MR

{ *^`Q76@W>=-/4L,A(CD!&)(CG5(*&o1/‘x=A(C,!,.6(:$X0ˆ](*&xG/-5&<W(*=7-/D.(n0N+,.6(nD?-5+B5(

*{5• *{2ŒQ

z

12&)15D0<#M-/B5(*=-/D?(nYZ12#M#%12+>&)hD.(C$>D.(*=A(*+,A(*Vd0<+O,.6( y7z 4J15D`#M-/,-5+>VdYZ12+>=.0<=.,154 3YZ12#u

$x12+(*+,!$X&N-5+(*=Cx12+(u(*-5Y?6F0N+D?(*VƒxB5D.(C(*+-5+>VykX&<W(5Q:-5Y?6FYZ12#%$x12+(*+,;$X&<-5+(u0<=!$X-5=.=A(*V,.6>D.12WB26

,.6(8p-*G5(*&)(C,,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?# -5+XVu,.6(7D.(*=.WX&),.=[-/D.(YZ12#%$>D?(*=.=A(*VM=A(C$'-/D?-/,A(*&)h5Q[m4l,.6(7YZ12&)15Dq0<#M-/B5(70<=[D?(C$>D.(Z

=A(*+,A(*Vi0<+,A(CD?#=154P0<, =0<&<&<W>#0<+>-5+>YZ(R^„-5+XVdY?6D.12#0<+>-5+>YZ(:YZ12#%$x12+(*+,.=HRz D*z kl^`,.6(n=A,.-/,.0<=.,.0<YC-5&

V(C$x(*+>V(*+XYZ(Okx(C,m8(C(*+“-5V/vA-5YZ(*+,%$X0ˆ](*&<=u0<=uB5D.(*-/,A(CD-5+XVe,.6(i0<#M-/B5(iYC-5+ kx(YZ12#%$>D.(*=?=A(*V kx(C,A,A(CD*Q

76(CD?(C4J15D.(S0<+2pz {/}5}5}X,.6( y7z YZ12#%$x12+(*+,.=154I-jYZ12&)15D0<#-/B5(S-/D.(S,AD?-5+>=.4J15D?#M(*V,A1 z D z k

YZ12#%$x12+(*+,.=7k@hOWX=.0<+B%-5+i0)D?D.(CG5(CD?=.0)k'&)(SYZ12&<15D7,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#dQ

8

'Q"a!*9;%< '

/

b?>

2qz:{/}5}5}yW>=A(*=j,.6(8p-*G5(*&<(C,3,AD`-5+>=A4L15D?# ,A1V(*YZ12#%$x12=A(O,.6(bVX-/,.-0<+F,.6(O0N#M-/B5(b0<+,A1

=.WkXkX-5+>V>=CQP76(*=A(!=.Wk>kX-5+XV>=[YC-5+Mkx(7YZ1@V>(*V#%15D.((C‚YC0)(*+,.&)hu,.6>-5+%,.6(715D`0)B20<+>-5&V>-/,.-jV>W(,A1j,.6(*0)D

=A,.-/,.0<=.,.0<YC-5&$>D.15$x(CD.,.0<(*=CQPG5(*+%,.612WB26M,.6(78p-*G5(*&)(C,,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?# W>=.(*V%kh%2qz–{/}5}5}j0<=12+(7VX0<#%(*+

=.0)12+X-5&7R C997E !^j0<++X-/,.WD.(5P8(M15kX,.-50<+F-d,m81yV>0<#%(*+>=?0)12+>-5&[V>0<=.YZD?(C,A(%8q-HG5(*&)(C,j,AD`-5+>=A4L15D?#R‹{/9!

9E\!^Sk@hy-/$X$X&)h0<+B,.6>( C997E |-5YZD.12=.=:,.6>(%D.1H8=-5+>VYZ12&<W>#M+X=!154q,.6(M0<#-/B5(M-5=n-$>D.1V>W>YZ,

=A(C$X-/D`-/kX&)(:,AD?-5+>=.4J15D?#iQ

- W W 8 % z;0<G5(*+n-7=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(‰H8q(YC-5+n15kX,.-50<+:,.6( C9!9E\’kh

Ž

&),A(CD?0N+Bq-5+XVn=.WkX=?-5#%$X&<0<+>B

-5=V>(C$X0<YZ,A(*VF0<+ Ž B2WD.( /Q@Qd76(M0N+$XW,:V>-/,.-0<=n0<+>0<,.0<-5&<&)h Ž &<,A(CD.(*VFW>=.0N+Bd-5+~-5+>-5&)h=.0<= Ž &),A(CDnkX-5+>a

(14)

=.Wk'=.-5#%$X&)(*Vyk@hy-i4L-5YZ,A15Dj154{d,A1iB20)G5(w} -5+>V} ‰I,.6(M&<1H8 $X-5=?=n-5+>VF6>0<B26$X-5=.=n=.W>k>kX-5+>V

=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(*=D.(*=A$x(*YZ,.0)G5(*&)h5Q

w}

{

R /QH^

}

{

R /Q{2^

76(%=.Wk'=.-5#%$X&<0N+Bb6(*&<$X=;,A1#M-50<+,.-50<+,.6(b=.-5#%$X&)(uD?-/,A(bYZ12+>=A,.-5+,CQb76@W>=;,.6(%4L15D.8p-/D?V

V>0<=?YZD.(C,A(u8q-HG5(*&)(C,n,AD?-5+>=.4J15D?# RU97E !^:V(*YZ12#%$x12=A(*=:-C9 =A(*c@W(*+>YZ(%,A1dB20)G5(%,m81=.(*cW(*+XYZ(*=;80),.6

6>-5&)4I,.6(+@W>#jkl(CD154P,.6(=?-5#%$X&)(*=0<+,.6>(n15D?0)B20<+X-5&ƒ=A(*cW>(*+>YZ(5Q

2

2

s0[n]

low pass output

high pass output

x[n]

low pass g[n]

high pass h[n]

d0[n]

P0<B2WD.(/Q C9!9E\ @,AD?W>YZ,.WD?(

7 W W 8 % r+2qz {/}5}5}@,.6>(+WX#kx(CD154ƒ&)(CG5(*&<=154x,.6(S{/997E $x(CD.4L15D?#%(*VM0<=0<#%$X&)(*#M(*+,.-‡

,.0)12+jV(C$x(*+>V(*+,CQ [0)B2WD.( /QNK;=.61w8=o,.6>( Ž &),A(CDskX-5+a:=A,AD?W>YZ,.W>D.(W>=A(*V0<+:(*-5Y?6u&)(CG5(*&154,.6($@hD`-5#M0<V>-5&

V(*YZ12#%$x12=.0<,.0)12+154-5+i0<#M-/B5(5Q6(

Ž

&),A(CD?= I-5+>V P-/D.(n12+(VX0<#%(*+>=.0<12+>-5&

Ž

&),A(CD?=CQ

E(bB5(C,u4L12WDu=.Wk>kX-5+XV>=R$O#OOsjO!:^4JD?12#€12+(&)(CG5(*&1547,.6({/997E :Q„6(;OO

=.WkXkX-5+>VdYZ12+,.-50<+>=7,.6>(&)1H8K&)(CG5(*&oV(C,.-50N&<=154[,.6(0<#-/B5(5Qr+d,.6(+>(Z]@,&<(CG5(*&‹>,.6(u{/997E K154[,.6(

O#Of=.Wk>k'-5+>V0<=p15k>,.-50<+(*V-5+>Vd,.6>0<=0N=D.(C$x(*-/,A(*Vi0<+(*-5Y`6=.WXYCYZ(C(*V>0<+BM&)(CG5(*&‰Q

#' / Z'\ /

(15)

g[n]

Image

LL

HL

LH

HH

COLUMNS

ROWS

h[n]

2

2

2

2

2

2

h[n]

g[n]

h[n]

g[n]

(16)

,AD?-5+>=.4J15D?# -/D?(icW>-5+,.0C(*V W>=?0<+B-W>+>0)4L15D?# cW>-5+,.0C(CDM8!0),.6eV(*-5V C12+(5Qe+e(*-5Y`6"=.W>k>kX-5+>Vfko

-5&<&,.6>(YZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=b-/D.(cW>-5+,.0C(*V W>=.0<+BF-~kX-5=.0<Yd=.,A(C$ =.0C(ZQ 6(c@W>-5+,.0C(CDb=A,A(C$ =.0C(i4L15D

-$X-/D.,.0<YCW>&N-/Dj=.WkXkX-5+>VF0<=jY?612=.(*+’V>(C$l(*+XV>0<+Bd12+’,.6(O=.0)B2+>0Ž YC-5+>YZ(1547,.6>(b=.WkXkX-5+>VF0<+f,.6( Ž +>-5&

D.(*YZ12+>=.,AD?W>YZ,.0)12+154q,.6(%0<#M-/B5(5Q% !4J,A(CDY`61@12=.0<+B,.6(Mc@W>-5+,.0C(CDn=A,A(C$~=.0C(5ƒ,.6(McWX-5+,.0*-/,.0<12+D?W>&)(

B20)G5(*+i0N+(*cW>-/,.0<12+ /Q%0<=-/$>$X&<0)(*VO,A1M(*-5Y`6YZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,!0<+,.6X-/,=.Wk>k'-5+>V

Rx^ Rƒ^ R /Q2^

86(CD?( y0N=,.6(j0N+$XW,YZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,C70N=,.6(jc@W>-5+,.0C(CD!=.,A(C$=.0C(5 >0<=,.6(-/k'=A12&<W,A(jG‡-5&<W>(:154 s

Rx^n0<=:,.6(b=.0)B2+F154p,.6(bYZ1(C‚YC0<(*+,sD?(C$>D.(*=A(*+,.=n,.6(b&<-/D.B5(*=A,30<+,A(CB5(CD3&)(*=.=,.6>-5+ e-5+>V

R ƒ^[0<=,.6>(712W,A$XW,154x,.6(7c@W>-5+,.0C(CD*Q76(7V>(*-5VC12+(c@W>-5+,.0C(CD=.,AD?W>YZ,.WD.(70N=-5==.61w8+M0<+

Ž

B2WD.(

/QM@Q

t

!

t

!"

u

"

t

[0)B2WD?(/QM TS+>0)4L15D?#…cWX-5+,.0C(CD80),.6dV(*-5V C12+>(

76(7c@W>-5+,.0*-/,.0)12+%D?-5+>B5(-/D.12W>+>V}n0<=„{86X0<Y?6M0N=YC-5&<&)(*V%,.6(!V(*-5VC12+(5Q 15D(Z]-5#M$X&)(5

&)(C,

5{$#1Ki-5+>Vyc@W>-5+,.0C(CDS=A,A(C$=.0C(jkx( C}ƒ,.6>(*+

Rx^

5{$#1K% C}

@Q: !+hdG/-5&<W(

154kx(C,8q(C(*+d C}-5+>V& C}%4U-5&<&<=0N+,.6(V(*-5V C12+>(nB20)G0<+Bu,.6(c@W>-5+,.0C(CD712W,A$XW>,7}Q

D > ) !22+92 *35' G324/

;+(;154[,.6(n#%12=A,!0<#%$x15D.,.-5+,q$XD.15$x(CD.,.0)(*=p154P,.6(n8p-*G5(*&)(C,!,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#…0<=p,.6>-/,,.6(n(*+(CD.B5h

$>D.(*=.(*+,:0<+,.6(%0<+$XW>,!=.0)B2+X-5&P0N=!W>=?W>-5&<&)hiYZ12#%$'-5YZ,A(*VF0<+y-G5(CD.h=.#-5&<&I+@W>#jkx(CDS1548q-HG5(*&)(C,nYZ1@(C‚%

YC0)(*+,.=CQ„76>0N=YZ12#%$X-5YZ,.0<12+154o(*+(CD.B5hYC-5+Ok>D`0<+Bj-/kx12W,q-u&<-/D.B5(;V(CB5D.(C(S154sYZ12#%$>D.(*=?=.0)12+O0)4ƒ8(:YZ1V(

12+>&)h,.6(%6>0)B26(*+(CD.B5hYZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=CQ6(3VX0<=.-5VG/-5+,.-/B5(u154,.6>0<=S#%(C,.61Vy0N=!,.6X-/,S,.6>(3$x12=.0<,.0)12+154

(17)

W,.0<&N0C(S-%=?0)B2+>0Ž YC-5+,p$x15D.,.0)12+154P,.6(:kX0),qD?-/,A(5Qqpz”{/}5}5}W>=A(*=-%#M(C,.61@Via@+1w8+d-5=(*#jkx(*V>V(*V

kX&)1Y.aYZ1V>0<+Bu,A1&)1w8(CD!,.6(YZ12=A,154P(*+XYZ1@V>0N+Bu,.6(n=.0)B2+>0Ž YC-5+,7YZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,7$x12=.0),.0<12+ HŒ‰Q

+2qz {/}5}5}>(*-5Y?6dc@W>-5+,.0C(*VO=.Wk>kX-5+XV0<=k>D.15a5(*+OV1H8!+O0N+,A1u+12+b1HG5(CD?&<-/$X$X0<+BjD.(*YZ,r

-5+B2&)(*=„154X(*c@W>-5&>=.0C(p80<,.636>(*0)B26,„-5+XVu80<V,.63(*c@W>-5&,A1n,.6(p$x1H8q(CD?=154ƒ{%RL(CB 1K 1K^`Q„76>(*=A(7+12+

1HG5(CD`&<-/$>$X0<+>BD.(*YZ,.-5+B2&<(*=S-/D?(3YC-5&<&<(*VYZ1V(k'&)1@Y?a@=*Q!-5Y`6YZ1@V(3kX&)1Y.ai0N=7,.6(*+y(*+>YZ1V(*Vy=A(C$X-/D?-/,A(*&)h

W>=.0N+Bb,.6>(%(*#kx(*V>V(*Vk'&)1@Y?aYZ1V>0<+Bd-5&)B515D`0),.6>#t(Z]@$'&<-50<+(*V0<+ C}‰Q3r+,.6>0<=:-5&)B515D?0<,.6>#dƒ(*-5Y?6~kX0),

$X&<-5+>(30<+y-YZ1@V>(jkX&<1@Y?a0<=S(*+>YZ1V(*V0<+,.6>D.(C(%=.WkykX0),S$X&<-5+(3$X-5=.=A(*=;0<+X=A,A(*-5Vy154=.0<+B2&<(j$X-5=?=CQ:76(

=A(C,7154[,.6D?(C(n$X-5=.=A(*=B5(*+(CD?-/,A(*=S-5+i(*#jkx(*V>V(*ViYZ1V(n4L15D7(*-5Y?6kX0),$'&<-5+(:154[,.6(YZ1V(nkX&<1@Y?a-5+XVi0<=

YZ12#%$>D?(*=.=A(*V~WX=.0<+Bi-iYZ12+,A(Z],uV>(C$l(*+XV(*+,:k'0<+>-/D.h-/D?0),.6>#M(C,.0<Yu(*+>YZ1V(CD*Q76WX=n(*#jkl(*VXV(*VFYZ1V(*=

B5(*+(CD?-/,A(*VOk@hM=A(CG5(CD?-5&lYZ1@V>(kX&)1Y.a=4J15D(*-5Y?6kX0),$X&<-5+(74L15D?#,.6(!c@W>-5&<0),mh%&<-*h5(CD?=*Q„-5Y?6-5V>VX0),.0)12+>-5&

&<-Hh5(CD!0<#%$XD.1HG5(*=,.6>(cWX-5&<0),hb154[,.6(n0<#M-/B5(nD?(*YZ12+>=A,AD?W>YZ,A(*V-/,7,.6(:D.(*YZ(*0<G5(CD!=.0<V>(5Q

WH!5Z32+

/

76(d2qzt{/}5}5}V(*YZ1V(CDMV1@(*=j,.6>(b15$>$x12=.0<,A(b154!,.6(d-5YZ,.0)12+>=uV12+(k@hF,.6((*+>YZ1V(CD*

B20)G0<+Bf,.6(D.(*YZ12+,AD`W>YZ,A(*V–0<#M-/B5(80),.6 &)12=.=.(*=b15Dd8!0),.612W,O&)12=.=A(*=V(C$x(*+>V>0N+BF12+ ,.6((*+>YZ1V>0<+B

=.Y`6(*#%(y4J12&<&<1H8q(*VƒQ 76(yYZ1@V(*=.,AD.(*-5# -/,,.6(yD.(*YZ(*0)G5(CD=.0<V(0<=M$X-5=?=A(*V",.6>D.12WB26“,.6>(y-/D?0<,.6>#%(C,.0<Y

V(*YZ1V(CD*„0<+G5(CD?=A(c@W>-5+,.0C(CD*„0<+G5(CD?=A(O8q-HG5(*&)(C,%,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#g-5+>Ve0<+G5(CD?=A(YZ12&)15Du,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?# kX&)1Y.a=CQ

76(D?(*YZ12+>=A,AD?W>YZ,A(*V0<#M-/B5(#M-Hh3+>15,„kx(p&<12=.=.&)(*=.=*QP76>(7&)12=.=A(*=-/D.(!0<+,AD?1@V>WXYZ(*Vukh3,.6(7c@W>-5+,.0*-/,.0)12+

154[,.6(:8p-*G5(*&)(C,SYZ1(C‚YC0<(*+,.=CQ

%$l @l%&, @ q5$ -16n

2qz {/}5}5}n-5&<&)1w8=[YZ(CD.,.-50<+3D.(CB20)12+X=I154',.6(0<#M-/B5(528!6>0<Y?63-/D.(p154'0N+,A(CD.(*=.,P,A1:,.6>(D.(*YZ(*0<G5(CD

,A1ekx(YZ1V(*V 80),.6“B5D?(*-/,A(CDicW>-5&N0),h ,.6>-5+ ,.6(ykX-5Y?aB5D.12WX+>V\0<#M-/B5(5Q”76>0<=O0<=b(*=A$x(*YC0<-5&<&)h W>=A(C4UW>&

0<+f-/$>$X&<0<YC-/,.0<12+>=n&<0)a5(,A(*&)(*#%(*V>0<YC0N+(5P=?-/,A(*&<&<0),A(O0<#M-/B5(CD.h(C,.Y/Q6(CD.(b-/D?(,8q1,h@$x(*=154 y(CB20)12+~154

r+,A(CD.(*=.,R y;A^IYZ1V>0<+BQP+3kx15,.63,h@$x(*=[154'YZ1V>0<+B5,.6(p8p-*G5(*&)(C,YZ1(C‚YC0<(*+,.=YZ15D.D?(*=A$x12+>V>0<+B!,A1:,.6(

y7Sp#jW>=.,kl(n0NV(*+,.0 Ž (*Vd-5+>VdYZ1V(*Vi,A16X-*G5(nkx(C,A,A(CD!c@W>-5&<0<,h,.6X-5+d,.6(nkX-5Y?aB5D?12W>+>ViYZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=CQ

'\ 5

P .

76>(MD.(CB20)12+>=1540<+,A(CD?(*=A,j-/D.(OV( Ž +(*VFkh,.6(OW>=A(CD-/,j,.6(,.0<#M(M154(*+

YZ1V>0<+BQ„76>(:8q-HG5(*&)(C,SYZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=YZ15D?D.(*=A$x12+>V>0<+>Bj,A1b,.6>0<=pD.(CB20)12+-/D.(0<V(*+,.0Ž (*Vk@hW>=.0<+B%-Ry7S

#M-5=AalQ„ S&<&l,.6(nYZ1(C‚bYC0)(*+,.=YZ12+,AD?0<kXW,.0<+B3,A1%,.6(n0<+G5(CD?=A(;8p-*G5(*&)(C,,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?# 154P,.6( y;q6>-HG5(:,A1

(18)

[0)B2WD.(/QMV(*#%12+>=A,AD`-/,A(*=&)12=.=?&)(*=.=py7Sp#M-5=AaB5(*+(CD?-/,.0)12+oQ

ROI in the original image

ROI Mask after 2 levels of DWT

[0)B2W>D.(/Q y7S#M-5=AaOB5(*+(CD?-/,.0)12+

76(*=A( y7SYZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=q-/D?(;=?YC-5&)(*VbYZ12#M$X-/D.(*VO,A1u,.6(SYZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=q4J15Dp,.6(SkX-5Y?aB5D.12WX+>VƒQ

76@W>=,.6(kX0),.=-5=.=A1YC0<-/,A(*V80),.6%,.6(*=.(#y7SPYZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=q-/D.(7$X&<-5YZ(*V0<+M6>0)B26>(CDkX0),$X&<-5+>(*=CQP6(kX0),

$X&<-5+>(*=-/D.(S,AD?-5+>=.#0),A,A(*V15D=A,A15D?(*V4LD.12# ,.6(S6X0)B26(*=A,,A1j,.6(;&)1w8(*=A,CQ(*+>YZ(;V>WD`0<+B:,.6(;V(*YZ1V>0<+B

-/,,.6>(MD.(*YZ(*0)G5(CD*P,.6(Ly;;0N=nV(*YZ1V(*VFkx(C4L15D.(M0),.=nk'[email protected]>+>Vf0<+D.(*=A12&NW,.0)12+-5+>VfcW>-5&N0),h5QO76(

,8q1b#M(C,.61@VX=p154[=?YC-5&<0<+B%=.WB5B5(*=.,A(*V-/D.( :! P =.YC-5&<0<+>Bu-5+XVdB5(*+(CD?-5&o=?YC-5&<0<+BQ

+ n! [ =.YC-5&<0N+B„,.6(_y7SYZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=M-/D.(d=.YC-5&)(*VeW$ek@hkX0),3$X&<-5+(*=3=.W>Y`6

,.6>-/,7,.6>(&)(*-5=A,=?0)B2+>0Ž YC-5+,pkX0),p4L15D,.6(y7SYZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=0<=76X0)B26(CD,.6>-5+d,.6>(#%12=A,7=.0<B2+>0Ž YC-5+,kX0),

154s,.6>(:[email protected]>+>VFR7zn^qYZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=CQ6(:V(*YZ1@V>(CD7YC-5+d=.YC-5&)(n-5&<& 7z”YZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=p8612=A(;G/-5&<W(

80<&N&[kl(b&)(*=.=:,.6>-5+f,.6(b,.6D.(*=.612&NVkhk'0),n$X&<-5+>(*=CQO6W>=n,.6(bV(*YZ1V(CD3V1(*=j+15,D?(*cW>0<D.(%,.6(

y7Sp#M-5=Aad0<+4L15D?#M-/,.0)12+oQ

+yB5(*+(CD`-5&P=?YC-5&<0<+Bx,.6(u8p-*G5(*&)(C,YZ1@(C‚YZ(*+,.=n0<V(*+,.0

Ž

(*Vk@hi,.6(Ny7S!#M-5=.a-/D.(%=.6>0)4L,A(*V

W$@8q-/D`V>=:k@hMkX0<,:$X&<-5+(*=CQb76(%G/-5&<W(%1540<=;(*+>YZ1V(*V~0N+,.6(MkX0),n=.,AD.(*-5#€-5+>V~0<=:W>=A(*Vk@h,.6(

(19)

#%(C,.61V>=D?(C4J(CD7,A1 C}‰ LK ‰Q

W / '>@5 P . 76(:D?(CB20)12+>=154[0<+,A(CD.(*=A,-/D.($l120N+,A(*V12W,khO,.6(YC&<0<(*+,7V>W>D?0<+B3,.6(

0<+,A(CD?-5YZ,.0)12+u80<,.6u,.6(=A(CD.G5(CD*Q76(=A(CD?G5(CDVh+>-5#M0<YC-5&<&<h:B5(*+(CD?-/,A(*=-5+XV%=A(*+>V>=-5V>VX0),.0)12+>-5&@&<-*h5(CD`=,A1

B20)G5(!kl(C,A,A(CDpc@W>-5&<0),mhu0N+M,.6(!D.(CB20)12+>=154o0<+,A(CD.(*=A,CQ !=$>D.(*=.(*+,A(*Vbkh •‰12+(S#%(C,.61V0<=,A13c@W>-5+,.0C(

,.6(8p-*G5(*&)(C,YZ1(C‚YC0<(*+,.=B5(*+>(CD?-/,A(*V-5+>Vu(*+XYZ1@V(p,.6(7YZ15D?D.(*=A$x12+>V>0<+>B!kX0<,I$X&N-5+(*=[80),.612W>,P-5+h y7S

=A$x(*YC0Ž YC-/,.0<12+>=CQ[E 6>(*+b,.6>(\y7Sq0<=D.(*cW>(*=A,A(*Vd-/,-5+hb$l120N+,pV>WD?0N+Bn,AD?-5+>=?#M0<=.=.0<12+ƒ-hy7S#-/D.a5(CD

0<+>VX0<YC-/,.0<+BO,.6(Ry7S;0<+>V(Z]-5+XVF#M-5=Aa0<=;0<+>=A(CD?,A(*V0<+,.6(%kX0),:=A,AD?(*-5#dQ%+X0),.0<-5&<&)h5x12+>&<h-$X-/D.,:154

,.6(3kX0),!$X&<-5+(*=!0<+(*-5Y`6=.Wk>kX-5+XV-/D.(u=A(*+,CQS !4J,A(CD;,.6(hy7S70<=!D.(*c@W(*=A,A(*Vƒx-5&<&I,.6(jk'0),$X&N-5+(*=74L15D

,.6(YZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=0N+,.6(y7S-/D.(n-/D?0),.6>#M(C,.0<YC-5&<&)hb(*+>YZ1@V>(*Vi-5+>Vi=A(*+,CQ

! ! !

y7SYZ1V>0<+By4J15D%W>=.(O0<+’#%(*V>0NYC-5&q0N#M-/B5(dYZ12#%$>D.(*=.=?0)12+~8p-5=u$>D.(*=.(*+,A(*Vek@h’W>+>B „1@12+

{/}‰Qr+,.6X0<=$XD.15$x12=A(*Vb=?Y?6(*#%(5-j$x12=A,q=.(CB2#%(*+,.-/,.0<12+d-/$>$>D.12-5Y`6b8p-5=pW>=A(*VƒQ„6(D.(CB20<12+b=.YC-5&N-/kX&)(

YZ1V>0<+BM8p-5=S-5Y?6>0)(CG5(*Vyk@hdW>=.0<+B,.6(j9;0<=.YZD?(C,A(EF-*G5(*&<(C,nsD?-5+X=A4J15D`# -5+>V=.W>YCYZ(*=.=.0<G5(jc@W>-5+,.0*-/,.0)12+

-5=qW>=A(*VM0<+b2pz {/}5}5}Q76(7,AD?-5+X=A4J15D`#%(*VM-5+>VbcW>-5+,.0C(*VbV>-/,.-n8p-5=$'-/D.,.0),.0)12+(*V0<+,A13=A(C,.=WX=.0<+B

,.6(S#%(C,.61VMB20)G5(*+O0<+ M ‰Q„ –=.(C,,.6@W>=YZ12+>=?0<=A,A(*Vb154o-n$X0ˆ](*&>0<+M,.6(!&)1w8(*=.,q=.W>k>kX-5+>V%-5+>VbY?6>0N&<VD.(*+

4LD.12#…,.6(nc@W>-5Vd,AD.(C(j=A,AD?W>YZ,.WD?(n-5==.61w8+i0<+

Ž

B2WD.( /QŒQ

76(:8p-*G5(*&)(C,:YZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=!0N+d(*-5Y?6y=A(C,8q(CD.(3=.YC-5+>+(*V0<+i#3W>&),.0)$X&<(S$'-5=.=A(*=WX=.0<+BM=.WXYCYZ(*=r

=.0)G5(*&<huV>(*YZD.(*-5=.0<+Bj,.6D.(*=.6>12&<V>=CQ[-5Y`6b$'-5=.=B5(*+>(CD?-/,A(*V-kX0<,„$X&<-5+(S-5+>VM,.6X0<=#%(C,.6>1@Vb154s=.W>YCYZ(*=?=.0)G5(

c@W>-5+,.0*-/,.0)12+ 0<=3=.0<#M0<&N-/D,A1,.6(d#%(C,.61VeV(*=.YZD?0<kl(*Vf0<+ M ‰Q~-5Y?6ekX0),3$X&<-5+>(O-5YZ,A(*V -5=%-&<-Hh5(CD

4L15D:,.6(%YZ15D.D.(*=A$x12+>V>0N+Bb=A(C,CQ [0)B2WD.( /Q•0<&<&<WX=A,AD?-/,A(*=;-5+y(Z]-5#%$'&)(u154B5(*+(CD?-/,.0N+BdkX0),S$X&<-5+(*=!4LD.12#

-B20)G5(*+=A(C,CQ%76>(3(Z]-5#%$X&<(u=?61H8=;12+X&)h,.6D?(C(McW>-5+,.0*-/,.0)12+=.,A(C$X=Co,.6(u$>D?1@YZ(*=.=;8p-5=nYZ12+,.0<+@W(*V

W>+,.0<&ƒ-5&<&x154P,.6(nkX0<,q$'&<-5+(*=8q(CD.(nB5(*+(CD`-/,A(*VƒQ

76(%kX0<,n$X&<-5+(*=nB5(*+(CD?-/,A(*Vf4J15Dj(*-5Y?6’=A(C,8q(CD.(YZ12#%$XD.(*=.=A(*V~kh,.6(OW>=A(%154D?W>+~&)(*+B5,.6

(*+>YZ1V>0<+BQ[76D?(C(!#M-/D.a%W$O=Ah#kx12&<=8q(CD.(;W>=A(*Vb0<+MYZ1V>0<+B:P,.6(!6>(*-5VYZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,154ƒ,AD.(C(uRU;:!^`

,.6(n(*+XVi154kX&)1Y.aYZ1V(ORUp 7^-5+>Vd,.6>((*+>Vd154„=.(C,!YZ1V(bRUq>^`QX76(j6(*-5V(CD!YZ12+,.-50<+>0N+B0<+4L15DA

#M-/,.0)12+fD.(CB2-/D?VX0<+B#-/D.a5(CD?=C„+@W>#jkl(CDj1540),A(CD?-/,.0<12+>=j-5+XVf+@W>#jkl(CDj1547kX0),.=j0<+f(*-5Y?6e=A(C,38q-5=u=A(*+,

kx(C4J15D?(n,.6(=A(C,.=!8q(CD.(=A(*+,CQ76WX=7-5+hd=A(C,.=SYZ15D.D.(*=.$l12+XV>0<+Bu,A1,.6>(2y7SYZ12W>&<Vdkx(n(Z],AD?-5YZ,A(*V-5+>V

,AD?-5+>=?#M0),A,A(*ViV>W>(S,A1b,.6(:(C‚YC0)(*+,=A,AD`W>YZ,.WD.(:154P,.6(n(*+>YZ1V(*ViVX-/,.-Q

W>+B „112+~=.61H8q(*V,.6>-/,n-5#%12+>BO,.6>(3,.6>D.(C(uD.(C$>D.(*=A(*+,.-/,.0)G5(%,mh$x(*=;154

Ž

(20)

DC LH1

LH2

LH3

...

DC Horizontal

Vertical

Diagonal

DC Horizontal

Vertical

Diagonal

DC Horizontal

Vertical

Diagonal

Set#1

Set#2

Set#3

!" $#%'& )( *+, "-+. 0/1 )232"

! (54768:9;< 23=?>@ !" " (A47B8 ;<-+ )233!"--"2" )-< DC*EGF<HI2"J8! K47B8 ;L( )

!" - LM(+ NOP )2K! L=P )-+DP . 0/ "HI DQL! LC*EGFR#< -52" M )211!" *-+ (2/ S8#*!"(

T

" U)V "2V()W 0JX#< -YP . 0/1 )2ZJZ! [#<)& )( 2"/ S]\G )"HI [! ^M_(+ 1( ) !

`OP )HI+ )2X!" ) -a"2b! c=d"2"We D! YCLEaF,8_#*!"H,!bb"0f2 , 2 )2b!

T

" (gWe

! cHI b!" cC*EGFh_QL! [47B8 ;*( )G!" -+ cM(+ G! -G(" a( )" !f N-""P L!" X!

! Gi#%M(+ 0-* "2[!j-)& =P ++ LP k ,/ "HI

l*mon prqtsuNvwyx{zGu}|*~]wSu€‚uNƒSx+ƒ

QL! [C*EGFcHI„2"… ( 0!"/†2"-H--+ )2‡‡! [" &„"-Y-+ )HIˆ-YHI/1_" ((W

j+ )"-& ‰QL! ( 0!/H Š=P c/( )/1 )j+ )2XJf!"02"#% +[ HHI )( 0+ 1!

YHI/1"-. * ) (‹/1 $"(JH"-L-0"H0!b -G+ )( )/1 )2H AQ*! Œ-HI P $ R!"-L! )--*#% -G(/+ )2[+^!

(--0( )--$/( )/1 )j] ! K#%'& )( c+, "-+. 0/#*!H0!ŽJ-Œ30Œ <! ^C*EGFt-H,! )/1 ^">

(21)

63 34

49 10 14 −13

Set #k

Quantization step #1

Threshold T0=32

1

1

1 0 0 0

Bitplane #1

Subset #k after Quantization step #1

31

3

17 10 14 −13

Quantization step #2

Bitplane #2

1

0

1

0

0 0

Threshold T0=16

1

0

1

1

1 − 1

Bitplane #3

3

Subset #k after Quantization step #3

7

1 2 6 −5

Threshold T0=8

Quantization step #3

3

Subset #k after Quantization step #2

15

1 10 14 −13

(22)

V(*YZ12#%$x12=.0<,.0)12+6>-5=S,A1dkl(u-5=:+(*-/D:$x(CD.4L(*YZ,:-5=;$l12=?=.0)kX&)(j,A1d#%(C(C,:,.6(%=A,AD?0<+>B5(*+,:c@W>-5&<0),mhiD.(*c@W>0)D.(Z

#%(*+,.=0<+b,A(*&)(*#%(*V>0<YC0N+(5Q76>0<=,.6(*=.0<=p0<+G5(*=A,.0)B2-/,A(*V,.6>(;-/$X$>D.12-5Y?6>(*=,A1ukl(;W>=A(*VO4L15Dp,.6(:6>-/D?V8p-/D.(

0<#%$'&)(*#%(*+,.-/,.0)12+ 154;,.6(i,m81’V>0<#%(*+>=?0)12+>-5&p0<+,A(CB5(CDb8p-*G5(*&)(C,b,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#dQ 76(iD?(*=A(*-/D?Y?6"B512-5&154

,.6>0<=7,.6(*=.0<=8q-5=,A1OV(*=?0)B2+i-M6>-/D`V8q-/D?(0<#%$X&<(*#%(*+,.-/,.0<12+d15412+(&)(CG5(*&s154,.6(3{/9!‰E KW>=.0N+B%,.6(

R‹Š@Œ5^„kX0ˆ‰15D.,.615B512+X-5&

Ž

&),A(CD-5=W>=.(*VM0<+qz {/}5}5}Q76((CD?0<&)15B6X-/D?V8p-/D.(V(*=.YZD`0)$>,.0)12+M&N-5+B2W>-/B5(

8p-5=j=A(*&<(*YZ,A(*VF,A1YC-/$X,.WD.(b-5+XVF#%1V(*&,.6(O6>-/D?V8p-/D.(-/,j,.6(MD.(CB20<=.,A(CD,AD?-5+>=.4J(CD3&)(CG5(*&Ry[ OP^`QI76(

0<#%$'&)(*#%(*+,.-/,.0)12+i8p-5=:V(*=.0)D?(*Vi,A16>-*G5(%6>0)B26,.6D.12W>B26$XW,78!6>0<&)(#0<+>0<#M0 *0<+Bu,.6(3(CD.D.15D:0<+iD?(*YZ12+

=A,AD?WXYZ,.0)12+ƒQ76>(6>-/D?V8p-/D.(n#%1V(*&oV>(*=.0)B2+(*V8p-5=7,A(*=A,A(*VyW>=.0N+BM•ukX0),B5D?-Hhi=.YC-5&)(0N#M-/B5(*=7,A1bG5(CD?0)4Lh

(23)

(

! "!

76(;9;0<=.YZD.(C,A(;EF-*G5(*&<(C,sD`-5+>=A4L15D?#†RU9E S^q0<=-380NV(*&)hMW>=A(*V#3W>&),.0)D?(*=A12&<W,.0)12+-5+>-5&)h=.0<=

,A1@12&‹Q 76(,.0<#M(4JD.(*c@W(*+>YZh Y?6>-/D`-5YZ,A(CD?0<=A,.0<YC=154u,.6(8q-HG5(*&)(C,,AD`-5+>=A4L15D?# -5&<&)1w8=d0),d,A1"YC-/$X,.WD.(

,.6(O=.0)B2+>-5&(*+(CD.B5h80),.6X0<+-i4L(C8 ,AD`-5+>=A4L15D?#€YZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,.=CQ76X0<=:$>D.15$x(CD.,mh#M-/a5(*=3,.6(b9E\ -5+

W>=A(C4UW>&p,A1@12&70<+“=?0)B2+>-5&-5+>-5&)h=.0<=*=.0)B2+X-5&YZ12#%$>D.(*=.=?0)12+ (C,.Y Š ‰ ‰Q +“,.6>0<=u,.6(*=.0N=C8q(V>0N=.YCW>=.=

,.6(M0<#M$X&)(*#%(*+,.-/,.0)12+154q,.6(M9E\ 4J15DjV(*YZ12#%$x12=.0),.0)12+-5+XV&)12=.=.&)(*=?=!D?(*YZ12+>=A,AD?W>YZ,.0<12+154q#M(*V>0<YC-5&

0<#M-/B5(*=W>=.0<+Bu,.6(j0<+G5(CD`=A(n9E\:Q

76>0<=Y`6>-/$>,A(CDB20<G5(*=- k>D`0)(C4j0<+,AD.1V>W>YZ,.0)12+ ,A1“,.6>( Ž &),A(CD?0N+B #%(C,.61V>=d-5+>V–,.6( Ž &),A(CD

=A,AD?WXYZ,.WD.(*=:W>=A(*V0<+y,.6(%9E\:Qs6(*+y,.6(%#%15,.0)G/-/,.0)12+4J15D:,.6>(uWX=A(u154,.6(%&<0<4J,.0<+>Bb=A,AD?WXYZ,.WD.(%-5+>V

,.6(&N0)4J,.0N+B3=.,AD?W>YZ,.WD.(:4L15D7,.6(:8p-*G5(*&<(C,

Ž

&<,A(CD?=W>=A(*Vd0<+ipz {/}5}5}0N=V>0<=.YCW>=?=A(*VƒQ

!

WX&),.0)D.(*=A12&NW,.0)12+ D.(C$XD.(*=A(*+,.-/,.0)12+>=O-/D.(W>=A(C4UW>&0<+ -5+>-5&)h *0<+Bf,.6(y0N+4J15D`#M-/,.0)12+"YZ12+,A(*+,

1547-i=.0<B2+>-5&‹QOm,6>(*&)$X=:,A1y-5+>-5&)h C(,.6(VX0ˆ‘l(CD?(*+,n4LD.(*c@W(*+>YC0)(*=n$>D.(*=A(*+,j0<+F,.6(=.0)B2+X-5&„-/,jV>0)‘l(CD.(*+,

D.(*=A12&NW,.0)12+>=CQ:76>(38p-*G5(*&<(C,:,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?# 154-=.0<B2+>-5&s$XD.1HG0<V(*=S,.6(u,.0<#%(u4LD.(*c@W(*+>YZhiD.(C$XD.(*=A(*+,.-/,.0)12+

154[,.6(n=.0)B2+X-5&x80),.612W,7Y`6>-5+B20<+>B%,.6(n0<+4L15D?#M-/,.0)12+dYZ12+,A(*+,154[,.6(n=.0)B2+X-5&‹Q

(24)

8p-*G5(*&)(C,n0<=;-O&)1YC-5&<0C(*Vy8q-HG5(%86>0<Y`66X-5=S0<,.=!(*+>(CD.B5hYZ12+>YZ(*+,AD?-/,A(*VF0N+,.0<#M(j15D:=A$X-5YZ(5Qj76(3kX-5=.0<Y

0<V(*-O154q,.6(M8p-*G5(*&)(C,,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#†0<=;,A1iD?(C$>D.(*=A(*+,:,.6(M=.0)B2+X-5&I,A1kl(%-5+>-5&<h C(*VF-5=-d=.W$x(CD.$x12=.0),.0)12+

154;8q-HG5(*&)(C,.=CQ 6W>=M8q-HG5(*&)(C,O-5+X-5&)h@=?0<=M0<=M=?0<#M0<&<-/D%,A1 615D.,b70<#%( 12W>D?0)(CDbID?-5+>=.4J15D?# R‰ [!^

-5+>-5&)h=.0<=*QI76(q=.0)B2+>-5&86(*+,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#%(*V3W>=.0<+>B7,.6(7 [f0N=s#3W>&),.0)$X&N0)(*V;80),.6j-80N+>V1H8f4LWX+>YZ,.0)12+

154YZ12+>=.,.-5+,;80<V>,.6-5+>V,.6( 12WD?0)(CDS,AD?-5+>=.4J15D?# 154„(*-5Y`6=A(CB2#%(*+,;0N=!YZ12#%$'W,A(*VƒQr+,.6(j8p-*G5(*&<(C,

,AD?-5+>=.4J15D?#i5,.6(7=.0)B2+>-5&0N=#jW>&<,.0)$X&<0)(*Vkh3-;8q-HG5(*&)(C,4UW>+>YZ,.0<12+3-5+XVu,.6(,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#”4L15D„(*-5Y?6b=A(CB2#%(*+,

154,.6(=?0)B2+>-5&s0N=7YZ12#%$XW,A(*VoQ70<+>YZ(n,.6(j8q-HG5(*&)(C,S4LW>+XYZ,.0)12+iY?6X-5+B5(*=;0),.=780NV,.6d80),.6i(*-5Y?6=A$x(*YZ,AD?-5&

YZ12#%$x12+(*+,Cx,.6(u8q-HG5(*&)(C,:,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?# 1HG5(CD?YZ12#M(*=:,.6(%0<+>-/kX0N&<0),hO154„,.6( P ,A1B20)G5(3B511Vy,.0<#%(

D.(*=A12&NW,.0)12+-/,76>0)B26(CDp4LD.(*c@W(*+>YC0)(*=p-5+>V,A1%B20)G5(:B51@1V4JD.(*c@W(*+>YZhbD.(*=A12&<W>,.0)12+-/,7&)1H8q(CD74LD.(*cW>(*+>YC0)(*=CQ

l5r ' %*,% &" .&/

76(dYZ12+,.0<+12W>=%8p-*G5(*&<(C,M,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?# R z E\!^3154;-=.0)B2+X-5& [RA^%0<=%V( Ž +(*Ve-5=%B20<G5(*+“0<+

(*c@W>-/,.0)12+{@Q

R /^

PR.^5R

^ R‹{@QH^

76(:D?(*=.W>&),.-5+,p,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#d R ‡^q0<=-u4LW>+XYZ,.0)12+154I,m81G‡-/D?0N-/kX&)(*=C,AD?-5+X=.&<-/,.0)12+ƒd-5+>Vd=?YC-5&)(5

Q%+(*c@W>-/,.0)12+f{@Q/;RA^n0<=;,.6(#%15,.6>(CDn8q-HG5(*&)(C,315Dn,.6(MkX-5=?0<=;4LWX+>YZ,.0)12+-5+>VF0<,n0<=:W>=A(*VF-5=,.6(

$>D.15,A15,mh$x(!4J15DB5(*+(CD?-/,.0<+B3-5&<&,.6(kX-5=.0<=80<+>V1w8 4LWX+>YZ,.0)12+>=CQ[76(,AD?-5+>=.&<-/,.0<12+%$X-/D?-5#%(C,A(CDHB20)G5(*=

,.6(7,.0N#%(0<+4L15D?#M-/,.0<12+%0<+u,.6(78p-*G5(*&)(C,q,AD?-5+>=.4J15D?#iQP,0<+XV>0<YC-/,A(*=[,.6(&<1@YC-/,.0)12+154x,.6(780<+XV1H8n2-5=0),

0<=[=.6>0<4J,A(*V3,.6D.12W>B26u,.6(=.0)B2+>-5&‹Q[76(p=.YC-5&)($'-/D?-5#%(C,A(CD* V( Ž +(*Vu-5=

!

B20)G5(*=„,.6(p4JD.(*c@W(*+>YZh

0<+4L15D?#M-/,.0<12+i0<+d,.6(j8q-HG5(*&)(C,S,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#dQYC-5&<0N+B%D.(*=.W>&<,.=70<+i,.6>(YZ12#%$>D.(*=?=.0)12+i15D;V>0<&N-/,.0)12+154,.6(

80<+XV1H8nQI76WX=o,.6(&<1H8e=.YC-5&)(*=C/YZ15D.D.(*=A$x12+>VX0<+B,A18p-*G5(*&<(C,.=I15DP80<+XV1H8=x154>=?#M-5&<&)(CDo8!0<V,.6:B20)G5(,.6(

V(C,.-50<&<(*V0<+>4J15D?#-/,.0)12+0<+,.6(u=.0)B2+>-5&‰QS76>(j6>0)B26y=.YC-5&)(*=*xYZ15D?D.(*=A$x12+>V>0<+>BM,A18q-HG5(*&)(C,.=:15D;80<+>V>1H8=

154&<-/D.B5(CD78!0<V,.6OB20)G5(-%B2&<15kX-5&xG@0<(C8 154[,.6(n=.0)B2+>-5&‰Q

76(YZ12#%$XW>,.-/,.0)12+%154l,.6( z E\“YC-5+%kx(#M-5V((*-5=.0)(CDkhuY?6>-5+>B20<+B:,.6(70<+,A(CB5D?-5&,A1j=.W>#d

,.6>-/,u0<=jkhFV>0N=.YZD.(C,.0*0<+>Bi,.6(O,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?# 0<+,A1y-8p-*G5(*&<(C,M=A(CD?0)(*=CQ76(bVX0<=.YZD.(C,.0*-/,.0<12+f0<=3V12+(bkh

=.-5#%$'&<0<+BM,.6>(3,.0N#%(j4LD.(*c@W(*+>YZhi$'&<-5+(5Q;76( hcWX0<=A,;=.-5#%$X&<0N+BYZD?0),A(CD`0)12+=?612W>&<Vkl(34L12&<&)1H8q(*Vy,A1

-5&<&)1w8F$x(CD.4L(*YZ,oD.(*YZ12+>=A,AD`W>YZ,.0)12+:154,.6(=?0)B2+>-5&5V>WD`0<+B=Ah+,.6(*=?0<=CQs76>(„=.-5#%$X&<0N+BpD?-/,A(YC-5+kl(D?(*V>W>YZ(*V

-/,%6>0)B26(CDu=.YC-5&)(*=dRU&)1w8(CD%4LD.(*c@W(*+>YC0)(*=_^:0<+’-5YCYZ15D?V>-5+>YZ(d8!0),.6~,.6>( !h@c@W>0<=.,jYZD?0),A(CD`0)12+~D?(*=.W>&),.0<+>B0<+

(25)

- !oY&+ ' +* + &" .&/

76(YZ12#M$XW,.-/,.0)12+154ƒ,.6(8p-*G5(*&)(C,=A(CD`0)(*=„D.(*c@W>0)D?(*=„=.0)B2+>0

Ž

YC-5+,YZ12#%$XW,.-/,.0)12+X-5&>,.0<#%(S-5+>V

D.(*=A12W>D?YZ(*=CQum,n0N=;$l12=?=.0)kX&)(j,A1iD.(*V>WXYZ(%,.6>0<=SkhW>=.0N+Bd-d=.Wk>kX-5+XVYZ1V>0<+Bd-5&)B515D`0),.6># 86>0NY?6h0)(*&<V>=

-O4L-5=.,A(CDS8p-*G5(*&<(C,n,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#dQ:76>(j8p-*G5(*&)(C,:,AD`-5+>=A4L15D?# 154q-=.0)B2+>-5&PW>=.0<+>B,.6( z E\K0N=!15kX,.-50<+(*V

k@hOY`6>-5+B20<+B%,.6>(n=.YC-5&)(n154P,.6(-5+>-5&<h@=.0N=8!0<+>V1w8n=.6>0)4L,.0<+B3,.6(n80N+>V1H8–0<+,.0N#%(5>#jWX&),.0)$X&)h0<+Bj,.6(

=.0)B2+X-5&2-5+>Vn0<+,A(CB5D?-/,.0<+>B7,.6(D?(*=.W>&),ƒ1wG5(CDP-5&<&2,.0<#%(5QP+:,.6>(YC-5=A(154,.6>(9E\:H,.6(8q-HG5(*&)(C,P,AD?-5+>=A4L15D?#

0<=!15k>,.-50<+(*Vk@h Ž &),A(CD?0<+>BM,.6(u=.0)B2+>-5&s,.6D.12WB26y-b=.(CD?0)(*=7154V>0)B20),.-5& Ž &),A(CD?=S-/,SVX0ˆ‘l(CD?(*+,S=.YC-5&)(*=CQS76(

=.YC-5&<0N+Bu15$l(CD`-/,.0)12+i0<=7V>12+(:khY?6X-5+B20<+B%,.6(D.(*=A12&<W,.0<12+154P,.6>(n=.0)B2+>-5&xk@hO=?WkX=.-5#%$'&<0<+BQ

76(79E\"YC-5+kx(pYZ12#M$XW,A(*VMW>=?0<+B;(*0),.6(CD„,.6>(YZ12+G512&NW,.0)12+%kX-5=.(*V%15D,.6(7&N0)4J,.0N+B!k'-5=A(*V

$>D.1YZ(*V>WD?(*=NM‰Q„+kx15,.6#%(C,.61V>=C,.6>(n0<+$XW,q=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(n0<=V(*YZ12#M$l12=.(*Vd0<+,A1M&<1H8–$X-5=.=-5+XVd6>0)B26

$X-5=.=;=.W>k>kX-5+>V>=*X(*-5Y?6~YZ12+>=.0<=A,.0N+B154q6>-5&)4,.6(%+@W>#kx(CDS154,.6(%=.-5#M$X&)(*=S0<+,.6>(315D`0)B20<+>-5&P=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(

LK ‰Q

l*-r5 " @ q

76(S0<+$XW,0<= Ž &),A(CD.(*VOW>=.0<+>B- Ž &),A(CDqkX-5+aMYZ12+>=.0N=A,.0<+Bj154s&)1H8\$X-5=?=q-5+XVO6X0)B26M$X-5=?= Ž &),A(CD?=

-5+>VMV>1H8+>=?-5#%$X&)(*Vuk@h%-:4L-5YZ,A15Dq154o{:0<+u,.6(!YZ12+G512&<W>,.0)12+MkX-5=.(*V9E\"YZ12#%$'W,.-/,.0)12+>-5&X$>D.1YZ(*V>WD.(5Q

[0)B2WD.( /QO=.61w8=S12+(3&<(CG5(*&I154,.6(%9E nQx6>0<=SYC-5+y-5&N=A1bkx(uYZ12#%$XW,A(*V#M-/,.6>(*#M-/,.0<YC-5&<&)hiWX=.0<+B

(*c@W>-/,.0)12+>={@Q{-5+>Vi{@Q

{

R‹{@Q{2^

{

R‹{@Q2^

86(CD?(n=70<=p,.6(&<1H8 $X-5=?=7=.0)B2+>-5&ƒ-5+XViVi0<=p,.6(j6>0)B26$X-5=.==.0)B2+>-5&‹Q

-$ " ,q

76(S&<0)4L,.0<+B=.Y`6(*#%(;0<=q-j#3W>Y?6#%15D?(!(C‚YC0<(*+,p#%(C,.61V,A1%YC-5&<YCWX&<-/,A(!,.6>(!8p-*G5(*&)(C,,AD`-5+>=r

4L15D?#M=7,.6X-5+i,.6(YC&N-5=.=.0<YC-5&IYZ12+G512&<W>,.0)12+#%(C,.6>1@VƒQp76(15D?0)B20<+>-5&ƒ#M15,.0)G‡-/,.0<12+i4L15D,.6(3V(CG5(*&)15$X#%(*+,

154o,.6(:&<0<4J,.0<+>Bn,A(*Y?6>+X0<cW>(8p-5=p,.6(S0N#%$X&)(*#%(*+,.-/,.0)12+b154s=A(*YZ12+>VOB5(*+(CD`-/,.0)12+8q-HG5(*&)(C,.=CQ@(*YZ12+>VbB5(*+

(26)

-5+>VM0N=+15,&<0<#0),A(*V3,A1V(CG5(*&)15$X0N+Bn- Ž &),A(CD„=.,AD?W>YZ,.WD.(4L15D=.(*YZ12+>V%B5(*+(CD?-/,.0<12+M8p-*G5(*&)(C,.=CQm,„YC-5+b-5&<=A1

kx(MW>=A(*V,A1ik'W>0<&<V-i&<-5VXV(CD:,h@$x(M=A,AD?W>YZ,.WD?(%4J15D Ž D?=A,:B5(*+(CD?-/,.0<12+8q-HG5(*&)(C, Ž &),A(CD?=CQ% S+hYC&<-5=?=.0<YC-5&

8p-*G5(*&)(C, Ž &),A(CD;kX-5+aYC-5+kx(uV(*YZ12#%$x12=A(*V0<+,A1d&<0)4L,.0<+B=.,A(C$X=;,.6D.12WB26,.6>(uWX=A(j154q,.6(%WXYC&<0<V(*-5+

-5&)B515D?0<,.6># 86>0<Y`680<&<&lkx(n=.61w8+i&<-/,A(CD!0<+,.6>0<=Y`6>-/$>,A(CD*Q

76(MYZ12=A,j154YZ12#%$XW,.-/,.0)12+X=0<+,.6>(&<0)4L,.0<+Bd=.Y`6(*#%(b0N=n6>-5&)4q,.6>-/,154p,.6(b=A,.-5+>V>-/D?V~YZ12+

G512&<W,.0<12+F=.Y?6>(*#%(M4L15D&)12+B P.y

Ž

&),A(CD`= Œ ‰Q76(M&N0)4J,.0N+BO=?Y?6(*#%(b-5&<=A1i1/‘x(CD?=n=A(CG5(CD`-5&-5VG/-5+,.-/B5(*=

=.W>Y`6d-5=0<+‰$X&N-5YZ(!YZ12#%$XW>,.-/,.0)12+154s,.6(:9E\:>0<+,A(CB5(CD,A1M0<+,A(CB5(CD8q-HG5(*&)(C,7,AD?-5+X=A4J15D`#d=Ah@##%(C,AD?0<Y

0<+G5(CD?=A(n-5+>V4L15D.8p-/D?V,AD?-5+>=.4J15D?# (C,.Y ‰Q76(:&<0)4L,.0<+B3=.Y?6>(*#%(n=.0<#%$'&<0Ž (*=,.6(:9E\ YZ12#%$XW>,.-/,.0)12+

k@h&)1@15a@0N+BO-/,;,.6(%k'-5=.0<Yj$>D?0<+>YC0<$X&)(*=kx(*6>0<+XV,.6(%W>=.(j154q8q-HG5(*&)(C,.=CQu76(38q-HG5(*&)(C,n,AD?-5+X=A4J15D`#

154p-12+(VX0<#%(*+>=.0<12+>-5&[=.0)B2+>-5&[B20)G5(*=j-#3W>&),.0)D?(*=A12&<W,.0)12+yD.(C$XD.(*=A(*+,.-/,.0)12+154p,.6(=.0<B2+>-5&‹Q p,n(*-5Y`6~D?(*=A1/

&<W,.0<12+~&)(CG5(*&‹[,.6(O8p-*G5(*&)(C,ukX-5=.0N=4UW>+>YZ,.0)12+X=V(*YZ15D.D?(*&<-/,A(b,.6>(O0<+>4J15D?#-/,.0)12+F0<+f,.6(b=?0)B2+>-5&q-5+>VF8q(

B5(C,-%6>0<B26b$'-5=.=7-5+>Vd-%&)1w8–$X-5=.=7YZ12#M$l12+>(*+,CQ6W>=q,.6(:k'-5=.0<Y;0<V(*-3154P,.6(:8q-HG5(*&)(C,,AD`-5+>=A4L15D?#…0<=

,A1MkXWX0<&<VO-%=A$X-/D?=A(n-/$X$>D.1*]0<#M-/,.0<12+(Z]@$X&<120),.0<+B3,.6(nYZ15D.D.(*&N-/,.0)12+d$>D.(*=.(*+,70<+,.6>(n0<+$XW,p=.0)B2+X-5&‹Q76(

&<0)4L,.0<+By=.Y?6>(*#%(d0<=u-,A(*Y?6>+>0NcW(86X0<Y?6’6(*&)$X=3,A1h0)(*&<V’,.6>0<=u=.#M-5&N&)(CD3-/$X$>D.1*]0<#M-/,.0<12+f8!0),.6’4J(C8q(CD

YZ12#%$XW>,.-/,.0)12+>=CQ

C 192456;' / 2 2'c0

76(CD.(3-/D.(,m81dV>0)‘l(CD.(*+,8p-*h=;,A10<+,AD?1@V>WXYZ(n,.6(u&<0)4L,.0<+BM=.Y`6(*#%(5Qn;+(j-/$X$>D.12-5Y?60<=,A1

V>0<=?YCW>=.=61w8 &<0<4J,.0<+>B;-‡‘x(*YZ,.=q,.6(78p-*G5(*&)(C,q,AD?-5+>=.4J15D?# NM ‰Q„76(715,.6>(CD-/$>$>D?12-5Y?6O0<=,A1j=?61H8 61H8 ,.6(

&<0)4L,.0<+B%=A,A(C$'=YC-5+ikx(V>(CD?0)G5(*Vd4LD.12#…,.6( Ž &),A(CDk'-5+aO=.,AD?W>YZ,.WD.(nWX=A(*Vi4L15D,.6(j9E KYZ12#%$XW>,.-/,.0)12+ƒQ

r+~,.6>0N==A(*YZ,.0)12+o8(=.61w8|,.6>(

Ž

D?=.,j-/$>$>D?12-5Y?6’15461w8 ,.6(&<0)4L,.0<+B=.Y?6(*#M(O0<=jV12+(-5+>V’61H8 0),

D.(*=A(*#jkX&)(*=,.6(8p-*G5(*&<(C,!,AD?-5+X=A4J15D`# D.(C$>D?(*=A(*+,.-/,.0<12+ƒQ76(=A(*YZ12+XV-/$>$XD.12-5Y?680<&<&xkx(n(Z]$X&<-50N+(*Vd0<+

,.6(+>(Z]@,7=A(*YZ,.0<12+ƒQ

76(&N0)4J,.0N+Bi=.Y?6>(*#%(OYZ12+X=.0<=A,.=1547,.6D.(C(O=A,.-/B5(*= M=A$X&N0),Cs$>D?(*V>0<YZ,-5+>V’W$ƒV>-/,A(5Q z 12+X=.0<V(CD

-i12+>(V>0<#%(*+X=.0)12+>-5&=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(15Dj=.0)B2+X-5& q8612=A(M(*&<(*#%(*+,.=j6>-*G5(=A12#%(bYZ15D.D.(*&<-/,.0)12+~kx(C,8q(C(*+

,.6(*#dQ[E(7YC-5+uD.(C$XD.(*=A(*+,,.6(=.0)B2+>-5&YZ12#%$X-5YZ,.&<hk@hj(Z]$X&)120),.0N+B,.6(YZ15D.D?(*&<-/,.0)12+%=A,AD?WXYZ,.WD.(p$>D.(*=A(*+,

0<+d0), NM‰Q

76( Ž D?=A,s=A,A(C$u0<+:,.6>(&<0)4L,.0<+B=.Y`6(*#%(p0<=s=.$X&<0),A,.0<+>Bq,.6>(0<+$'W,o=.0)B2+>-5& @0N+,A17,m81;=.Wk'=A(C,.=C

,.6(S(CG5(*+=.-5#%$X&)(!=A(C,;R L^„-5+XV,.6(!1@VXVb=.-5#M$X&)(=A(C,:R L^`Q„6>0<==.$X&<0),A,.0<+>Bn0<=YC-5&<&<(*V,.6(&Os- Ch

8p-*G5(*&)(C,n,AD`-5+>=A4L15D?#dQn„G5(*+,.6>12WB26,.6(%=A$X&<0<,A,.0<+Bb0N+,A1=.WkX=.(C,.=:YC-5+kl(uV12+(%0<+y#M-5+h8p-*h=Co4L15D

(27)

] + ‰o,.6(%-50<#†0<=S,A1iB5(C,n-d=.$X-/D?=A(CD:-/$>$>D?1*]0<#M-/,.0)12+15412+(%154,.6>(u=?WkX=A(C,.=CQ376>0<=;V12+>(3k@hWX=.0<+B

,.6($>D.(*VX0<YZ,j=A,A(C$e86>(CD.(b,.6>(&N0<+(*-/DjYZ12#jkX0<+X-/,.0)12+’1547(*&)(*#%(*+,.=%0<+f12+(d=.WkX=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(O0<=uW>=A(*Vf,A1

$>D.(*VX0<YZ,[,.6(7G/-5&<W(*=[154x,.6(15,.6(CDq=.WkX=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(W>=?0<+B;,.6(7-5=.=.WX#%$>,.0)12+u,.6>-/,,.6(,8q1j=.W>kX=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(*=

$>D.1V>W>YZ(*V0<+O,.6(n=.$X&<0),A,.0<+>B3=A,A(C$i-/D?(nYZ15D.D.(*&<-/,A(*VƒQm4I,.6(nYZ15D.D.(*&<-/,.0<12+d$>D.(*=A(*+,0<+,.6(;15D?0)B20N+>-5&xV>-/,.-0<=6>0<B26ƒ,.6(:$>D.(*VX0<YZ,A(*VG‡-5&NW(*=80<&N&'kx(nYC&)12=.(:,A1M,.6(-5YZ,.W>-5&sG‡-5&NW(*=CQ

R‹{@QNK^

76(;$>D.(*VX0<YZ,=A,A(C$0<=7=?61H8+d0N+(*cW>-/,.0<12+{@QNK>86(CD?( s0<=p,.6(n$XD.(*V>0<YZ,.0)12+YZ1@(C‚YC0)(*+,CQ

76(O&<0<+(*-/DjYZ12#kX0N+>-/,.0)12+F154,.6((CG5(*+e=.Wk'=A(*cW>(*+>YZ(MG/-5&<W(*=0N=W>=A(*Vf,A1$XD.(*V>0<YZ,n,.6>(b1V>V~=?WkX=A(Z

c@W(*+>YZ(;G‡-5&NW(*=CQ„76(:V(C,.-50N&'G/-/D?0<-/k'&)(uR

^D.(*YZ15D?V>=p,.6>(;VX0ˆ‘l(CD?(*+>YZ(;kl(C,m8(C(*+i,.6(:-5YZ,.W>-5&ƒG/-5&<W(:-5+>V

,.6(;$>D.(*VX0<YZ,A(*VOG‡-5&<W>(5Qm4I,.6(;15D?0)B20<+>-5&l=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(n0<=p=.#M115,.6ƒ,.6>(;V>(C,.-50<&x=A(*cW>(*+>YZ(:80<&<&Xkx(;-u=A$'-/D?=A(

=A(C,CQ !4J,A(CD,.6(p$>D?(*V>0<YZ,I=.,A(C$o2,.6(p15D?0)B20N+>-5&=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(0<=PD.(C$XD.(*=A(*+,A(*V%0<+,A(CD`#M=[154>,.6(p(CG5(*+M=.-5#M$X&)(*=C

„-5+>Vy,.6(%V(C,.-50N&IG/-5&<W(*=*

‰Q76(uV(C,.-50<&[=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(%YC-5+kx(uYZ12+>=.0<V(CD?(*V,A1kx(3(*cW>0<G‡-5&)(*+,

,A1%,.6(:=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(:15k>,.-50N+(*Vd-/4J,A(CD7=?WkX=.-5#%$'&<0<+Bn,.6>(:12W,A$XW,p4LD.12#|,.6(n6>0)B26O$X-5=.=q8p-*G5(*&)(C,!-5+>-5&)h=.0<=

Ž &),A(CDHQ

76(y$>D.(*V>0NYZ,b=A,A(C$\D.(*=.WX&),.=0<+",.6>(y&)12=?=b1543=A12#%(kX-5=.0NYi$>D.15$x(CD.,.0<(*=154j,.6(y=?0)B2+>-5&;&<0)a5(

,.6(y#%(*-5+“G/-5&<W(586X0<Y?6“+>(C(*V>=M,A1’kx(i$>D.(*=A(CD?G5(*VƒQ–76(W$ƒV>-/,A(=A,A(C$ &<0<4J,.=%,.6>((CG5(*+\=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(

G/-5&<W(*=WX=.0<+B%,.6(3&<0<+(*-/D7YZ12#jkX0<+X-/,.0)12+i154,.6(j$>D.(*V>0NYZ,A(*Vd1@VXVi=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(G/-5&<W(*=!=A1,.6X-/,,.6(jkX-5=.0<Y

$>D.15$x(CD.,.0<(*=154,.6(u15D?0)B20<+>-5&P=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(%0<=S$>D.(*=.(CD.G5(*V NM ‰Qj76>(j(CG5(*+=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(%G/-5&<W(*=

15kX,.-50<+(*V

-5=,.6(D.(*=?W>&),„154o(*c@W>-/,.0)12+O{@QM30<=„(*c@W>0)G/-5&)(*+,„,A1j,.6>(!=.Wk'=.-5#%$X&)(*V&)1H8 $X-5=.=G5(CD?=.0)12+154o,.6(15D`0)B20<+>-5&

=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(5Q

R‹{@QM2^

76(;9E\ 154I-u12+>(;VX0<#%(*+>=.0<12+>-5&'=?0)B2+>-5&xW>=.0<+>B3-u=.0<#M$X&)(;&<0)4L,.0<+Bj=?Y?6(*#%(:8!0),.6O12+(;$X-50)D

154&<0)4L,.0<+Bu=.WkX=.,A(C$X=p80<&<&l4L12&<&)1w8–,.6(=A,A(C$X==.W>#M#M-/D`0C(*Vd-5=kx(*&)1H8

/QS$X&<0),j@,A(C$ j76(b0<+$XW,n=?0)B2+>-5& 0<==.$X&<0),:0<+,A11V>VF-5+>V~(CG5(*+f=?WkX=A(*c@W(*+>YZ(*=C p-5+>V

oD.(*=A$x(*YZ,.0)G5(*&<hRU-5&<=.1Ma@+>1H8+i-5=7,.6(dOs- ChEF-HG5(*&)(C,SID?-5+>=.4J15D?#O^

{@QD.(*V>0<YZ,u@,A(C$%76>0<==A,A(C$f$XD.(*V>0<YZ,.=nVX-/,.-0<+~,.6(b=?WkX=A(*c@W(*+>YZ( qW>=?0<+Bd,.6(O=.-5#%$X&)(*=j0<+

s-5+>VdD?(C$X&<-5YZ(*=,.6(j=.-5#%$X&)(*=0N+ IW>=?0<+Bu,.6(:$>D.(*VX0<YZ,.0)12+(CD.D.15DHQ

References

Related documents

Bland-Altman plots showing the mean difference and the 95% limits of agreement in time spent sedentary during working-hours and non-working-hours on workdays, between the

5-HT 4 receptor agonists.. Kor J Neurogastroenterol Motil: Vol. IBS 환자에서 내장 감각에 대한 효과를 보면 , 은 대장의 순응도를 높이며 직장내 풍선 팽창에 alosetron

During this transitional time in NOMA’s leadership and curatorial staff, the museum hoped to overcome those stereotypes, and to instead focus potential visitors on the

Since, transportation process is carried out not only movement of goods from manufacturing but also minimizing the wastages and logistics costs.[1] According to

Institute of Indian Medical Heritage (NIIMH), Hyderabad, central council for Reserch in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) New Delhi ;

Swab samples were taken from ovaries dissected out of pipefish (Syngnathus typhle) females (Gonads-GO); from the brood pouch tissue of non-pregnant pipefish males (Non-

CFI: Comparative fit index; CHAQ: Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire; CP: Cerebral palsy; GMFM: Gross Motor Function Measure; HRQOL: Health-related quality of life;

AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; CIs: Confidence intervals; DOR: Diagnostic odds ratio; FN: False negative; FP: False positive; MRI: Magnetic